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Tetsu-to-Hagané
Vol. 50 (1964), No. 8

Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol. 50 (1964), No. 8

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ONLINE ISSN:	1883-2954
PRINT ISSN:	0021-1575
Publisher:	The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan

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27 Apr. (Last 30 Days)

Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol. 50 (1964), No. 8

研究と大学教育

吉井周雄

pp. 1159-1160

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研究と大学教育

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On the Rates of Evaporation of Alloying Elements in Molten Iron

Koin ITO, Kokichi SANO

pp. 1161-1167

Abstract

In an experiment related with the measurements of oxidation velocity of molten iron alloys by atmosphere, we studied the change in the rate of concentration of alloying elements by evaporation.The rate equations of evaporation of alloying elements were proposed by many investigators in various forms.Here, we measured the change of Mn concentration by evaporation in molten Fe-Mn alloys, and derived rate equations on the basis of 2-film theory. Results obtained here are as follows:
1) Under external pressures below 0.1 mmHg, the rate of concentration change is expressed by Eq.(10)_??_which is derived from the rate of evaporation in vacuum.As the external pressure increases, Eq.(10)_??_becomes meaningless because f k approaches to 0.
2) Under external pressures above 0.1 or 1 mmHg, Eq.(12a) derived from 2-film theory, _??_seems to be more suitable as the rate equation.At atmospheric pressure, assuming K_G=D_m/σ_G approximately, σ_G, thickness of gas-side diffusion layer, was found to be 0'2 to 03 cm.Eq.(12 a) may be true independently of the external pressure and evaporative materials, and it can be transformed to a rate equation in vacuum by suitable approximations.
3) The rate is also expressed by Eq.(12 b)_?_ which has the same form as the rate equation of degassing from molten iron.
As the external pressure decreases, KL approaches to D_L.σ/_L.

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On the Rates of Evaporation of Alloying Elements in Molten Iron

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Standard Free Energies for Formation of Iron Oxides and Other Metal Oxides.

Kazuhiro GOTO, Yukio MATSUSHITA

pp. 1167-1175

Abstract

The standard free energies for formation of several metal oxides were determined by electromotive force measurements of reversible oxygen concentration cells. Zircorria, stabilized with calcium oxide, was used as the electrolyte, which performed as a pure anion conductor due to the movement of oxygen lattice defects at high temperature above 500°C.
The measurement has been carried out extensively on many different structures of the cells, including the cells with four electrodes.
The obtained results are as follows:
(1) Fe(α)+1/2O₂(G)=FeO(s)
ΔG°_f=57, 610+14.13T(°C)±300Cal
(500°C-up to transformation point of α→γiron)
(2) 3Fe(α)+2O₂(G)=Fe₃O₄(s)
ΔG°_f=-236, 600+63.33T(°C)±1000Cal
(500°C-up to transformation point of α→γiron)
(3) Pb(l)+1/2O₂(G)=PbO(S. or l)
ΔG°_f=-45, 710+23.47T(°C)±100Cal (500°C-M.P. of PbO)
ΔG°_f=-40, 840+17.82T(°C)±100Cal(M.P. of PbO-1150°C)
(4) Sn(l)+1/2O₂(G)=SaO(s)
ΔG°_f=-61, 000+23.72T(°C)±50Cal (500°C-1100°C)
(5) Cu(s)+1/2O₂(G)=CaO(s)
ΔG°_f=33, 640+23.66T(°C)±300Cal (500°C-900°C)
(6) 2Cu(s)+1/2O₂(G)=Cu₂O(s)
ΔG°_f=-35, 360+16.98T(°C)±100Cal (500°C-M.P. of Cu)
(7) 2Ta(s)+5/2O₂(G)=Ta₂O₆(s)
ΔG°_f=-413, 800+70.66T(°C)±300Cal (800°C-1200°C)
The accuracy of the above data was discussed in comparison with the previous data. Also, the reversibility, and polarization effects of the cells were discussed.

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Standard Free Energies for Formation of Iron Oxides and Other Metal Oxides.

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The Rate of Solution of Sintered SiC by Liquid Iron.

Susumu MINOWA, Mineo KOSAKA

pp. 1175-1181

Abstract

The rates of solution of the cylindrical sintered silicon carbides by liquid iron that were melted in various furnaces (Tammann furnace and two high-frequency furnaces of different cycles) were measured at temperatures from 1400°C to 1600°C.
It was found that the rates of solution of SiC bars in liquid iron were markedly influenced by the concentration of carbon and silicon in the metal and the stirring action of melts. The diffusion process controls the rate of solution of SiC. When the sintered SiC sample was immersed in carbon saturated liquid iron and Fe-C-Si melt (C=1.5%, Si=3.0%), the activation energy of solution was as follows, 49-86 Kcal/mol in carbon saturated liquid iron, 53-72 Kcal/mol in Fe-C-Si melt.

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The Rate of Solution of Sintered SiC by Liquid Iron.

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Hot Impact Extrusion of Steel

Tomoyoshi KAWADA, Masatoshi SUZUKI, Tomoyuki TAKEUCHI, Tomoo KUMABE, Sadao IKEDA

pp. 1182-1188

Abstract

Hot impact direct extrusions have been carried out to test the workability of steel with high strain rate and large deformation using the high energy rate metal-working machine, Dynapak.The strain rate was up to 3.6X 10³ sec^-1, and the extrusion ratios were from 4 to 25.The extrusion pressure and the relative displacement of punch and die were recorded by synchroscope.
Results obtained are summarized as follows:
(1) Impact energy E and extrusion length x₀ are approximately proportional, i. e., E=S qx_o, whers S is the cross-sectional area of container and q is the mean extrusion pressure.
(2) Mean extrusion pressure is approximately proportional to the natural logarithm of extrusion ratio γ i. e., q =B ln γ.
(3) Extrusion pressure q is proportional to the n-th power of extrusion velocity x, i. e., q=q_o xⁿ.
(4) When the extrusion velocity becomes higher, there appear inertia forces of the form of 1/2 Spγx² 2 and S pγxx, where p is the density of materials.
These behaviors are discussed in comparison with those in tension-compression test and hydraulic extrusion.

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Hot Impact Extrusion of Steel

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On the Quenching Effects of the Mixture of Medium-Fraction Mineral Oils, Rape Seed Oil and Fatty Acid Ester.

Yoshinori FUJIMURA, Tomo-o SATO

pp. 1188-1195

Abstract

In the present study, the following points were revealed with regard to the quenching effects of several kinds of oil mixtures:
(1) The relation between blending proportion and degree of quenching effect of the mixture composed with mineral oil and rape seed oil is like that of the mixture composed with fatty acid ester and fatty oil.Mineral oil in the former mixture will display a similar cooling action to that of fatty acid ester in the latter mixture.
(2) The relation between blending proportion and degree of quenching effect of the mixture composed with mineral oil and fatty acid ester resembles that of the mixture composed with fatty oil and fatty acid ester.Mineral oil in the former mixture seems to play a similar cooling role to that of fatty oil in the latter mixture.
(3) The mixtures composed with mineral oil and the blended oil give almost the same quenching effect as one composed with the latter only, in the case of the blended oil concentration being over 20% in volume.Therefore in these mixtures, cooling depends almost on the blended oil of rape seed oil and fatty acid ester, 50: 50.

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On the Quenching Effects of the Mixture of Medium-Fraction Mineral Oils, Rape Seed Oil and Fatty Acid Ester.

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On the Effect of Nitrogen-Absorption Treatment on Properties of Low Ni-18Cr Stainless Steels.

Masazo OKAMOTO, Omi MIYAKAWA, Takeshi NAITO, Toshiaki TSUJINO

pp. 1195-1203

Abstract

Studies have been made on the mode of the formation of a nitrogen-bearing austenite in 18%Cr-Ni-Fe alloys containing Ni up to 6% and Mo up to 3% by the authors' nitrogen-absorption method and on the stability of the formed austenite at the plastic working.Mechanical properties and corrosive resistivities of those alloys have also been investigated, the results obtained being as follows.
(1) Austenite containing about 0.5%N is formed to a considerable depth in the surface zone of 18%Cr-Ni-Fe alloys by nitrogen-absorption at 1250°C for 32 hours.The depth of the nitrogen-bearing austenite zone from the surface increases with an increase in the Ni content of the alloys and with a longer time of nitrogen-absorption.By nitrogen-absorption treatment at 1250°C for 32 hours, the specimens having 4.0mm thickness and containing 2%or more of Ni without Mo have been found to turn completely austenitic to the core of the plate.
(2) When the Ni content of the alloys is 2% or less, the nitrogen-bearing austenite decomposes into martensite on cooling to room temperature, while one bearing 3% or more of Ni is retained as austenite without being decomposed by water quenching from high temperatures. However, some part of the austenite of the alloy containing 4% Ni and free from Mo decomposes into martensite on subzero-cooling in the liquid-nitrogen bath.Nitrogen-bearing austenite containing 1% Mo and 4% Ni or more of 5% Ni is not decomposed into martensite even by the cooling to the temperature of liquid-nitrogen.
(3) When the alloys containing 4% or more of Ni are rolled at room teperature, the nitrogen-bearing austenite is considerably hardened due to the martensitic transformation of a part of the austenite, while in the alloys containing 5 to 6% Ni and 1 to 3%Mo, the nitrogen-bearing austenite is not decomposed into martensite even by the 30% rolling at room temperature.
(4) Tensile properties of the nitrogen-absorbed alloys containing 4% or more of Ni and up to 3% Mo are δB 95-84kg/mm₂, δs 68-61kg/mm₂, δ45-68%.To make the alloys stronger, it is adequate to cold roll the nitrogen-absorbed alloys by 30% at room temperature, the final tensile-properties of them being δB 115-135 kg/mm₂, δs 113-128 kg/mm₂ and 5 21-40%.
(5) Corrosive resistivities of the alloys to the aqueous boiling solution of 5% H₂SO₄ or 1% HCl are improved markedly by the nitrogen-absorption treatment; especially those alloys are characterized by the strong resistivity against HCI solution.The corrosive resistivity to boiling HC1 solution of the nitrogen-absorbed alloys containing 1% Mo and 5% Ni is conspicuously superior to that of SUS 27 stainless steel water-quenched from 1050°C after held at this temperature for 30 minutes.

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On the Effect of Nitrogen-Absorption Treatment on Properties of Low Ni-18Cr Stainless Steels.

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Some Observations on Corrosion Tests of Cr-Ni Stainless Steels

Yasuo OTOGURO, Yoshikuni KAWABE, Ryuichi NAKAGAWA

pp. 1204-1209

Abstract

In the study of steels used in corrosive environment, the experimental values of corrosion tests are scattered over wide range, so it is very important to know the variation of the experimental results under various test conditions in order to compare the corrosion resistance of specimens.Studies were made on type 316 stainless steel in boiling 5% H₂SO₄ to examine the variation of experimental results and to analyse statistically the effects of surface conditions, solution-treatment temperature and cold rolling on the corrosion resistance. An investigation was also made on the effect of σ ferrite on the intercrystalline corrosion.
The following results were obtained.
i) The variation of the experimental results decreased and the corrosion resistance increased as the surface texture of the specimens became finer.
ii) The loss in weight in boiling 5% H₂SO₄ was minimum in the specimen as solutiontreated at 1200°C.
iii) The loss in weight increased remarkably with an increasing reduction ratio between 10 and 30% but it was almost invariable above 30%.
iv) The variation of the experimental results in the test for two hours in boiling 5% H₂SO₄ was wider than that in the test for six hours.
v) In Huey test, the steels used in this experiment were attacked over the whole surface. But σ ferrite seemed to have a favourable effect on the corrosion resistance to boiling 65% HNO₃.
vi) In all specimens, the electric resistance did not change after Strauss test.
vii) In this experiment, any definite conclusion about the effect of σ ferrite on the intercry-stalline corrosion was not obtained.It is necessary to select the steel and to find the optimum testing method for investigation of the effect of σ ferrite on the intercrystalline corrosion.

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Some Observations on Corrosion Tests of Cr-Ni Stainless Steels

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Effect of Alloying Elements on Creep Rupture Strength of NA22H at 1200°C.

Shigehiro INOUE, Takashi TSUCHIYA, Yosuke MATSUMOTO

pp. 1210-1216

Abstract

To investigate the effect of alloying elements on the creep rupture strength of NA22H, stress-rupture tests were carried out at stresses of 1 and 0.6 kg/mm² and a temperature of 1200°C on the specimens of varying C, W, Si, Cr and Ni contents respectively.And also the microstructural changes associated with varying the contents of alloying elements were investigated by optical microscopy and X-ray phase identification.
The following results were obtained:
(1) i) Addition of 0.4 to 0.65% C improved effectively creep rupture strength. ii) The strength increased with an increased W content up to c.a.3%, above which the strength remained nearly constant.iii) The maximum creep rupture strength was obtained by the addition of c. a. 1% Si. It is deduced that excellent creep properties are obtained in the practical working range of 0.8 to 1.5% Si.iv) The specimen containing 27% Cr and 48% Ni showed a higher creep rupture strength than the others of varying Cr and Ni contents.
3) The elongation after rupture, especially at less stress, decreased with a rise in the amount of massive carbides.It is considered that the elongation depends to a considerable degree on the amount of massive carbides.

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On the Equilibrium Values of the Reaction Al₂O₃ (s) =2Al+3O Recommended by the Nineteenth Committee (Steelmaking) of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.

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On the Equilibrium Values of the Reaction Al₂O₃ (s) =2Al+3O Recommended by the Nineteenth Committee (Steelmaking) of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.

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仁井谷冷却 camp-isij

On the Equilibrium Values of the Reaction Al₂O₃ (s) =2Al+3O Recommended by the Nineteenth Committee (Steelmaking) of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.