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Tetsu-to-Hagané
Vol. 62 (1976), No. 1

Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol. 62 (1976), No. 1

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ONLINE ISSN:	1883-2954
PRINT ISSN:	0021-1575
Publisher:	The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan

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Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol. 62 (1976), No. 1

新年を迎えて

作井誠太

pp. 1-2

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Article Title

新年を迎えて

Bibtex

Ris

Production and Technology of Iron and Steel

Tsuneyo IKI

pp. 3-24

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Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.61(1975), No.3

Effect of Carbon and Titanium Contents on the Oxidation Resistance of Fe-Cr-Al Alloys at High Temperatures

Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.62(1976), No.1

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Production and Technology of Iron and Steel

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An Experimental Study of the Formation of Raceway Using a Cold Model

Michiharu HATANO, Mitsuichiro FUKUDA, Masayuki TAKEUCHI

pp. 25-32

Abstract

The raceway formed in front of a tuyere is one of decisive factors to operate a blast furnace stably and efficiently, because the gas distributions from the raceway and the descent of the burden are greatly affected by the characteristics of the raceway.
There are, however, many unknown facts about the formation of the raceway and incidental phenomena. This study has been carried out for the purpose of solving some of them using a cold model and an experimental blast furnace.
In this paper, some results obtained through cold model experiments are presented.
The summary of the results is as follows:
1) Particles in the raceway rotate around at high speed, colliding with rotating particles or the raceway wall and some of them are reduced in size.
2) A lot of fine particles formed in the raceway accumulates on the surface of the raceway in front of the tuyere.
3) Under a condition of reduced particle size in front of tuyere, the raceway is enlarged, especially upwards along the furnace wall.
4) The depth of the raceway can be expressed by the relationship between the raceway factor (P·V²·ρ_go/g·d_s·ρ_s·S²) and the penetration factor (D_R/D_T).

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An Experimental Study of the Formation of Raceway Using a Cold Model

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Rate of Desulphurization from Liquid Iron and Iron Alloys with Hydrogen

Mitsutaka HINO, Shiro BAN-YA, Tasuku FUWA

pp. 33-42

Abstract

A study has been made of the rate of sulphur removal from liquid iron and iron alloys, containing carbon, silicon, phosphorus, vanadium, and oxygen respectively, by hydrogen as a reaction gas at 1600°C. The results obtained are as follows:
1. The effects of alloying elements on the rate of desulphurization depend on the effect of the activity of sulphur in the liquid iron.
2. The reaction of sulphur removal is of the second-order, and it is considered that the chemical reaction on the surface of liquid iron is the rate-determining step. The rate of the reaction, H₂ (gas) +S (in liquid iron) =H₂S (gas), is expressed by the following equation:
-d [%S] /dt=A/VK₂'P_H₂a_S
where, A and V are the surface area and the volume of liquid iron.
3. The apparent activation energy of the sulphur removal is 11.0Kcal/mol.
4. The surface active element decreases the rate of desulphurization markedly. A mechanism of sulphur removal from liquid iron is proposed to describe the rate of reaction quantitatively, taking into consideration of the effect of the adsorption of the surface active element.

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Rate of Desulphurization from Liquid Iron and Iron Alloys with Hydrogen

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Decarburization and Denitrogenization of Iron and Iron-Chromium Alloys by Plasma Jet of Hydrogen-Argon Gas Mixture

Kyojiro KANEKO, Nobuo SANO, Yukio MATSUSHITA

pp. 43-52

Abstract

Trials to enhance the decarburization and the denitrogenization of molten Fe-Cr alloys were made by blowing plasma jet of argon-hydrogen gas mixture on to the surface of molten metals. The weight of melts was 1 to 3kg, the gas blowing rate 8 t/min and the electric power consumption 15 to 30kVA. The final concentrations of carbon and nitrogen obtained are as follows: C<0.002% for Fe, 18-8 stainless steel, 60% Cr-Fe alloy and Cr, N=0.0015% for Fe and N=0.0065% for 25% Cr-Fe alloy. This satisfies the conditions of intergranular corrosion resistance and ductility, C+N<100-130ppm, for ferritic stainless steel. By estimating the dissociation constant of H2 in plasma jet at the metal surface, it is indicated that hydrogen atoms in the plasma which are not thermally recombined to molecules react with carbon and nitrogen in molten metals. The mechanisms of decarburization and denitrogenization were also discussed.

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製鋼・基礎

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製鋼基礎

Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.51(1965), No.10

抄録

Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.71(1985), No.1

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Decarburization and Denitrogenization of Iron and Iron-Chromium Alloys by Plasma Jet of Hydrogen-Argon Gas Mixture

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Surface Tension and Density of FeO-CaO-SiO₂ Melts

Yasuji KAWAI, Katsumi MORI, Hiroaki SHIRAISHI, Noboru YAMADA

pp. 53-61

Abstract

The surface tension and density of FeO-CaO, FeO-SiO₂, and FeO-CaO-SiO₂ melts, CaO content up to 40 mol% and SiO₂ up to 50 mol%, in contact with solid iron, have been measured at temperatures from melting points to 1430°C by the maximum bubble pressure method.
Surface tension values of these melts are in the range from 350 to 530 dyn/cm.
Surface tension and density of liquid iron oxides show an abnormal behavior, that is, a positive dependence on temperature. The addition of CaO or SiO₂ to iron oxide lead to monotonous decreases of surface tension and density of melts, but the maximum of surface tension is observed in the iso-thermal curve of surface tension of FeO-CaO-SiO₂ ternary melts of constant CaO content at 1400°C.
It is found that surface tension values of melts calculated from the equation containing terms of surface tension coefficients and the effect of ferric oxide agree well with the experimental results in the composition range of this experiment.
Molar volumes of FeO-CaO and FeO-30CaO-Si0₂ melts show negative deviations from ideal mixture of components.

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Activity of CaO in the Binary System CaO-SiO₂

Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.47(1961), No.14

Activity of CaO in the Ternary System CaO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃, CaO-SiO₂-MgO and CaO-SiO₂-MnO

Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.48(1962), No.1

Reduction of FeO in Molten Slags with Solid Carbon

Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.58(1972), No.10

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Surface Tension and Density of FeO-CaO-SiO₂ Melts

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Effect of Hydrogen on Blowhole Formation in Pure Iron during Solidification

Masahiro UDA, Takehiro DAN, Satoru OHNO

pp. 62-71

Abstract

The blowhole formation of the Fe-H system during solidification was investigated.
Pure iron was melted in various hydrogen partial pressures and temperatures by means of the levitation method, and cast into a water-cooled copper mold after equilibrated with the atmosphere. The blowholes in specimens were detected by means of specific gravity, radiograph and cross section methods.
The results were as follows:
The blowhole formation was influenced remarkably by hydrogen partial pressure and melt temperature. The results can be reduced to the simple relation between hydrogen concentration and blowhole formation in specimens. That is, the critical hydrogen concentration for the blowhole formation in specimens was found to be about 13cc/100gFe.
In order that a bubble is present stably in molten iron, the hydrogen concentration in molten iron must be at least 25.2cc/100gFe which is the equilibrium value at P_H2=1atm. The above critical hydrogen concentration is lower than this value 25.2 cc/100gFe.
When the increase of hydrogen concentration in front of a solidification interface is considered, the maximum hydrogen concentration can exceed the value 25.2cc/100gFe. The effective distribution coefficient under these experimental conditions was estimated to be higher than the equilibrium one.

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Effect of Hydrogen on Blowhole Formation in Pure Iron during Solidification

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Effects of Free-Cutting Additives, Heat-Treated Structures and Cold Working on the Machinability of Low Chromium Case Hardening Steel Based on the Chip-Breaking Characteristics

Toshiro YAMAMOTO, Ken-ichi KUMAGAYI

pp. 72-81

Abstract

Effects of free-cutting additives, heat-treated structures, and cold working on the machinability of low chromium case-hardening steels based on the chip-breaking characteristics have been investigated.
The order of free-cutting additives in decreasing contribution to a favourable broken chip were Bi>Pb>S>Se and Te at the same amount of addition in weight per cent. The effects of P and N on the contribution to a broken chip were comparatively small.
The machinability of case-hardening steels based on the chip-breaking characteristics was the best for spheroidized structure and decreased in the order of annealed structure to normalized structure. Cold working was detrimental to the machinability of spheroidized structure in terms of the chip-breaking characteristics.
The effects of heat-treated structures and cold working on the machinability based on the chip-breaking characteristics is mainly explained by the ratio of the chip thickness to the diameter of a helical chip, i. e., a high ratio provides a favourable broken chip.

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Effects of Free-Cutting Additives, Heat-Treated Structures and Cold Working on the Machinability of Low Chromium Case Hardening Steel Based on the Chip-Breaking Characteristics

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Application of the Threshold Stress Intensity Factor K_ISCC to the Evaluation of the Susceptibility to Delayed Fracture of High Strength Bolts

Fukukazu NAKASATO, Tetsu OHNO

pp. 82-89

Abstract

The fracture mechanics approach was used to analyze the delayed fracture behavior of heat-treated SAE1527 steel with tensile strength of 156kg/mm². The threshold stress intensity factor K_ISCC was determined using wedge-loaded DCB specimens in various test environments on the basis of a 5000 hr exposure criterion. Although the incubation time τ₁ varied considerably by changes of the test environment, K_ISCC was found to be virtually independent of the test environment, ranging from 65 to 85kg/mm³/².
The K_ISCC values obtained in the present investigation were applied to the design of tightening high strength bolts as an example of structural components subjected to the similar environments. For high strength bolts 22mm in diameter under standard tightening condition, the crack tip stress intensity factor K_I for a crack initiating from a thread root was calculated based on a few assumptions. A critical crack length I_C which can cause onset of delayed fracture crack propagation at K_ISCC was about 15 μ which is the same order of length as a prior-austenite grain size of conventionally heat-reated low-lloy steels. Thus it is confirmed that highly stressed and threaded fasteners of low-lloy steels with tensile strength. around 150kg/mm² and higher are remarkably sensitive to delayed fracture even in an outdoor environment. These results bring about an understanding of in-service failures of high strength fasteners and arise an increasing demand for a strict inspection practice for them.

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ISIJ International Vol.54(2014), No.10

Development of Nondestructive Inspection

Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.79(1993), No.7

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Application of the Threshold Stress Intensity Factor K_ISCC to the Evaluation of the Susceptibility to Delayed Fracture of High Strength Bolts

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Strain Partitioning and Void Formation in Ferrite-Pearlite Steels Deformed in Tension

Tsuyoshi INOUE, Shushi KINOSHITA

pp. 90-99

Abstract

A study has been made of the deformation behavior of pearlite nodule and void formation process in the course of tensile deformation of ferrite-pearlite steels containing 0.05 to 0.91 wt%C.
Since pearlite nodule deforms to less extent than matrix, strain partitioning occurs between pearlite nodule and matrix ferrite. The degree of partitioning increases as pearlite volume fraction decreases, which means that the strain of pearlite nodule differs with the volume fraction of pearlite at a given strain of the specimen.
As the deformation of specimen proceeds, void formation occurs at pearlite nodule and the strain at void formation increases with decreasing volume fraction of pearlite. The strain of pearlite nodule at this point, however, is approximately equal (ε_p=0.3) regardless of the volume fraction of pearlite. Furthermore, the estimated stress to pearlite nodule at void formation is about 110-120kg/mm² in each steel and this stress corresponds the fracture stress of pearlite nodule.
The results reveal that void formation in ferrite-earlite steel occurs when the strain and/or stress of pearlite nodule reaches to the critical levels relating to the fracture of pearlite nodule per se.

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ISIJ International Vol.41(2001), No.7

Influence of Microstructure on Yield Strength of Ferrite–Pearlite Steels

Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.96(2010), No.6

New Method for the Production of As-hot Rolled Dual Phase Sheet Steel

Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.68(1982), No.9

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Strain Partitioning and Void Formation in Ferrite-Pearlite Steels Deformed in Tension

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Effect of Cr, Mo and V on Spheroidization of Carbides in 0.8%C Steel

Taira NAKANO, Hiroshi KAWATANI, Shushi KINOSHITA

pp. 100-107

Abstract

Effect of Cr, Mo or V on spheroidization of carbides in 0.8%C steel by slow cooling annealing has been investigated.
An addition of Cr remarkably accelerates spheroidization of carbides, while additions of Mo and V do a little. X-ray and analysis of carbides has indicated that M₃C and M₇C₃ are only carbides observed throughout the annealing process in 2% and 5%Cr steels, respectively. In Mo and V steels, however, carbides formed by eutectoid reaction proved to differ from those surviving in austenite on annealing, that is M₂₃C₆ and M₃C are eutectoid carbides in Mo and V steels respectively, while Mo₂C and VC survive in austenite in Mo and V steels respectively. Although the addition of any of these elements results in increasing amounts of undissolved carbides in austenite, the fact that Cr has a marked effect on spheroidization of carbides strongly suggests that an undissolved particle of carbides in austenite in Cr steels should act as a center for the precipitation of eutectoid carbides since undissolved carbides are identical with eutectoid carbides. Thus it is concluded that identity of carbide precipitating during eutectoid reaction with that surviving in austenite will be of a primary importance in spheroidization of eutectoid carbides by slow cooling annealing.

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Effect of Cr, Mo and V on Spheroidization of Carbides in 0.8%C Steel

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Effect of Carbon and Titanium Contents on the Oxidation Resistance of Fe-Cr-Al Alloys at High Temperatures

Yuji SHOJI, Shun-ichiro AKIYAMA, Masaru KISAICHI, Kyosuke NAGATOSHI, Hironobu HOSHI

pp. 108-125

Abstract

The oxidation behavior of Fe-18Cr-3Al alloys containing 0.015-0.12% carbon and 0-1.0% titanium has been investigated in air at 1000°C and 1200°C.
At 1200°C carbon and titanium contents have remarkable effects on the oxidation resistance of Fe-Cr-Al alloys, but little effect at 1000°C. Weight gain increases and the formation of unusual oxide scales is accelerated, with increasing carbon content. Though it increases weight gain, the addition of titanium has a tendancy to prevent exfoliation of scales by formation of titanium oxide in scales, and consequently suppresses unusual oxidation.
Stable oxidation is achieved by continuous formation of α-Al₂O₃, a small amount of TiO₂, and Al-Ti oxide. An appearance of iron oxides causes unusual oxidation. The excellent oxidation resistance of Fe-18Cr-3Al alloy is obtained with a carbon content less than 0.03% and titanium content of 0.2 to 0.4%.

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The Fracture Behavior of Notched Specimen of Iron

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The Indirect Determination of Fluorine in Coating of Low Hydrogen Type of Arc Welding Electrode and Its Raw Materials by Separating Precipitated CaF₂ and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.61(1975), No.3

Production and Technology of Iron and Steel

Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.62(1976), No.1

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Effect of Carbon and Titanium Contents on the Oxidation Resistance of Fe-Cr-Al Alloys at High Temperatures

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Unitized Annealing Department System

Toshio MATSUNAGA, Hiroshi HIRANO, Masuhiro SATO, Ichiro KOKUBO, Kyoichi KATAI, Kazuhiko KOURITA

pp. 126-132

Abstract

In the annealing process of cold rolled strip, the batch annealing has been a prevailing method.
Although several improvements have been made in this field for these twenty years, some difficulties in saving personnel, labour environment, and productivity still remain.
UAD (Unitized Annealing Department) system. was developed to solve these problems in 1966.
The newest system was adopted at Kakogawa Works, Kobe Steel, Ltd. and has been successfully in production.
UAD system consists of loose coiling unit, “VERTOHORT” tight coiling unit, box shaped furnaces, and automated transfer cars, and it can handle the maximum charge weight of 100 t for open coil and 200 t for tight coil annealing.
The advantages of UAD are as follows.
1. Lower capital investment.
2. Lower processing cost.
3. Excellent productivity.
4. Clean strip surface.
5. Uniform quality along the full strip length.
6. Easy adoption of full automatic operation.

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Unitized Annealing Department System

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Heat Resisting Alloys for Gas Turbines

Yoshinori SAIGA, Akira OHTOMO

pp. 133-146

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日本鉄鋼協会第91回講演大会講演大要

Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.62(1976), No.4

日本鉄鋼協会第98回講演大会講演概要

Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.65(1979), No.11

Influence of Alloying Elements on the Formation of “A” Segregates in Steel Ingot

Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.65(1979), No.10

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Heat Resisting Alloys for Gas Turbines

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抄録

伏見直哉, 雀部実, 川上正雄, 一場俊幸, 郡司好喜, 福島克治, 川上正博, 江見俊彦, 村上勝彦, 内堀勝之, 土山友博, 鈴木正, 武田修一, 菊池実, 浜上和久, 山崎道夫, 長井寿, 柴田浩司, 渡辺敏, 宮地博文, 吉原一紘, 桝井明

pp. 147-155

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Production and Technology of Iron and Steel

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An Experimental Study of the Formation of Raceway Using a Cold Model

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Rate of Desulphurization from Liquid Iron and Iron Alloys with Hydrogen

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Decarburization and Denitrogenization of Iron and Iron-Chromium Alloys by Plasma Jet of Hydrogen-Argon Gas Mixture

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Surface Tension and Density of FeO-CaO-SiO2 Melts

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Effect of Hydrogen on Blowhole Formation in Pure Iron during Solidification

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Effects of Free-Cutting Additives, Heat-Treated Structures and Cold Working on the Machinability of Low Chromium Case Hardening Steel Based on the Chip-Breaking Characteristics

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Application of the Threshold Stress Intensity Factor KISCC to the Evaluation of the Susceptibility to Delayed Fracture of High Strength Bolts

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Strain Partitioning and Void Formation in Ferrite-Pearlite Steels Deformed in Tension

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Effect of Cr, Mo and V on Spheroidization of Carbides in 0.8%C Steel

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Effect of Carbon and Titanium Contents on the Oxidation Resistance of Fe-Cr-Al Alloys at High Temperatures

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Unitized Annealing Department System

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Heat Resisting Alloys for Gas Turbines

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Automatic Ultrasonic Testing of Non-metallic Inclusions Detectable with Size of Several Tens of Micrometers Using a Double Probe Technique along the Longitudinal Axis of a Small-diameter Bar

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Thermodynamic formation and three-dimensional characterization of MnS-MgAl2O4 composite inclusions in steel

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Surface Tension and Density of FeO-CaO-SiO₂ Melts

Application of the Threshold Stress Intensity Factor K_ISCC to the Evaluation of the Susceptibility to Delayed Fracture of High Strength Bolts

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