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Tetsu-to-Hagané Advance Publication

ISIJ International
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ONLINE ISSN: 1883-2954
PRINT ISSN: 0021-1575
Publisher: The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan

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  1. Vol. 110 (2024)

    1. No.15
    2. No.14
    3. No.13
    4. No.12
    5. No.11
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  2. Vol. 109 (2023)

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  3. Vol. 108 (2022)

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  4. Vol. 107 (2021)

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  5. Vol. 106 (2020)

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  6. Vol. 105 (2019)

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  7. Vol. 104 (2018)

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  8. Vol. 103 (2017)

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  9. Vol. 102 (2016)

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  10. Vol. 101 (2015)

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  11. Vol. 100 (2014)

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  12. Vol. 99 (2013)

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  13. Vol. 98 (2012)

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  14. Vol. 97 (2011)

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  15. Vol. 96 (2010)

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  16. Vol. 95 (2009)

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  17. Vol. 94 (2008)

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  18. Vol. 93 (2007)

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  19. Vol. 92 (2006)

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  20. Vol. 91 (2005)

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  21. Vol. 90 (2004)

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  22. Vol. 89 (2003)

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  23. Vol. 88 (2002)

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  24. Vol. 87 (2001)

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  25. Vol. 86 (2000)

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  26. Vol. 85 (1999)

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  27. Vol. 84 (1998)

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  28. Vol. 83 (1997)

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  29. Vol. 82 (1996)

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  30. Vol. 81 (1995)

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  31. Vol. 80 (1994)

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  32. Vol. 79 (1993)

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  33. Vol. 78 (1992)

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  34. Vol. 77 (1991)

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  35. Vol. 76 (1990)

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  36. Vol. 75 (1989)

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  37. Vol. 74 (1988)

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  38. Vol. 73 (1987)

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  39. Vol. 72 (1986)

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  40. Vol. 71 (1985)

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  41. Vol. 70 (1984)

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  42. Vol. 69 (1983)

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  43. Vol. 68 (1982)

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  44. Vol. 67 (1981)

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  45. Vol. 66 (1980)

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  46. Vol. 65 (1979)

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  47. Vol. 64 (1978)

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  48. Vol. 63 (1977)

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  49. Vol. 62 (1976)

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  50. Vol. 61 (1975)

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  51. Vol. 60 (1974)

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  52. Vol. 59 (1973)

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  53. Vol. 58 (1972)

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  54. Vol. 57 (1971)

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  55. Vol. 56 (1970)

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  56. Vol. 55 (1969)

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  57. Vol. 54 (1968)

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  58. Vol. 53 (1967)

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  59. Vol. 52 (1966)

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  60. Vol. 51 (1965)

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  61. Vol. 50 (1964)

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  62. Vol. 49 (1963)

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  63. Vol. 48 (1962)

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  64. Vol. 47 (1961)

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  65. Vol. 46 (1960)

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  66. Vol. 45 (1959)

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  67. Vol. 44 (1958)

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  68. Vol. 43 (1957)

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  69. Vol. 42 (1956)

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  70. Vol. 41 (1955)

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    10. No.3
    11. No.2
    12. No.1

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21 Nov. (Last 30 Days)

Tetsu-to-Hagané Advance Publication

Role of Si Addition in Interfacial Reactions of Steel Sheets Hot-dipped in Zn-55%Al Alloy Melt

Yasuo Omi, Dasom KIM, Naoki Takata, Asuka Suzuki, Makoto Kobashi, Suzue Yoneda

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-097

Abstract

This study was set to fundamentally understand the effect of Si addition on the interfacial reaction between Zn-55%Al alloy liquid (corresponding to a nominal composition of Al-25Zn (at%)) and Fe solid in the production process of GALVALUME steel sheets. The pure Fe sheets were hot-dipped in Al-25Zn and Al-25Zn-2Si (at%) alloy melts at 600, 650, and 700oC for 2~3600 s. Significantly thick coatings were formed on Fe sheets hot-dipped in the Al-25Zn binary alloy melt for a longer time than 10 s. The coating thickness became several millimeters after 30 s, resulting in a delamination of the coating. The significant Fe dissolution occurred in the Al-Zn binary alloy melt, accompanied by a significant growth of η phase (Fe2Al5) toward the solid Fe. The growth could be promoted by the Zn-rich liquid phase with a lower melting temperature. However, in the case of hot-dipping in the Al-25Zn-2Si ternary alloy melt, uniform coatings were formed on the hot-dipped Fe sheets due to the suppressed interfacial reactions. The Fe dissolution slightly occurred, and a continuous layer of Si-rich T5 (Fe2Al7.4Si) phase was formed at the interface of solid Fe with the Al-25Zn-2Si alloy melt. The continuous T5 phase layer would play a role in a diffusion barrier at the interface of solid Fe with liquid Al-Zn alloy, resulting in the suppressed interfacial reaction. These interfacial reaction processes are discussed based on thermodynamic calculations of the Fe-Al-Zn ternary and Fe-Al-Zn-Si quaternary systems.

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Role of Si Addition in Interfacial Reactions of Steel Sheets Hot-dipped in Zn-55%Al Alloy Melt

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Formation Behavior of Fe–Zn Intermetallic Layers at the Interface between Fe–Mn and Pure Zn Melt at 460°C

Suzue Yoneda, Naoki Takata

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-116

Abstract

The effect of Mn on the alloying reaction during hot-dip galvanization was investigated. The microstructure of the Fe–Zn intermetallic layers consisted of ζ, δ, and Γ phases for both pure Fe and Fe–2Mn (wt.%) alloy. The intermetallic layers grew thicker with increasing dipping time, and the growth rate of each layer was similar for both substrates. In the case of Fe–2Mn, the formation of the δ1p phase was observed after dipping for 2 s. However, δ1p formation was delayed for pure Fe, indicating that Mn may promote nucleation of the δ1p phase. It is known that the δ1p phase nucleates in the Fe-saturated ζ phase. The Fe content at the ζ/δ1p interface was found to be lower for the Fe–2Mn alloy by electron probe microanalysis, suggesting that the supersaturation of Fe for the nucleation of δ1p is decreased by Mn addition and Mn may stabilize the δ1p phase. Once δ1p became a continuous layer, the growth rates of the δ1p layer on pure Fe and Fe–2Mn were similar. Mn could affect only the nucleation of δ1p during the initial stage of the alloying reaction.

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Formation Behavior of Fe–Zn Intermetallic Layers at the Interface between Fe–Mn and Pure Zn Melt at 460°C

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Precipitation Behavior of MnS from Molten Iron to Al2O3 during Solidification

Akito Takeda, Takuma Kurokawa, Kengo Kato, Hideki Ono

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-096

Abstract

Forming conditions and compositional changes of primary inclusions in molten steel have been studied due to the demand for high cleanliness of steels. MnS, a common inclusion in steel, does not form in molten steel, although it is observed in steel with oxide inclusions such as MnO, Al2O3 and SiO2. On the other hand, Mn and S are enriched in molten steel due to the segregation phenomenon during the solidification process which suggests that MnS form in molten steel during solidification. However, the precipitation behavior of MnS inclusions in molten steel due to the enrichment of Mn and S and the interaction between the primary inclusion and the molten steel is still unclear. In this work, a new experimental technique was developed and the precipitation behavior of MnS from molten steel onto solid Al2O3 was studied. Solid MnS precipitates were observed on the Al2O3 rod immersed in the sample with adding Al whereas precipitates containing MnO, A2O3 and MnS were observed on the Al2O3 rod in the sample without adding Al. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that Mn enriched in molten steel is oxidized to form MnAl2O4 when Al content is low and the MnAl2O4 reacts with S in molten iron to form molten MnO-Al2O3-MnS. MnS can precipitate from the molten MnO-Al2O3-MnS. On the other hand, Mn enriched in molten steel does not react with Al2O3 when Al content is high. Therefore, MnS can precipitate at the final period of solidification where Mn and S are significantly enriched in molten steel.

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Precipitation Behavior of MnS from Molten Iron to Al2O3 during Solidification

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Development of Evaluation Method for Distribution of Inclusions in Micro Segregation / Structure of Unidirectional Solidified Specimen

Akira Takahashi, Anna Sciazko, Masashi Nakamoto, Masanori Suzuki, Hisao Esaka, Naoki Shikazono, Takeshi Yoshikawa

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-101

Abstract

The formation of inclusions during solidification in steelmaking process is a critical issue for the optimal processing and the quality of steel products. Therefore, it is required to clarify the mechanism on the inclusion formation for its adequate control. In the present work, the evaluation method of inclusion distribution via the combination of inclusion positions analysis and image analysis of dendrite structure with machine learning is proposed. Image analysis using a conditional deep convolutional generative adversarial network enabled the detection of domain boundaries and the directions of secondary dendrite arms in the cross-sectional structure of unidirectionally solidified specimens. In addition, by combining this with the analysis of inclusion position, a correlation was confirmed between micro segregation behavior and the formation behavior of TiN inclusions.

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Development of Evaluation Method for Distribution of Inclusions in Micro Segregation / Structure of Unidirectional Solidified Specimen

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Effect of Al Content on Precipitation Behavior of AIN Inclusions during Unidirectional Solidification Process of Fe-(0.5-2.0)%Al-2.0%Mn Alloys

Kenta Imai, Kengo Kato, Hideki Ono

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-099

Abstract

Mn-TRIP steels of which composition is mainly Fe–(0.5–3mass%)Al–(2–10mass%)Mn are expected to be new advanced high-strength sheet steels. During the solidification process of Fe–Al–Mn alloy, AlN inclusions precipitate at the grain boundary, which leads to the severe deterioration of hot ductility. However, the precipitation behavior of AlN inclusion is not known enough. In this work, a unidirectional solidification experiment of Fe–(0.5–2.0)mass%Al–2.0mass%Mn alloys and numerical analysis on the forming condition of AlN were carried out, and the precipitation behavior of AlN inclusions was studied. Al2O3 inclusions were observed in the alloy with 0.5 mass%Al. On the other hand, AlN inclusions were observed in alloys with 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mass%Al. The volume fraction of AlN inclusions increased with increasing Al content of the alloy. The thermodynamic analysis revealed that AlN is thermodynamically unstable at temperatures above the liquidus of the alloy. When Al content of molten steel is increased, AlN becomes thermodynamically stable. Accordingly, the forming amounts of AlN in the alloys during the solidification were analyzed considering the segregation. The results show that the precipitation of AlN inclusions increases significantly during solidification due to the enrichment of Al in the liquid phase. In the Fe–(1.0–2.0)mass%Al–2.0 mass%Mn alloy, Al2O3-AlN inclusions were also observed, where AlN is present around Al2O3. These inclusions are considered to be formed by the precipitation of AlN, which becomes stable as the Al concentration increases due to solidification segregation, on Al2O3, which is stable and precipitated in the early stage of solidification.

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Effect of Al Content on Precipitation Behavior of AIN Inclusions during Unidirectional Solidification Process of Fe-(0.5-2.0)%Al-2.0%Mn Alloys

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Evaluation of Activity Coefficients of Oxygen and Nitrogen in Molten Alloy and Its Dominant Factors Based on Solvation Shell Model

Masanori Suzuki, Yusuke Omi, Masashi Nakamoto, Takeshi Yoshikawa

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-100

Abstract

Activity coefficients of light elements in molten metals and alloys are important thermodynamic properties for refining and inclusion controls of metallic materials. Activity measurements of the activities of light elements in pure metals have been carried out by previous studies. Also activities in molten alloys have been previously investigated and summarized using interaction coefficients. However, it is still difficult to accurately explain the activities of light elements in molten alloys over a wide range of temperatures and concentrations. In this study, with the aim of unified understanding of the thermodynamic behavior and solubility of light elements in various molten alloys, we studied the activity coefficients of oxygen and nitrogen in molten alloys using solvation shell model, and examined the factors governing the activity coefficients of oxygen and nitrogen in molten alloys.

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Evaluation of Activity Coefficients of Oxygen and Nitrogen in Molten Alloy and Its Dominant Factors Based on Solvation Shell Model

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Selective Visualization of Martensite in Bainitic Steel Using Backscattered Electron Images and Phase Fraction Evaluation Using Machine Learning

Hiroshi Imoto, Kaoru Sato, Kenji Ogata

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-103

Abstract

Multi-phase steels are often used to realize a combination of high strength and toughness and/or ductility. To optimize their mechanical properties, it is vital to accurately evaluate the grain size, hard phase size and distribution, and dislocation density. In this paper, we studied a new method for evaluating the morphology and phase fraction of the hard phase, i.e., the martensite-austenite constituent (M-A), which is an important component that governs the mechanical properties of high strength steels. Using a scanning electron microscope, martensite can be selectively visualized with a bright contrast by collecting high-angle backscattered electrons. This method identifies only martensite in isolation from other phases, whereas both martensite and austenite are highlighted with the conventional two-step etching method. In addition, machine learning image analysis allows accurate extraction of martensite even in the presence of inhomogeneous backscattered electron image contrast in the matrix. This method provides an accurate and simple evaluation of the morphology of martensite in multi-phase steels over a large area.

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Selective Visualization of Martensite in Bainitic Steel Using Backscattered Electron Images and Phase Fraction Evaluation Using Machine Learning

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Change in Dislocation Density via Ausforming in Fe-5%Mn-C Alloy with Lath Martensitic Structure

Misa Takanashi, Ryota Hidaka, Kota Ohkubo, Takuro Masumura, Toshihiro Tsuchiyama, Satoshi Morooka, Takuya Maeda, Shuichi Nakamura, Ryuji Uemori

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-092

Abstract

The strengthening mechanism of ausforming in martensitic steels is believed to be due to the inheritance of dislocations in austenite by the subsequently transformed martensite. However, no studies to date have quantified the dislocation density before and after ausforming. In this study, the dislocation densities of Fe-5%Mn-C alloys were analyzed, and the relationship between hardening by ausforming and dislocation accumulation, as well as the effect of carbon on this relationship, were investigated. The hardness of ausformed martensite increased with the ausforming reduction in austenite, and the strengthening effect of ausforming increased with the addition of carbon. Similarly, the dislocation density of ausformed martensite increased with the ausforming reduction in austenite, and the dislocation accumulation by ausforming increased with the addition of carbon. Because the hardness of the ausformed martensite follows the Bailey–Hirsch relationship, the strengthening mechanism owing to ausforming could be explained by dislocation strengthening. To understand the dislocation accumulation process during ausforming, the dislocation density of austenite immediately after ausforming was measured by in-situ heating neutron diffraction. Consequently, the dislocation density of the ausformed austenite was not dependent on the carbon content, indicating that dislocations are not inherited in carbon-free steels. By contrast, in steels with sufficient carbon content, not only are dislocations inherited but additional dislocations are introduced during martensitic transformation.

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Change in Dislocation Density via Ausforming in Fe-5%Mn-C Alloy with Lath Martensitic Structure

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Yielding Behavior of Low Carbon Martensitic Steel Sheet Containing Retained Austenite

Junya Tobata, Hidekazu Minami, Yuki Toji, Shinjiro Kaneko

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-107

Abstract

Quenching and Partitioning (Q&P) steel sheets, which utilize the transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) effect of retained austenite to improve the elongation of high strength steel sheets, are expected to become an important material for next-generation automotive structural parts. Although it has been reported that the yield strength (YS) of the Q&P steels consisting of tempered martensitic microstructure with retained austenite (hereafter ”Q&P steels” in this study) is affected by retained austenite, the mechanism has not yet been discussed in detail. The purpose of this study is to clarify the effect of the carbon content in retained austenite on the yielding behavior of the Q&P steels. The chemical composition of the model steel used here was 0.18%C-1.5%Si-3.0%Mn (mass%). The steels were annealed at 1143 K, then cooled to 473 K, followed by holding at the temperatures between 523 K and 673 K for 600 s. The increased carbon content in retained austenite increased the YS of the Q&P steels. It was found that the yielding of the Q&P steels was caused by the stress-induced transformation of retained austenite when the critical stress for the stress-induced transformation was lower than the elastic limit of tempered martensitic matrix. This result revealed that the increased carbon content in retained austenite was able to achieve the higher elastic limit of martensitic steels containing retained austenite.

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Yielding Behavior of Low Carbon Martensitic Steel Sheet Containing Retained Austenite

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Quantitative Understanding of Solute Concentration Distribution by Microsegregation During Solidification

Sakiko Kawanishi, Shingo Terashima, Yuki Tsukahara, Sohei Sukenaga, Hisao Esaka, Hiroyuki Shibata

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-098

Abstract

Microsegregation of solute components during the solidification process causes solute pile-up in the liquid phase, which strongly affects the formation behavior of inclusions. However, there is no quantitative evaluation of solute concentration distribution during dendritic growth. In this study, we established an in-situ observation method for quantitative evaluation of solute concentration distribution using model materials with fluorescent reagents to clarify how the solute pile-up progresses due to microsegregation. In addition to evaluating the physical properties of the model materials necessary for this study, a quantitative evaluation of solute concentration distribution during dendritic growth was successfully achieved. Numerical analysis, taking into account the equilibrium partition of solute components and solute diffusion in each phase, reproduced the measured solute concentration distribution in the liquid phase. Thus, the solute concentration distribution was evaluated by the actual measurement and numerical analysis, and it was clarified that a relatively simple model can represent the progress of microsegregation.

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Quantitative Understanding of Solute Concentration Distribution by Microsegregation During Solidification

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Characterization of Crack Growth Acceleration of V-added Precipitation-strengthened High-Mn Austenitic Steel in High-pressure Gaseous Hydrogen Environment

Tatsuya Iwano, Atsushi Saji, Kodai Miura, Yukio Tachi, Osamu Takakuwa

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-093

Abstract

To verify the crack growth resistance of the V-added precipitation-strengthened high-Mn austenitic steel subject to a static and dynamic loading in a hydrogenated environment, the fracture toughness test and two types of fatigue crack growth (FCG) test, i.e., stress intensity factor range ΔK-increasing and ΔK-constant tests were performed under high-pressure gaseous hydrogen environment under the pressure of 95 MPa. The fracture toughness dramatically decreased from 95 to 35 MPa･m1/2 by hydrogen occlusion. The fracture surface consists of intergranular fracture aspects in gaseous hydrogen despite being covered by the dimples tested in air. The FCG acceleration was also pronounced: more acceleration emerged as the ΔK became higher. When changing the loading frequency f as 1, 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001 Hz under constant ΔK of 30MPa･m1/2, the relative FCG rate in gaseous hydrogen to that in air became higher as f decreased, i.e., the dependency of FCG acceleration on the crack opening time. However, the acceleration did not completely depend on the crack opening time, which means a part of FCG acceleration was dominated by crack tip plasticity under cyclic loading. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterization, including the electron-channeling contrast (ECC) imaging and the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis, demonstrated that the crack preferentially propagates along grain boundary in the hydrogenated environment. The micro-void and/or micro-crack ahead of the primary FCG crack initiated at the M23C6 carbides precipitated at the grain boundary, which triggered the dramatic acceleration of FCG under 95 MPa gaseous hydrogen.

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Characterization of Crack Growth Acceleration of V-added Precipitation-strengthened High-Mn Austenitic Steel in High-pressure Gaseous Hydrogen Environment

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Direct Observation of Atomic Arrangement in Multicomponent Calcium Ferrite Using Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

Kenta Takehara, Kohei Ikeda, Takashi Kawano, Takahide Higuchi

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-080

Abstract

To reduce the reducing agent ratio and CO2 emissions in blast furnace operation, it is important to control the material structure of sintered ore, which affects its metallurgical and mechanical properties. Multicomponent calcium ferrites (also called CF or SFCA (silico-ferrite of calcium and aluminum)), which is a type of melting and solidification structure, has attracted considerable interest recently, and the chemical composition and crystal structure of each CF have been researched. Although the crystal structure of CF has conventionally been analyzed mainly by XRD, the atomic arrangement could not be observed directly. Therefore, in this study, CF was investigated at the atomic level by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). This research revealed that acicular CF, which was previously understood to be SFCA-I, has a SFCA (≠ SFCA-I)structure. It was also found that columnar CF had a non-periodic SFCA structure induced with a magnetite-like structure. Furthermore, a CF in which SFCA and SFCA-I were alternately stacked repeatedly was also discovered. This research clarified the fact that CF has a non-periodic structure at the atomic level.

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Direct Observation of Atomic Arrangement in Multicomponent Calcium Ferrite Using Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

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Effect of Initial Microstructures on Grain Refinement by Burnishing

Yoshinori Amano, Takahisa Suzuki, Kaori Kawano

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-086

Abstract

The development of ultrafine grained microstructures under severe plastic deformation by burnishing process was investigated using spherical cementite-ferrite (SA) steel and pearlite (P) steel of AISI 52100. Microstructures were analyzed using FE-SEM, FE-TEM and EBSD observations. In the SA steel, equiaxed ultrafine ferrite grains were formed at the burnished surface where the equivalent strain was about 3.9. These ultrafine grains were formed by continuous dynamic recrystallization because they consisted of high angle grain boundaries. On the other hand, in the P steel, the initial lamellar structure was maintained even at the equivalent strain about 4.3, and ferrite grains with a large aspect ratio were formed. These ferrite grains were considered to be non-recrystallized grains because the KAM value within these grains was high. In addition, many dislocation contrasts in the same direction were observed within a ferrite grain by FE-TEM observation. These results suggested that active dislocation slip system in these ferrite grains is limited by lamellar structure. As the strain increased by repeated burnishing process, these ferrite grains of P steel became coarse and the KAM value within these grains decreased. In addition, several dislocation contrasts in multiple directions were observed within a ferrite grain. It can be concluded that the limitation of active dislocation slip system in these ferrite grains were relaxed, and dynamic recovery was occurred in these ferrite grains.

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Effect of Initial Microstructures on Grain Refinement by Burnishing

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Influence of Silicon Contents on the Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Quenching and Partitioning (Q&P) Processed Low Carbon Steel

Chang Jae Yu, Chang-Hyo Seo, Young-Roc Im, Dong-Woo Suh

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-088

Abstract

The microstructure and corresponding tensile properties were examined in quenching and partitioning (Q&P) processed low carbon steels, depending on the silicon content ranging from 0.1–2.0 wt.%. The silicon content and process temperature generated a highly interactive influence on the evolution of final microstructure, including the fraction of constituent phases and their characteristics such as solute carbon content in each phase. The yield strength was nearly unchanged or slightly decreased even with the silicon addition for a given Q&P condition. The change of yield strength showed a reasonable correlation with the loss of solute carbon in martensite or bainite caused by the carbide precipitation and the carbon partitioning into austenite, which depended on the silicon content. High partitioning temperature enhanced the yield strength for a given silicon content and quenching condition, because of the tempering effect on the martensite matrix. Although the fraction and stability of retained austenite were still critical for improving ductility, the intrinsic properties of the martensite matrix, such as the occurrence of tempered martensite embrittlement, governed the ductility of Q&P steels in situations where the role of retained austenite was limited due to low fraction or poor mechanical stability.

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Influence of Silicon Contents on the Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Quenching and Partitioning (Q&P) Processed Low Carbon Steel

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Hydrogen Content Dependence of the Contribution of Dislocation-slip Stability and Carbide Precipitation Morphology to the Hydrogen Embrittlement Property of High-strength Martensitic Steels

Kei Saito, Kenichi Takai

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-091

Abstract

The contribution of dislocation-slip stability and carbide precipitation morphology to the hydrogen embrittlement (HE) property of tempered martensitic steels with low and high silicon contents (L-Si and H-Si) and oil-quenched martensitic steel (As-OQ), was evaluated by conducting slow strain rate tests. The order of dislocation-slip stability was the H-Si specimen > L-Si specimen > As-OQ specimen. The H-Si and As-OQ specimens had finely dispersed carbides inside prior austenite (γ) grains, whereas the L-Si specimen had coarsely dispersed carbides inside prior γ grains and on the boundaries. Notched specimens were charged with hydrogen in a range of low (0.19–0.31 ppm), medium (1.04–1.49 ppm), and high (2.17–2.33 ppm) hydrogen contents. The H-Si specimen had the highest HE property under the three hydrogen charging conditions. With the low and medium hydrogen charging conditions, the HE property of the L-Si specimen was higher than that of the As-OQ specimen, whereas their HE properties markedly declined to a similar level under the high hydrogen charging condition. The HE property of the L-Si specimen with increased dislocation-slip stability by applying stress relaxation was equivalent to that of the L-Si specimen under the high hydrogen charging condition. These results revealed that increasing dislocation-slip stability improved the HE property in the range of low to medium hydrogen charging. Under the high hydrogen charging condition, dislocation-slip stability did not contribute to improving the HE property, but it was found that the carbide precipitation morphology, particularly coarse carbides precipitated on prior γ grain boundaries, influenced the HE property.

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Hydrogen Content Dependence of the Contribution of Dislocation-slip Stability and Carbide Precipitation Morphology to the Hydrogen Embrittlement Property of High-strength Martensitic Steels

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Solidification Characteristics and TiC Formation Behaviour in Alloy 800H

Shigeo Fukumoto, Yuto Sakaizawa, Shigeru Kaneko, Nobuhisa Ebihama

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-083

Abstract

It is known that the size distribution of inclusions in steels have a significant effect on material properties. The solidification characteristics and TiC formation behavior of alloy 800H were evaluated both by experiment and simulation in this work. The relationship between dendrite arm spacing and the cooling rate was estimated. TiC particles were observed at the interdendritic region. The size distribution of TiC particles was affected by solidification cooling rate. Solidification analysis using the MPF (Multi-Phase Field) method revealed that TiC formation begins at a solid fraction of 0.79, and solidification accelerates due to TiC formation. It was thought that TiC particles generated in the latter part of solidification aggregate and coalesce without engulfment by the solidified shell. The size distribution of TiC particles was also affected by heat treatment after solidification.

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Solidification Characteristics and TiC Formation Behaviour in Alloy 800H

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Effect of Alumina on the Phase Equilibria of the Iron-rich Corner of the CaO-SiO2-Fe2O3 System at 1240°C in Air

Amane Takahashi, Yukihiro Uchisawa, Hirokazu Sato, Takashi Watanabe, Rie Endo, Masahiro Susa, Miyuki Hayashi

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-079

Abstract

The effect of Al2O3 on the compositional region of silico-ferrite of calcium and aluminum (SFCA) and the liquid phase and the phase equilibria, including SFCA, was investigated in a CaO-SiO2-Fe2O3-5mass%Al2O3 system at 1240 °C in air. To obtain the desired composition, reagent-grade CaCO3, SiO2, Fe2O3, and Al2O3 powders were weighed, mixed, and equilibrated at 1240 °C in air. Each obtained sample was divided into two parts: one was pulverized into a powder and analyzed by XRD, and the other was subjected to microstructural observation and compositional analysis using EPMA. The results revealed that the compositional region of SFCA lies on the CF3-CA3-C4S3 plane and is C/S = 2.77–7.60 for 5 mass% Al2O3. Compared with the SFC composition region for 0 mass% Al2O3, the compositional range of SFCA extended in the CF3-C4S3 direction, suggesting that the addition of Al2O3 contributes to the stability of SFCA. Furthermore, the liquid-phase region was divided into a ferrite melt with a high Fe2O3 concentration and a silicate melt with a high SiO2 concentration, both of which shifted to the lower Fe2O3 side compared to the liquidus isotherm in the CaO-SiO2-Fe2O3 system. Unlike CaO-SiO2-Fe2O3, SFCA-I (SFC-I) was observed in the CaO-SiO2-Fe2O3-5mass%Al2O3 system, thus indicating that the addition of Al2O3 contributes to the stability of SFCA-I.

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Effect of Alumina on the Phase Equilibria of the Iron-rich Corner of the CaO-SiO2-Fe2O3 System at 1240°C in Air

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Equation of Cleavege Fracture and Grain Boundary Fracture Stress Based on Brechet-Louchet Model

Katsutoshi Hyodo, Yosuke Nonaka, Kazuma Itoh, Tetsuya Namegawa

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-074

Abstract

New fracture process model of cleavage fracture initiated from cementite crack was proposed. In addition, the equation of propagation of cementite crack into the ferrite grain was developed based on the Brechet-Louchet model. This equation can reproduce not only ferrite size dependence of cleavage fracture stress that the Petch model can reproduce but both of test temperature dependence and strain rate dependence of fracture stress. Furthermore, in exchanging surface energy for grain boundary cohesive energy in the equation, grain boundary fracture stress can be also estimated.

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Equation of Cleavege Fracture and Grain Boundary Fracture Stress Based on Brechet-Louchet Model

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Phase Stability and Thermal Expansion Properties of Additive Manufactured Super Invar alloy

Senlin Cai, Ryota Nagashima, Yaw Wang Chai, Naoki Sakaguchi, Nobuo Nakada

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-066

Abstract

Super invar alloy, Fe–32%Ni–5%Co, is widely utilized in precision instruments due to its remarkably low thermal expansion coefficient. Additive manufacturing holds promise for fabricating complex-shaped components with this alloy. This study investigated the phase stability and thermal expansion properties of super invar alloy fabricated via Laser Powder Bed Fusion (AM sample), comparing them to those of conventionally cast material (Re-melt sample). Microstructural analysis indicates that the AM sample has a more stable austenitic structure, attributed to minimal micro-segregation. Furthermore, it was observed that the thermal expansion coefficient decreases consistently with higher cooling rates within the temperature range of 400-300 K. As a result, AM sample exhibits lower expansion coefficient and it maintains at lower temperatures.

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Phase Stability and Thermal Expansion Properties of Additive Manufactured Super Invar alloy

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Effect of BN Surface Segregation on Coatability in Hot-dip Galvanizing of B-added Steel

Daisuke Tahara, Katsuya Hoshino, Shoichiro Taira

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-052

Abstract

Boron (B) is frequently used as additives to improve the hardenability of advanced high strength steel. It has been reported that B in steel reacts with atmospheric N2 during annealing at low oxygen potential (low dew point) to form boron nitride (BN) by the thermodynamical calculation. In this study, the effect of BN formation on the steel surface on the coatability during hot-dip galvanizing was investigated, experimentally. B-free specimens and specimens containing 15 or 30 ppm B were annealed at various temperature and dew point, and then hot-dip galvanized. The annealed specimens were also prepared and analyzed with GD-OES, XPS, SEM-EDX and TEM-EELS to investigate the oxide and nitride formation on the steel surface during annealing. As results, coatability deteriorated as the amount of B in steel and the annealing temperature increase, and as the dew point decrease. These trends were not correlated with the amount of oxide but the amount of BN formation, suggesting that BN formation deteriorated the coatability. The surface and cross-sectional analysis revealed that BN formed around the oxide to cover the steel surface. This would lead the deterioration of the coatability because most of the steel surface was covered with BN as well as oxide, which are known to have low wettability with molten Zn.

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Effect of BN Surface Segregation on Coatability in Hot-dip Galvanizing of B-added Steel

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Effect of Re-ignition Method on Sinter Yield Through Improving Carbon Combustion Ratio at Upper Layer of Sinter Packed Bed

Masaru Matsumura, Ryota Kosugi, Yuichiro Yamamoto, Junji Nagata, Kenichi Higuchi

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-031

Abstract

Conventionally, it has been known that the product yield of the upper part of the sintering layer is extremely low, because of the heat loss caused by transferring heat toward the space above sintering layer, and of the large amount of unburned carbon in upper sintering layer.

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Effect of Re-ignition Method on Sinter Yield Through Improving Carbon Combustion Ratio at Upper Layer of Sinter Packed Bed

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Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of High Strength Steel for Fracture Suppression and High Absorbed Energy in Automobile Collision

Shinsuke Komine, Tatsuya Nakagaito, Shinjiro Kaneko, Yuki Toji, Tomohiro Sakaidani, Kentaro Sato

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-035

Abstract

A fundamental study on the axial crush performances of HSS (High Strength Steel) was carried out to clarify the effects of microstructure and mechanical properties on crashworthiness. Axial crush tests were performed to evaluate the crush performances of the HSS with different microstructures and mechanical properties and identify the fracture origins. The cracks in the press formed area were observed and the cracks led to the fractures. The high λ (Hole expansion ratio) steel showed excellent crush performances by crack suppression. Crash deformation in the press formed area was simulated by the ORB (Orthogonally Reverse Bending) fracture tests and the crack suppression factors were investigated. Through the ORB fracture test, it was clarified that the reduction of the hardness gaps between phases and the refinement of the hard phases (Fresh martensite) were effective for suppressing cracks in the press formed area. These microstructures were occurred by the Q&P (Quenching & Partitioning) process for increasing λ. Therefore, it was found that the microstructural design for increasing λ also contributed to excellent crush performances.

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Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of High Strength Steel for Fracture Suppression and High Absorbed Energy in Automobile Collision

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Formation Mechanism of Secondary Inclusions in Fe-36mass%Ni Alloy Using a Novel Combination Analysis Technique

Hiroshi Fukaya, Jonah Gamutan, Makoto Kubo, Shintaro Yano, Shigeru Suzuki, Takahiro Miki

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-018

Abstract

Controlling the size, number, and composition of secondary inclusions is vital in the production of high-quality steels. In this study, experimental and computational investigation of the relationship between secondary inclusion formation in Fe-36mass%Ni alloy and cooling rate was carried out. Assuming the case of large ingots, solidification experiments using various cooling rates (0.17 to 128 K/min) were employed and the size, number, composition, and distribution of inclusions were analyzed by SEM-EDS automatic inclusion analysis. Like previous studies, inclusion number density increased with increasing cooling rate, while inclusion size decreased with increase of cooling rate. On the contrary, oxide inclusion area fraction was found to have little relationship with the cooling rate and was instead found related with oxygen content of the sample. As a new attempt to investigate the relationship between microsegregation and secondary inclusion formation, a combination of SEM-EDS analysis and EPMA mapping analysis was carried out. By superimposing information of microsegregation and inclusions, it was found that high-Al2O3 inclusions formed during the early stage of solidification, whereas low-Al2O3 inclusions formed during the later stage of solidification. These findings suggest that Al2O3 inclusions formed in the early stage of solidification reacted with the remaining Si-enriched liquid steel and changed into low-Al2O3 inclusions. Experimental results were also confirmed by thermodynamic calculations. Present work made it possible to understand deeper the relationship between microsegregation and secondary inclusion formation.

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Formation Mechanism of Secondary Inclusions in Fe-36mass%Ni Alloy Using a Novel Combination Analysis Technique

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