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Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol. 74 (1988), No. 9

ISIJ International
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ONLINE ISSN: 1883-2954
PRINT ISSN: 0021-1575
Publisher: The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan

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Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol. 74 (1988), No. 9

Mathematical Expression of Slag-Metal Equilibria in Steelmaking Process by Quadratic Formalism Based on Regular Solution Model

Shiro BAN-YA, Mitsutaka HINO

pp. 1701-1711

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Mathematical Expression of Slag-Metal Equilibria in Steelmaking Process by Quadratic Formalism Based on Regular Solution Model

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Nobuyoshi BABA

pp. 1712-1720

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Topics and Recent Progress in Display Materials

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Developments of Amorphous Core Power Transformers

Takeshi YAGISAWA

pp. 1721-1726

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Developments of Amorphous Core Power Transformers

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Status of Reseasch and Use of Composites in the United States

Minoru TAYA

pp. 1727-1733

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Status of Reseasch and Use of Composites in the United States

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Theoretical Analysis and Cold Model Experiment on Burden Flow in Blast Furnace

Mamoru KUWABARA, Kouichi ISOBE, Keisuke MIO, Iwao MUCHI

pp. 1734-1741

Abstract

The characteristics of burden flow in blast furnace is discussed based on both theoretical analyses and observations in two types of cold model experiments with gas blowing. Sublimation of dry ice particles is utilized in the experiments to simulate coke combustion before tuyeres or the volume reduction of cohesive layers in blast furnace.
Experimentally observed profile of deadman, which is formed just behind the raceway, is shown to be in good agreement with a slip line calculated for the passive stress state. Theoretical height of the deadman is increased by decreased angle of internal friction and increased angle of wall friction.
The burden flow in the shaft is approximately described by a potential flow theory taking account of the volume change of burden. Below the lower end of the shaft, however, the viscous flow analysis gives more realistic flow field presumably due to the prevailing passive stress state.

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Theoretical Analysis and Cold Model Experiment on Burden Flow in Blast Furnace

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Uniform Injection of Petroleum Coke-Oil Slurry into the Blast Furnace

Mikio DEGUCHI, Toshiharu MORI, Koji UNO, Kozo TANAKA, Setsuo TAMURA

pp. 1742-1749

Abstract

For the purpose of utilization of the residual oil as a new energy resource for ironmaking, the development of an injecting technique of petroleum coke-oil slurry into a blast furnace was undertaken. In order to establish this technique, the method of uniform injection of the slurry through the tuyeres was studied by the use of the pilot plant with a circulating loop. The petroleum cokes used in this study were the delayed coke and the fluid coke. This development was followed by the demonstration plant test at No. 1 blast furnace of Kobe Works which was provided with the new injection system designed on the basis of pilot plant test results. This slurry injection test through 4 tuyeres was carried out for about 4 months.
As a result, it was confirmed that the continuous injection of 50% slurry without additives was possible for a long period of time as easily as heavy oil and the errosion of pipelines was not a problem practically. The most important result for blast furnace operation was that the new injection system with a circulating loop made possible a uniform injection of slurry through each tuyere.

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Uniform Injection of Petroleum Coke-Oil Slurry into the Blast Furnace

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Combustibility of Petroleum Coke-Oil Slurry in the Raceway of Blast Furnace

Mikio DEGUCHI, Shigeki SASAHARA, Taketsugu KASAI, Kozo TANAKA, Setsuo TAMURA

pp. 1750-1757

Abstract

For the purpose of utilization of the residual oil as a new energy resource for ironmaking, the development of an injection technique of petroleum coke-oil slurry into a blast furnace was undertaken. The slurry injection test through 4 tuyeres of No. 1 blast furnace at the Kobe Works was carried out for about 4 months. At the same time, the development of probe at the tuyere level was undertaken to study the combustibility of the slurry in the raceway. The petroleum cokes used in this study were the delayed coke (DC) and the fluid coke(FC).
As a result, it was confirmed that gas sampling, unburnt fuel sampling, and temperature measurement in the raceway were possible, and that the combustibility of the slurry could be evaluated on the basis of these results. It was made clear that the combustibility became worse in the following order, heavy oil, DC-slurry, and FC-slurry. However, the slurry injecton had no harmful influence on blast furnace performance. The replacement ratio of coke/slurry was about 1.0. Consequently, it was concluded that the slurry could be used as a substitute fuel for heavy oil.

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Combustibility of Petroleum Coke-Oil Slurry in the Raceway of Blast Furnace

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Estimation of the Interaction Parameters in Iron-base Solutions by the Pseudopotential Formalism coupled with the Hard Sphere Model

Yoshio WASEDA, Shuji UENO

pp. 1758-1764

Abstract

A theoretical equation for the interaction parameters in multi-component metallic solutions has been recently presented by the pseudopotential formalism for the free energy with the free energy of the hard sphere model. By applying this new theoretical equation, numerical calculations were made on 280 cases in iron-base solutions closely related to steelmaking and the agreement between calculation and the available experimental data appears to be at the reasonable level with 90% reliability of agreement in sign. It was also appreciated for the hard sphere term that the product of the difference in the hard sphere diameters between solvent and solute plays a significant role in determining the sign and absolute values of the interaction parameters.

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Estimation of the Interaction Parameters in Iron-base Solutions by the Pseudopotential Formalism coupled with the Hard Sphere Model

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Distribution of Nb, P, Mn between Liquid Iron and MgO-saturated FetO-SiO2-NbOx-MnO Slags

Ryo INOUE, Xian PENG Zhang, HONG Li, Hideaki SUITO

pp. 1765-1769

Abstract

Experiments have been conducted to study the niobium, phosphorus, and manganese distribution between MgO-saturated FetO-MnO-SiO2-NbOxslags and liquid iron at 1 600°C. It is shown that the niobium dis tribution ratio increases with the iron oxide content in slag, whereas the phosphorus and manganese distribution ratios remain almost constant. Also, the thermodynamic criteria governing the selective oxidation of niobium, phosphorus and manganese in the extractive process of niobium from hot metal are discussed.

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Distribution of Nb, P, Mn between Liquid Iron and MgO-saturated FetO-SiO2-NbOx-MnO Slags

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Distribution of Phosphorus between Liquid Iron and FetO-(CaO+MgO)-(SiO2+P2O5) Phosphate Slags

Retsu NAGABAYASHI, Mitsutaka HIND, Shiro BAN-YA

pp. 1770-1777

Abstract

Equilibrium phosphorus distribution between slag and liquid iron has been studied at the temperature range from 1 300°C to 1 680°C in order to know the effect of additives on the phosphorus equilibrium and the approximate validity of the regular solution model for the phosphate slag. The slag systems studied were of FetO-P2O5-MxOy ( MxOy = CaO, MgO, SiO2) ternary and of FetO-P2O5-CaO-MxOy (MxOy = MgO, SiO2) quaternary.
In the wake of our previous two papers concerning the same experiments, the present paper deals with the results of phosphorus distribution between slag and metal. As the results, it was confirmed that the regular solution model was satisfied for all the experimental results including present work and the previous studies by other investigators, except for composition extreamly rich in iron oxide. The phosphorus content in metal and the activity of phosphorus pent-oxide in slag can be estimated within the accuracy of ± 10% by the model.

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Distribution of Phosphorus between Liquid Iron and FetO-(CaO+MgO)-(SiO2+P2O5) Phosphate Slags

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Dephosphorization of High Manganese Molten Iron by Na2O-based Fluxes

Kyoji KUNISADA, Hikoya IWAI

pp. 1778-1784

Abstract

Experiments of dephosphorization of the molten iron containing manganese (13-35 wt%), carbon (0-5 wt%), and phosphorus (0.1 wt%) by the Na2O-based fluxes (Na4SiO4, Na4SiO4-NaF) were carried out in a temperature range from 1 300°C to 1 550°C. The effects of carbon and manganese contents in the molten iron, NaF and MnO2 additions to the flux, and temperature on dephosphorization were investigated. Phosphorus distribution ratios obtained at the end of runs as affected by carbon content in the melt and Na2O and MnO contents in the slag were also investigated. In addition, the equilibrium concentration of phosphorus in molten iron was calculated from the thermodynamic data. The calculated phosphorus concentration was represented in terms of manganese and carbon contents in molten iron and compared with the observed one.

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Dephosphorization of High Manganese Molten Iron by Na2O-based Fluxes

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The Characteristics of Water and Bubbling Jets in a Cylindrical Vessel with Bottom Blowing

Manabu IGUCHI, Jun-ichi TANI, Tomomasa UEMURA, Hirotoshi KAWABATA, Hiroaki TAKEUCHI

pp. 1785-1792

Abstract

Experimental conditions of bubbling jets were chosen in the intermediate gas flow rate regime where the size and the shape of bubbles are mainly determined by nozzle size and gas flow rate. The velocity and the turbulence intensity of liquid in bubbling jets were measured by making use of LDV (Laser Doppler Velocimeter). The radial and axial distributions of them were related to the behaviour of rising bubbles. The empirical expressions for the velocity and turbulence intensity on the center-line were presented as functions of gas flow rate. Also water jets in the same vessel were measured to confirm the applicability of LDV system and to clarify the effect of side wall on the confined jets.

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The Characteristics of Water and Bubbling Jets in a Cylindrical Vessel with Bottom Blowing

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Horizontal Electromagnetic Casting of Thin Plate and Its Stability Analysis

Toshiyuki KOZUKA, Shigeo ASAI, Iwao MUCHI

pp. 1793-1800

Abstract

In a horizontal electromagnetic casting ( HEMC ), molten metal which flows out of a nozzle is levitated by imposing direct electric current and direct magnetic flux. Thus, this process makes it possible not only to eliminate the surface defects of ingot caused by contacting with mold wall but also to carry out near net shape casting. The additional advantage of this process is the favorable applicability to the casting of heavy metals at an expense for investment smaller than that for the conventional vertical electromagnetic casting ( VEMC ) already used in the aluminum industry.
In this work, to clarify the fundamental process characteristics of HEMC, experiments for casting thin plates of Bi-Sn-Zn alloy are conducted, and the theoretical analysis on the process stability is developed. The HEMC process promises that the products with the desirable shape of the plate and good surface conditions can be obtained under the stable operating conditions determined by the theoretical analysis.

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Horizontal Electromagnetic Casting of Thin Plate and Its Stability Analysis

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Number of Oxygen Sensors for Steelmaking Consumed by Steelmakers in Japan and Its Effect to Steelmaking Technology

Kazuhiro NAGATA, Kazuhiro S. GOTO

pp. 1801-1808

Abstract

The number of oxygen sensors consumed by Japanese steelmaking industries in 1985 was surveyed. 459 110 oxygen sensors were consumed and 24.7% of them were used in converters, 8.3% in ladles, 51.9% in RH-DH, 11.3% in secondary refinings and others and 3.8% in tandishes of continuous casting. The oxygen sensors were used mainly for determining the amount of deoxidizers of molten steel and controling the content of aluminium dissolved in molten steel. New aims to use oxygen sensors were to estimate the content of carbon, phosphorus or manganese in molten steel in converter and precisely to control oxygen content in molten rimmed steel for continuous casting. By comparing the present results with the previous works in 1977, 1980 and 1982, the relation between the improvement of oxygen sensors for steelmaking and the steelmaking technic was discussed.

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Number of Oxygen Sensors for Steelmaking Consumed by Steelmakers in Japan and Its Effect to Steelmaking Technology

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Development of a Process for Manufacturing Trimming Free Plate

Masatoshi INOUE, Kazuo OHMORI, Tomoyuki ORITA, Isamu OKAMURA, Shigeru ISOYAMA, Masaaki TARUI

pp. 1809-1816

Abstract

The presented rolling techonology aims at supplying heavy plates without edge trmming by incorporating an attached edger close to the finishing mill. Technical subjects for realizing this object include; rolling force and torque in V rolling, prevention of buckling in heavy width reduction, elimination of edge overlap by chamfer rolling, and overall rolling strategy. These subjects are first examined in experiments by lead model, and an production mill is constructed. Important features and some experiences in the production mill are summarized below; suggesting the promising future of the present technology.
1) The V roll has a caliber part as well as a flat part in order that the edge can be shaped in square by selective use of either part according to the rolling pass by roll shifting.
2) The overall rolling strategy including V rolling is supported by accurate AWC system, and is effective for attaining high width accuracy over the whole length of rollling material.
3) Width loss can be drastically reduced by chamfer rolling and finish-edging combined.

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Development of a Process for Manufacturing Trimming Free Plate

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Shape Meter for Hot Strip Mill

Kenichi MATSUI, Akio YAMAMOTO, Hidefumi TACHIBANA

pp. 1817-1823

Abstract

Sumitomo Metal Ind. Ltd. has succeeded in developing a new type of shape meter to measure the flatness of hot strips at the exit of a hot finishing mill.
The meter consists of an Ar-ion laser, three optical scanning mirrors, a high speed TV camera, and an image processor. It is based on the light section method. Three laser beams scan the width of the strips. The TV camera takes the projected laser beam image on the strip. The image processor calculates the height and the elongation index (flatness) of the strip. Because the elongation indexes are calculated using three projected beams, the measuring error caused by the strip's flutter is canceled.
The accuracy of height measurement was confirmed to be ± 1 mm. The flatness measured by the shape meter agreed with the results of visual observation by mill operators. It can be used even in hot, steamy and dusty atmospheres. These meters have been in practical use at Kashima Steel Works and Wakayama Steel Works since January 1986. They have been contributing to the improvement in the quality of hot strip coils.

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Shape Meter for Hot Strip Mill

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Plastic Deformation Behavior of Rail Steels under Cyclic Impact Blow

Makoto AKAMA, Shinsaku MATSUYAMA

pp. 1824-1831

Abstract

Repeated impact blows given by a passing train to the joints cause plastic flow on a rail head, sometimes resulting in its fatigue fracture. To cope with this phenomenon, the End-Hardened rail (EH rail) has come to be widely used.
Though the effectiveness of this kind of rail has been confirmed by field test, the characteristics of plastic flow by cyclic impact blow have not been clarified yet. In this study, cyclic impact blow test and low cycle fatigue test have been performed using 0.75%C steels with different hardness and structure.
The results are summarized as follows :
1) The deformation caused by cyclic impact blow in the pearlite structure is larger than in the tempered martensite one. In the case of tempered martensite structure, there occurs a cyclic softening at an early stage of the deformation in cyclic impact blow test. On the contrary, there occurs only hardening in the case of pearlite structure.
2) Dislocation structures in cyclic impact blow test change remarkably with the distance from the impact surface. Further, fatigue behavior in cyclic impact blow test can be estimated almost from the result of low cycle test.

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Plastic Deformation Behavior of Rail Steels under Cyclic Impact Blow

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Bonding Characteristics and Interface Reactions in Cladding of Titanium to Carbon Steel

Yu-ichi KOMIZO, Junichiro MURAYAMA, Hiroo OHTANI

pp. 1832-1838

Abstract

A study was done in order to get the preferable interface strength in a cladding of titanium to carbon steel from the view point of diffusion of metallic elements and the formation of intermetallic compounds. The formation of titanium carbide lowered the interfacial strength in a direct cladding of titanium to steel.
In the case of cladding of titanium to steel with an insert metal of nickel, the intermetallic compounds of Ni3Ti, NiTi and NiTi2 were observed at the bonding interface of Ni/Ti. The voids which were thought to be induced by Kirkendal effect were also observed at Ni/Ni3Ti layer. Holding a long time at elevated temperature lowered the interfacial strength due to the formation of wide intermetallic compounds which grew according to the parabolic law.
In the case of cladding of titanium to steel with the insert metal of pure iron, the intermetallic compounds of Fe2Ti and FeTi were observed at the bonding interface of Fe/Ti. However, the growth rate of these intermetallic compounds was quite small compared with that in the case of Ni/Ti system. From the analysis of Ti/Fe/carbon steel joint heated up to an elevated temperature after rolling, the TiC as well as Fe-Ti intermetallic compounds were formed along the bonding interface because the carbon atoms diffuse from the carbon steel through the insert metal of Fe. Therefore, the carbon steel/Ni/Fe/titanium system was useful to get the preferable interface strength in the cladding of titanium to carbon steel.

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Bonding Characteristics and Interface Reactions in Cladding of Titanium to Carbon Steel

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Morphology of Proeutectoid Ferrite at Austenite Grain Boundaries in Low Carbon Steels

Kei AMEYAMA, Masanori MINAGAWA, Tadashi MAKI, Imao TAMURA

pp. 1839-1845

Abstract

This paper describes morphologic features of proeutectoid ferrite (α) formed at austenite (γ) grain boundaries in three kinds of steel ; a HSLA steel with 0.04%Nb and 0.04%V, a commercial 0.2%C steel and an Fe-0.1%C alloy. Shape of the proeutectoid α at γ grain boundaries strongly depended on the austenitizing temperature. At the higher temperature, the proeutectoid (α) grains precipitated in the shape of film along planar γ grain boundaries, and a coalescence of several α grains with the same orientation made the film-shaped α in which many subgrain boundaries were observed. At the lower austenitizing temperature, on the other hand, they precipitated in the shape pf globe (allotriomorph) form along curved γ grain boundaries. Each a grain had a different orientation and led to allotriomorph. This trend was commonly observed in all the steels investigated.

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Morphology of Proeutectoid Ferrite at Austenite Grain Boundaries in Low Carbon Steels

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Effect of Phosphorous Content on Embrittlement of 13 Cr-4 Ni Cast Steel Due to Isothermal Holding in Austenite Range

Yoshitaka IWABUCHI, Kiyoharu AZEKOSHI, Takashi HATANO

pp. 1846-1853

Abstract

Carbide-induced brittleness causes the decrease in notch toughness which often occurs in 13Cr-4Ni steel castings when heated or cooled slowly at about 650°C. The influence of P content on this embrittlement was studied, since the low P content could be obtained in high chromium steels by the advanced refining process. Impact notch toughness was deteriorated when the 13Cr-4Ni steel castings were isothermally held at 650°C in austenite range, and this behavior was remarkable for high P materials. Toughness deterioration was related to intergranular fracture and carbide precipitation at prior austenite grain boundary, and also this tendency was increased with higher P contents. P element was presumed to facilitate the nucleation sites of intergranular carbide, and to promote the carbide precipitation reaction and then grain boundary brittleness.

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Effect of Phosphorous Content on Embrittlement of 13 Cr-4 Ni Cast Steel Due to Isothermal Holding in Austenite Range

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Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior in Lower ΔKfor Ti-6Al-4V in Sea Water

Masae SUMITA, Norio MARUYAMA

pp. 1854-1861

Abstract

The factors which control fatigue crack growth behaviors in Ti-6Al-4V in the ΔK range less than 30 kgf/mm3/2 in sea weter were discussed with respect to those in the air. The results obtained are as follows ;
1) Fatigue crack growth rate, da/dN, is higher in sea water than that in the air at the stress ratios of 0.1 to 0.7. The trend is much remarkable at lower levels of stress ratio and ΔK.
2) The value of da/ dN in sea water is not influenced by the crack tip closure at the stress ratios larger than 0.5, while da/ dN in the air is influenced by the crack tip closure at stress ratios larger than 0.9.
The different crack growth behavior in sea water from that in the air is explained in terms of roughness of fracture surfase. Rougher fracture in sea water is resolved into a smoother one.
3) The da/ dN value plotted against ΔKeff in sea water is higher than that in the air. However, maximum ratio of da/ dN in both the environments is less than two.
4) Crack in sea water does not grow at ΔK levels less than the effective stress intensity threshold, ΔKth, eff, in the air.
5) Fracture surface consists of cleavage-like patterns in sea water and in the air, and it shows of α grain boundary cracking and transgranular cracking of β phase in both the environments at ΔK levels close to ΔKth.

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Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior in Lower ΔKfor Ti-6Al-4V in Sea Water

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Possibility of Dust Recycling Technique by the Injection into Molten Iron/Paraequilibrium and Orthoequilibrium

Masahiro KAWAKAMI, Youharu KITAJIMA, Koin ITO, Masato ENOMOTO

pp. 1862-1867

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Possibility of Dust Recycling Technique by the Injection into Molten Iron/Paraequilibrium and Orthoequilibrium

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日本鉄鋼協会講演大会における製銑分野の発表件数/"夢"を募集します

肥田 行博, 大中 逸雄

pp. 1887-1888

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日本鉄鋼協会講演大会における製銑分野の発表件数/"夢"を募集します

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