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ONLINE ISSN: 1883-2954
PRINT ISSN: 0021-1575
Publisher: The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan

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Tetsu-to-Hagané Advance Publication

Formation and Development of Shear Bands Preceding the Cracking in Sheet Bending of a Dual-phase Steel

Yuma Asada, Kenta Ikegami, Shigeru Yonemura, Shunji Hiwatashi, Shohei Yabu, Yuri Kitajima, Naoki Maruyama

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Formation and Development of Shear Bands Preceding the Cracking in Sheet Bending of a Dual-phase Steel

Effect of Intercritical Annealing on Microstructure and Toughness of Medium-Mn Steel with Elongated Prior-austenite Grains Formed Via Two-step Hot Rolling Process

Kyosuke Matsuda, Takuro Masumura, Toshihiro Tsuchiyama, Misa Takanashi, Takuya Maeda, Shuichi Nakamura, Ryuji Uemori

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Effect of Intercritical Annealing on Microstructure and Toughness of Medium-Mn Steel with Elongated Prior-austenite Grains Formed Via Two-step Hot Rolling Process

Effects of Coincidence Site Lattice (CSL) Grain Boundaries on Secondary Recrystallization in Heavily Cold-rolled Grain-oriented Electrical Steel

Ryo Matsubara, Yoshiyuki Ushigami

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Effects of Coincidence Site Lattice (CSL) Grain Boundaries on Secondary Recrystallization in Heavily Cold-rolled Grain-oriented Electrical Steel

Influence of Crystal Structure and Chemical Composition on the Reducibility of Silico-Ferrite of Calcium and Aluminum in CO–CO2–H2–H2O Atmosphere

Daisuke Maruoka, Shojiro Mataoka, Eiki Kasai, Taichi Murakami

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Influence of Crystal Structure and Chemical Composition on the Reducibility of Silico-Ferrite of Calcium and Aluminum in CO–CO2–H2–H2O Atmosphere

Microstructural Analysis of Reduced Multicomponent Calcium Ferrite Using STEM-EDS and 3DAP

Kohei Ikeda, Michitoshi Saeki, Kenta Takehara, Masanari Tomozawa, Takashi Kawano

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Microstructural Analysis of Reduced Multicomponent Calcium Ferrite Using STEM-EDS and 3DAP

Effect of Iron Ore Properties on Melting and Assimilation Phenomena in Parallel Granulation with Inclined Mixing of Limestone

Shintaro Yamazaki, Takero Adachi, Hiroyuki Taguchi, Koji Osuga, Kisato Koga, Masahiro Yakeya, Kazuya Miyagawa

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Effect of Iron Ore Properties on Melting and Assimilation Phenomena in Parallel Granulation with Inclined Mixing of Limestone

Effects of Re-ignition and Coke Breeze Reduction on Sinter Microstructure in Sintering Process

Keisuke Hirano, Kazumasa Tsutsui, Toru Takayama, Masaru Matsumura

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Effects of Re-ignition and Coke Breeze Reduction on Sinter Microstructure in Sintering Process

Effect of Mineral Phase Ratios on Reduction Behavior of Multi-component Calcium Ferrite Extracted from Iron Ore Sinter

Daisuke Maruoka, Nanase Kimura, Eiki Kasai, Taichi Murakami

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Effect of Mineral Phase Ratios on Reduction Behavior of Multi-component Calcium Ferrite Extracted from Iron Ore Sinter

Analysis of Peritectic Solidification of Ag–Sn Alloys by Unidirectional Solidification Experiment

Takaya Horino, Hiroshi Harada

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Analysis of Peritectic Solidification of Ag–Sn Alloys by Unidirectional Solidification Experiment

Effect of Fe2+/Fe3+ Ratio on the Reduction Behavior of SFCA-I in Hydrogen-enriched Atmosphere

Daisuke Maruoka, Yuto Onuma, Eiki Kasai, Taichi Murakami

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Effect of Fe2+/Fe3+ Ratio on the Reduction Behavior of SFCA-I in Hydrogen-enriched Atmosphere

Effect of Decreasing Gas Flow Rate between Two Ignition Furnaces on Sinter Yield at REMO-tec (Re-ignition sintering) Process

Masaru Matsumura, Keigo Noda, Kohei Okada, Junji Nagata, Kenichi Higuchi

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Effect of Decreasing Gas Flow Rate between Two Ignition Furnaces on Sinter Yield at REMO-tec (Re-ignition sintering) Process

Process for Phosphorus Recovery from Phosphorus-concentrated Steelmaking Slag and Decreasing Slag Volume

Takayuki Iwama, Ryo Inoue, Kenji Nakase, Katsunori Yamaguchi, Shigeru Ueda

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Process for Phosphorus Recovery from Phosphorus-concentrated Steelmaking Slag and Decreasing Slag Volume

Yield Prediction Based on Bed Temperature and Component in Sintering Process

Yuji Iwami, Kenya Horita, Tetsuya Yamamoto, Noritaka Saito, Kunihiko Nakashima

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Yield Prediction Based on Bed Temperature and Component in Sintering Process

Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility of Linear Friction Welded Medium Carbon Steel Joints

Riki Toramoto, Takayuki Yamashita, Kohsaku Ushioda, Tomohiko Omura, Hidetoshi Fujii

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Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility of Linear Friction Welded Medium Carbon Steel Joints

Mechanical Properties and Fracture Characteristics in High Mn Austenitic Steel for Cryogenic Applications

Daichi Izumi, Keiji Ueda, Hiroto Shoji, Mitsuru Ohata, Tetsuya Tagawa

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Mechanical Properties and Fracture Characteristics in High Mn Austenitic Steel for Cryogenic Applications

Micromechanism of Heterogeneous Reduction of Iron Ore Sinters Investigated by Synchrotron X-Ray Multimodal Analysis

Yasuo Takeichi, Reiko Murao, Masao Kimura

Abstract

The reducibility and mechanical properties of iron ore sinter in blast furnace is critical to effective plant operation. The reduction reaction of sinters progresses heterogeneously owing to microstructures with various mineral phases and pore networks. The reduction process was investigated by semi-microbeam synchrotron X-ray multimodal analysis. Heterogeneous chemical state evolution of Fe and trigger sites of crack formation were visualized using two-dimensional Fe K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure analysis and were discussed based on reduction gas transfer. The elemental composition map and X-ray diffraction microanalysis were also combined to reveal the microprocesses during the reduction, such as calcium ferrite decomposition and crystal grain growth.

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Micromechanism of Heterogeneous Reduction of Iron Ore Sinters Investigated by Synchrotron X-Ray Multimodal Analysis

Effect of Solidification Structure Morphology on Macrosegregation Generated by Solidification Shrinkage Flow Due to Bridging

Muneto Sasaki, Yukinobu Natsume

Abstract

Casting experiments of Al-10 wt.%Cu alloy were carried out using an impreved Satou mold (iST mold). The mold was a rectangular parallelepiped (inner dimensions 30 mmT × 50 mmW × 140 mmH), with a porous alumina plate on the wide side of the mold and a chill set at a height of 70 to 80 mm from the bottom. Four metal materials (stainless, steel, brass, and copper) with different thermal conductivities were used for the chill. To investigate the effect of bridging on the formation of macrosegregation, X-ray CT analysis of the macrosegregation distribution and morphology, observation of micro- and macro-structures, and analysis of temperature and solid fraction distribution were performed for samples obtained under each condition. Bridging formed near the chill under all conditions, and channels consisting of positive segregation and cavities were formed below it. The volume fraction of positive segregation decreased as the thermal conductivity of the chill material increased. In the samples using stainless and copper as chill materials, the volume fractions of positive segregation were 73.8 % and 11.7 %, respectively. Consequently, we confirmed that the bridging-formed conditions have a significant effect on the formation of macrosegregation.

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Effect of Solidification Structure Morphology on Macrosegregation Generated by Solidification Shrinkage Flow Due to Bridging

Viscosity Measurement of Foam with High Gas Volume Fraction Using Sphere Pull-up and Dam-break Experiments

Shinya Sugi, Yoshihiko Higuchi

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Viscosity measurements of a gas-liquid two-phase fluid (foam) with fine bubbles were conducted using a sphere pull-up method and the flow behavior in dam-break experiments was evaluated. The following results were obtained.

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Viscosity Measurement of Foam with High Gas Volume Fraction Using Sphere Pull-up and Dam-break Experiments

Corrosion Resistance of Ni-coated Steel Sheets in Lithium-ion Battery Electrolyte

Misaki Masatsugu, Shintaro Yamanaka, Takehiro Takahashi, Kiyokazu Ishizuka

Abstract

In order to improve both performance and safety of lithium-ion batteries, we investigated the use of steel sheets which have a higher melting point than aluminum currently used for cell cases of lithium-ion batteries, for cell cases. First, a coating metal that can suppress Fe dissolution was selected, because corrosion resistance to battery electrolyte is important for battery cell cases. We found that Ni has high corrosion resistance to battery electrolyte, and that Ni-coated steel sheets can reduce the risk of short circuits due to decrease in Fe dissolution and re-deposition compared to non-coated steel sheets.

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Corrosion Resistance of Ni-coated Steel Sheets in Lithium-ion Battery Electrolyte

Friction Stir Welding of Fe-15Mn-10Cr-8Ni-4Si Seismic Damping Alloy

Tomoya Nagira, Terumi Nakamura, Takahiro Sawaguchi, Masakazu Mori, Yoshiaki Morisada, Hidetoshi Fujii

Abstract

Friction stir welding (FSW) was applied to a 10 mm-thick plate for the Fe-15Mn-10Cr-8Ni-4Si seismic damping alloy. A sound FSW joint was obtained successfully without macro-defects such as groove-like defects and tunnel holes. However, small pores with diameters of 1–5 μm were formed owing to the wear of the FSW tool during the FSW. The decrease in the heat input suppressed the tool wear. Consequently, the distribution of small pores was limited to the border of the stir zone at the advancing side under smaller heat input conditions. The stir zone of the FSW specimen produced at 125 rpm showed a higher tensile strength of 759 MPa owing to the grain refinement and the high elongation of 50% compared with the base metal. In addition, the stir zone exhibited a remarkable fatigue life of 9,723 cycles. This was higher than that of the base metal (8,908 cycles). Grain refinement occurred by discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) via high-angle boundary bulging and direct nucleation in the high-dislocation area. The increase in the heat input suppressed the DDRX owing to the promotion of dynamic recovery.

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Friction Stir Welding of Fe-15Mn-10Cr-8Ni-4Si Seismic Damping Alloy

Microstructure Development during Creep Deformation of 9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb Steel with Excess Nitrogen Introduced by Solution Nitriding – Multidimensional Scatter Diagram Analysis of STEM-EDS Maps by Machine Learning –

Tomotaka Hatakeyama, Shuntaro Ida, Kota Sawada, Kyosuke Yoshimi

Abstract

Creep deformation and precipitation behavior of 9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb steel with excess nitrogen introduced by solution nitriding were investigated. Precipitation of Cr2N phase was confirmed in addition to M23C6 and MX phases in the tempered microstructure. The creep strength of the steel was significantly reduced by solution nitriding, while the creep rupture elongation was increased. To characterize the complex precipitation behavior of the nitrogen-added steel, a machine learning-based clustering method of the multidimensional scatter diagram of the X-ray intensity of the alloying elements in each pixel of a STEM-EDS map was developed. Reduced number density of precipitates and enhanced coarsening kinetics of both Cr2N and MX were proposed as the mechanism of weakening caused by excess nitrogen.

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Microstructure Development during Creep Deformation of 9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb Steel with Excess Nitrogen Introduced by Solution Nitriding – Multidimensional Scatter Diagram Analysis of STEM-EDS Maps by Machine Learning –

Change in Dislocation Density via Ausforming in Fe-5%Mn-C Alloy with Lath Martensitic Structure

Misa Takanashi, Ryota Hidaka, Kota Ohkubo, Takuro Masumura, Toshihiro Tsuchiyama, Satoshi Morooka, Takuya Maeda, Shuichi Nakamura, Ryuji Uemori

Abstract

The strengthening mechanism of ausforming in martensitic steels is believed to be due to the inheritance of dislocations in austenite by the subsequently transformed martensite. However, no studies to date have quantified the dislocation density before and after ausforming. In this study, the dislocation densities of Fe-5%Mn-C alloys were analyzed, and the relationship between hardening by ausforming and dislocation accumulation, as well as the effect of carbon on this relationship, were investigated. The hardness of ausformed martensite increased with the ausforming reduction in austenite, and the strengthening effect of ausforming increased with the addition of carbon. Similarly, the dislocation density of ausformed martensite increased with the ausforming reduction in austenite, and the dislocation accumulation by ausforming increased with the addition of carbon. Because the hardness of the ausformed martensite follows the Bailey–Hirsch relationship, the strengthening mechanism owing to ausforming could be explained by dislocation strengthening. To understand the dislocation accumulation process during ausforming, the dislocation density of austenite immediately after ausforming was measured by in-situ heating neutron diffraction. Consequently, the dislocation density of the ausformed austenite was not dependent on the carbon content, indicating that dislocations are not inherited in carbon-free steels. By contrast, in steels with sufficient carbon content, not only are dislocations inherited but additional dislocations are introduced during martensitic transformation.

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Change in Dislocation Density via Ausforming in Fe-5%Mn-C Alloy with Lath Martensitic Structure

Direct Observation of Atomic Arrangement in Multicomponent Calcium Ferrite Using Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

Kenta Takehara, Kohei Ikeda, Takashi Kawano, Takahide Higuchi

Abstract

To reduce the reducing agent ratio and CO2 emissions in blast furnace operation, it is important to control the material structure of sintered ore, which affects its metallurgical and mechanical properties. Multicomponent calcium ferrites (also called CF or SFCA (silico-ferrite of calcium and aluminum)), which is a type of melting and solidification structure, has attracted considerable interest recently, and the chemical composition and crystal structure of each CF have been researched. Although the crystal structure of CF has conventionally been analyzed mainly by XRD, the atomic arrangement could not be observed directly. Therefore, in this study, CF was investigated at the atomic level by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). This research revealed that acicular CF, which was previously understood to be SFCA-I, has a SFCA (≠ SFCA-I)structure. It was also found that columnar CF had a non-periodic SFCA structure induced with a magnetite-like structure. Furthermore, a CF in which SFCA and SFCA-I were alternately stacked repeatedly was also discovered. This research clarified the fact that CF has a non-periodic structure at the atomic level.

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Direct Observation of Atomic Arrangement in Multicomponent Calcium Ferrite Using Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

Effect of Alumina on the Phase Equilibria of the Iron-rich Corner of the CaO-SiO2-Fe2O3 System at 1240°C in Air

Amane Takahashi, Yukihiro Uchisawa, Hirokazu Sato, Takashi Watanabe, Rie Endo, Masahiro Susa, Miyuki Hayashi

Abstract

The effect of Al2O3 on the compositional region of silico-ferrite of calcium and aluminum (SFCA) and the liquid phase and the phase equilibria, including SFCA, was investigated in a CaO-SiO2-Fe2O3-5mass%Al2O3 system at 1240 °C in air. To obtain the desired composition, reagent-grade CaCO3, SiO2, Fe2O3, and Al2O3 powders were weighed, mixed, and equilibrated at 1240 °C in air. Each obtained sample was divided into two parts: one was pulverized into a powder and analyzed by XRD, and the other was subjected to microstructural observation and compositional analysis using EPMA. The results revealed that the compositional region of SFCA lies on the CF3-CA3-C4S3 plane and is C/S = 2.77–7.60 for 5 mass% Al2O3. Compared with the SFC composition region for 0 mass% Al2O3, the compositional range of SFCA extended in the CF3-C4S3 direction, suggesting that the addition of Al2O3 contributes to the stability of SFCA. Furthermore, the liquid-phase region was divided into a ferrite melt with a high Fe2O3 concentration and a silicate melt with a high SiO2 concentration, both of which shifted to the lower Fe2O3 side compared to the liquidus isotherm in the CaO-SiO2-Fe2O3 system. Unlike CaO-SiO2-Fe2O3, SFCA-I (SFC-I) was observed in the CaO-SiO2-Fe2O3-5mass%Al2O3 system, thus indicating that the addition of Al2O3 contributes to the stability of SFCA-I.

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Effect of Alumina on the Phase Equilibria of the Iron-rich Corner of the CaO-SiO2-Fe2O3 System at 1240°C in Air

Equation of Cleavege Fracture and Grain Boundary Fracture Stress Based on Brechet-Louchet Model

Katsutoshi Hyodo, Yosuke Nonaka, Kazuma Itoh, Tetsuya Namegawa

Abstract

New fracture process model of cleavage fracture initiated from cementite crack was proposed. In addition, the equation of propagation of cementite crack into the ferrite grain was developed based on the Brechet-Louchet model. This equation can reproduce not only ferrite size dependence of cleavage fracture stress that the Petch model can reproduce but both of test temperature dependence and strain rate dependence of fracture stress. Furthermore, in exchanging surface energy for grain boundary cohesive energy in the equation, grain boundary fracture stress can be also estimated.

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Equation of Cleavege Fracture and Grain Boundary Fracture Stress Based on Brechet-Louchet Model

Phase Stability and Thermal Expansion Properties of Additive Manufactured Super Invar alloy

Senlin Cai, Ryota Nagashima, Yaw Wang Chai, Naoki Sakaguchi, Nobuo Nakada

Abstract

Super invar alloy, Fe–32%Ni–5%Co, is widely utilized in precision instruments due to its remarkably low thermal expansion coefficient. Additive manufacturing holds promise for fabricating complex-shaped components with this alloy. This study investigated the phase stability and thermal expansion properties of super invar alloy fabricated via Laser Powder Bed Fusion (AM sample), comparing them to those of conventionally cast material (Re-melt sample). Microstructural analysis indicates that the AM sample has a more stable austenitic structure, attributed to minimal micro-segregation. Furthermore, it was observed that the thermal expansion coefficient decreases consistently with higher cooling rates within the temperature range of 400-300 K. As a result, AM sample exhibits lower expansion coefficient and it maintains at lower temperatures.

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Phase Stability and Thermal Expansion Properties of Additive Manufactured Super Invar alloy

Effect of Re-ignition Method on Sinter Yield Through Improving Carbon Combustion Ratio at Upper Layer of Sinter Packed Bed

Masaru Matsumura, Ryota Kosugi, Yuichiro Yamamoto, Junji Nagata, Kenichi Higuchi

Abstract

Conventionally, it has been known that the product yield of the upper part of the sintering layer is extremely low, because of the heat loss caused by transferring heat toward the space above sintering layer, and of the large amount of unburned carbon in upper sintering layer.

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Effect of Re-ignition Method on Sinter Yield Through Improving Carbon Combustion Ratio at Upper Layer of Sinter Packed Bed

Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of High Strength Steel for Fracture Suppression and High Absorbed Energy in Automobile Collision

Shinsuke Komine, Tatsuya Nakagaito, Shinjiro Kaneko, Yuki Toji, Tomohiro Sakaidani, Kentaro Sato

Abstract

A fundamental study on the axial crush performances of HSS (High Strength Steel) was carried out to clarify the effects of microstructure and mechanical properties on crashworthiness. Axial crush tests were performed to evaluate the crush performances of the HSS with different microstructures and mechanical properties and identify the fracture origins. The cracks in the press formed area were observed and the cracks led to the fractures. The high λ (Hole expansion ratio) steel showed excellent crush performances by crack suppression. Crash deformation in the press formed area was simulated by the ORB (Orthogonally Reverse Bending) fracture tests and the crack suppression factors were investigated. Through the ORB fracture test, it was clarified that the reduction of the hardness gaps between phases and the refinement of the hard phases (Fresh martensite) were effective for suppressing cracks in the press formed area. These microstructures were occurred by the Q&P (Quenching & Partitioning) process for increasing λ. Therefore, it was found that the microstructural design for increasing λ also contributed to excellent crush performances.

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Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of High Strength Steel for Fracture Suppression and High Absorbed Energy in Automobile Collision

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