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オンライン版ISSN: 1883-2954
冊子版ISSN: 0021-1575
発行機関: The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan

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  1. Vol. 110 (2024)

    1. No.16
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    3. No.14
    4. No.13
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  2. Vol. 109 (2023)

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  3. Vol. 108 (2022)

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  4. Vol. 107 (2021)

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  5. Vol. 106 (2020)

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  6. Vol. 105 (2019)

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  7. Vol. 104 (2018)

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  8. Vol. 103 (2017)

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  9. Vol. 102 (2016)

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  10. Vol. 101 (2015)

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  11. Vol. 100 (2014)

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  12. Vol. 99 (2013)

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  13. Vol. 98 (2012)

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  14. Vol. 97 (2011)

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  15. Vol. 96 (2010)

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  16. Vol. 95 (2009)

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  17. Vol. 94 (2008)

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  18. Vol. 93 (2007)

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  19. Vol. 92 (2006)

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  20. Vol. 91 (2005)

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  21. Vol. 90 (2004)

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  22. Vol. 89 (2003)

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  23. Vol. 88 (2002)

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  24. Vol. 87 (2001)

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  25. Vol. 86 (2000)

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  26. Vol. 85 (1999)

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  27. Vol. 84 (1998)

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  28. Vol. 83 (1997)

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  29. Vol. 82 (1996)

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  30. Vol. 81 (1995)

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  31. Vol. 80 (1994)

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  32. Vol. 79 (1993)

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  33. Vol. 78 (1992)

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  34. Vol. 77 (1991)

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  35. Vol. 76 (1990)

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  36. Vol. 75 (1989)

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  37. Vol. 74 (1988)

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  38. Vol. 73 (1987)

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  39. Vol. 72 (1986)

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  40. Vol. 71 (1985)

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  41. Vol. 70 (1984)

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  42. Vol. 69 (1983)

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  43. Vol. 68 (1982)

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  44. Vol. 67 (1981)

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  45. Vol. 66 (1980)

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  46. Vol. 65 (1979)

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  47. Vol. 64 (1978)

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  48. Vol. 63 (1977)

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  49. Vol. 62 (1976)

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  50. Vol. 61 (1975)

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  51. Vol. 60 (1974)

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  52. Vol. 59 (1973)

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  53. Vol. 58 (1972)

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  54. Vol. 57 (1971)

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  55. Vol. 56 (1970)

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  56. Vol. 55 (1969)

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  57. Vol. 54 (1968)

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  58. Vol. 53 (1967)

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  59. Vol. 52 (1966)

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  60. Vol. 51 (1965)

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  61. Vol. 50 (1964)

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  62. Vol. 49 (1963)

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  63. Vol. 48 (1962)

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  64. Vol. 47 (1961)

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  65. Vol. 46 (1960)

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  66. Vol. 45 (1959)

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  67. Vol. 44 (1958)

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  68. Vol. 43 (1957)

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  69. Vol. 42 (1956)

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  70. Vol. 41 (1955)

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    2. No.11
    3. No.10
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    8. No.5
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    10. No.3
    11. No.2
    12. No.1

キーワードランキング

21 Dec. (Last 30 Days)

鉄と鋼 早期公開

一方向凝固材の横断面組織での一次元固相率推定の試み

江阪 久雄, 高橋 昴, 中本 将嗣, 吉川 健

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-119

抄録

In order to clarify the location of secondary inclusions formed during solidification, this study proposed a function to estimate the one-dimensional fraction solid at any position from the cross-section of unidirectionally solidified specimen. The function is based on an n-th order function expressed as a combination of the dimensionless distance (r/R) defined within the dendritic domain and the rotation angle θ measured from a specific secondary branch. The function has a simple form and uses only one parameter but the estimated values of fraction solid are ideal both for one-dimensional and two-dimensional ones. In addition, the predicted shape of the cross-sectional structure of the dendrite that can be derived from the proposed function is reasonable. It was also revealed that it is possible to express a variety of shapes from a cell shape without secondary branches to a dendrite shape with well-developed secondary branches, by changing the value of parameter n.

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一方向凝固材の横断面組織での一次元固相率推定の試み

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リチウムイオン電池電解液におけるNiめっき鋼板の耐食性

政次 美咲, 山中 晋太郎, 高橋 武寛, 石塚 清和

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-102

抄録

In order to improve both performance and safety of lithium-ion batteries, we investigated the use of steel sheets which have a higher melting point than aluminum currently used for cell cases of lithium-ion batteries, for cell cases. First, a coating metal that can suppress Fe dissolution was selected, because corrosion resistance to battery electrolyte is important for battery cell cases. We found that Ni has high corrosion resistance to battery electrolyte, and that Ni-coated steel sheets can reduce the risk of short circuits due to decrease in Fe dissolution and re-deposition compared to non-coated steel sheets.

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リチウムイオン電池電解液におけるNiめっき鋼板の耐食性

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鉄添加によるコークス炉排水処理の硝化改善

山口 東洋司, 篠田 万里子, 井上 敦晴, 中村 知道, 村井 亮太, 髙橋 克則

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-111

抄録

The coke-oven wastewater contains high concentrations of ammonia, COD (chemical oxygen demand) and toxic compounds such as phenols, cyanides, and thiocyanate. This wastewater is one of the most toxic industrial wastewater. Although the activated sludge process has been applied to treatment of the coke-oven wastewater, the treatment was occasionally deteriorated by inhibition of toxic compounds. Especially, the nitrification step was sensitive to toxic compounds, nitrite (NO2-) was often accumulated due to incomplete nitrification. Nitrite is toxic and has a negative effect on COD degrading bacteria. The complete nitrification was required for stable treatment.

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鉄添加によるコークス炉排水処理の硝化改善

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亜鉛合金の界面異方性が凝固形態に及ぼす影響評価とその推定に向けたデータ同化構築

山村 彩乃, 安田 秀幸, 高木 知弘

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-126

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The solid–liquid interface energy anisotropy of Zn alloys remains poorly understood. Recently, characteristic 14-arm dendritic growth has been observed using time-resolved X-ray computed tomography at SPring-8 during the solidification of a Zn-4mass%Al alloy. This study investigates the dependence of the dendrite morphologies of Zn alloys on solid–liquid interface energy anisotropy through systematic phase-field simulations of the growth of an isolated equiaxed dendrite. We also develop a data assimilation system to estimate the anisotropy parameters of solid–liquid interface energy and crystal orientation in Zn alloys and validate the system through twin experiments. This study provides insights into the solidification of Zn alloys and a powerful tool for their investigation.

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亜鉛合金の界面異方性が凝固形態に及ぼす影響評価とその推定に向けたデータ同化構築

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モデル材料を用いた凝固過程における介在物生成挙動のその場観察

川西 咲子, 塚原 優希, 寺島 慎吾, 中尾 温斗, 助永 壮平, 柴田 浩幸

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-120

抄録

The formation of secondary inclusions during the solidification process of molten steel is a complex phenomenon triggered by microsegregation. Controlling the dispersion of secondary inclusions in the solidified steel is an important issue that greatly affects the properties of the steel; however, the distribution of inclusions after solidification does not always coincide with the locations of inclusion formation. Therefore, it is still difficult to estimate when, where, and at what supersaturation level inclusions crystallize in the liquid phase, and it is desirable to clarify their formation behavior to control the dispersion of inclusions. In this study, we investigated the formation process of inclusion using a ternary model material of succinonitrile-water-lumogen yellow by in-situ observation, where the formation of oversaturated lumogen yellow can be regarded as the inclusion formation. It was confirmed that the frequency of inclusion formation increased significantly when the solution was held at lower temperatures, i.e., when a large supersaturation ratio was given. The results of the formation frequency indicated that the formation of inclusions occurred in the liquid phase according to the classical nucleation theory.

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モデル材料を用いた凝固過程における介在物生成挙動のその場観察

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高Si急速焼戻し鋼の水素脆化によるき裂の発生と進展機構

砂子 真魅, 水本 政隆, 田中 練, 熊井 慎太郎, 山内 雄一郎, 大井 梓, 多田 英司

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-123

抄録

In this study, we focused on fine dispersion of Fe2-3C (ε) by combining the addition of Si and rapid tempering to improve the hydrogen embrittlement resistance of high-strength spring steels. The aim of this study is to clarify the fracture mechanism of rapidly tempered high-Si steels: the JISSUP7 (2.0Si) and SAE9254 (1.4Si) spring steels were tempered at different tempering rates by induction (IH) and furnace heating (FH) methods. Bending test were carried out during the cathodic hydrogen charging to observe the fracture origin and morphology of the steels. The size and volume of carbides were quantified using small-angle X-ray scattering method (SAXS) and synchrotron radiation XRD. The distribution of carbides was observed with the replica method: facets were observed at the fracture origin of the 2.0Si-IH steel and 1.4Si-IH steel, which contained retained γ in the microstructure. It was considered that the facets formed because retained γ at the grain boundaries transformed into martensite during hydrogen embrittlement, promoting intergranular cracking; the 2.0Si-IH steel contained the largest amount of retained γ, but also contained fine Fe2-3C(ε) in the lath. This suggests that dislocations and hydrogen are less likely to accumulate at the grain boundaries, resulting in the longest fracture life. In other words, in rapidly tempered high Si steels (2.0Si-IH steels), the fine dispersion of Fe2-3C (ε) has more influence on the suppression of crack initiation and propagation than the increase in the amount of retained γ, and this contributes significantly to the fracture life.

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高Si急速焼戻し鋼の水素脆化によるき裂の発生と進展機構

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Fe-15Mn-10Cr-8Ni-4Si制振ダンパー合金の摩擦攪拌接合

柳樂 知也, 中村 照美, 澤口 孝宏, 森 正和, 森貞 好昭, 藤井 英俊

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-127

抄録

Friction stir welding (FSW) was applied to a 10 mm-thick plate for the Fe-15Mn-10Cr-8Ni-4Si seismic damping alloy. A sound FSW joint was obtained successfully without macro-defects such as groove-like defects and tunnel holes. However, small pores with diameters of 1–5 μm were formed owing to the wear of the FSW tool during the FSW. The decrease in the heat input suppressed the tool wear. Consequently, the distribution of small pores was limited to the border of the stir zone at the advancing side under smaller heat input conditions. The stir zone of the FSW specimen produced at 125 rpm showed a higher tensile strength of 759 MPa owing to the grain refinement and the high elongation of 50% compared with the base metal. In addition, the stir zone exhibited a remarkable fatigue life of 9,723 cycles. This was higher than that of the base metal (8,908 cycles). Grain refinement occurred by discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) via high-angle boundary bulging and direct nucleation in the high-dislocation area. The increase in the heat input suppressed the DDRX owing to the promotion of dynamic recovery.

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Fe-15Mn-10Cr-8Ni-4Si制振ダンパー合金の摩擦攪拌接合

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有機酸錯体中の鉄（II）イオンの酸化状態の安定性

打越 雅仁, 鈴木 茂

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-134

抄録

Oral iron medications, a treatment for iron deficiency anemia, frequently cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The mechanism of toxicity has not been elucidated, and therefore measures to reduce toxicity have not been established. The influence of the oxidation state of iron is considered as one of the factors that may cause side effects, so the oxidation state of iron was confirmed using ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy when oral iron medications dissolve in the stomach. The main components of oral iron medications are inorganic and organic acid iron complexes, with citric acid, fumaric acid, sulfuric acid, etc. used as ligands. The influence of the valence of the ligand on the stability of the oxidation state of iron was also examined.

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有機酸錯体中の鉄（II）イオンの酸化状態の安定性

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高P過包晶鋼凝固時の偏析形成とリン化鉄の晶析出

原田 寛, 杉本 憲弥, 高山 拓也

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-094

抄録

In the production of high strength steel, it is necessary to improve the inner quality of steel slab. Among of the internal defects, the center segregation deteriorates the ductility and fatigue strength of high strength steel. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the generation mechanism of center segregation and develop the countermeasure technologies. In the center-segregated region of high phosphorous and hyper-peritectic steel slabs, iron-phosphide may be observed. However, the precipitation mechanism of iron-phosphide has not been fully clarified. Therefore, in this study, in order to clarify the formation mechanism of micro- and macro-segregation in the final solidification of CC slab, the melting behavior of the center segregation region of high phosphorous and hyper peritectic steel slab has been investigated by using high temperature observation equipment installed with the image furnace. Additionally, the enrichment of solute in the inter-dendritic region has been analyzed by using micro- segregation model with consideration of delta-gamma transition of steel. Under the assumption that the enriched solute in the inter dendritic region was transferred to the final solidification region because of fluid flow and the center-segregation was formed, the re-solidification of micro-segregated liquid was analyzed by using the modified micro-segregation model. At the same time, the possibility of precipitation of iron-phosphide was examined by using solubility limit of iron-phosphide. Moreover, under the basis of Fe-C-P ternary eutectic solidification system, the precipitation mechanism of iron-phosphide during the formation of center segregation was discussed.

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高P過包晶鋼凝固時の偏析形成とリン化鉄の晶析出

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ASME P91鋼のクリープ挙動に及ぼす応力変動の影響

澤田 浩太, 谷内 泰志, 野島 健大, 関戸 薫子, 畠山 友孝, 木村 一弘

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-114

抄録

Effect of cyclic stress changes on creep rupture strength was investigated at 600oC for MGQ and MGS heat of ASME P91 steel. There was no large difference of creep rupture strength among the heats. However, the creep rupture ductility of MGS was lower than that of MGQ in the long-term. The initial creep stress and stress after stress reduction was 120MPa and 24MPa to 84MPa, respectively. The time interval of stress reduction was 6 days for each test. For MGQ heat, no effect of stress reduction to 84MPa on creep rupture strength was observed. The stress reduction to 60MPa slightly increased time to rupture as compared to creep test under constant stress. A small amount of decrease in time to rupture was confirmed in case of stress reduction to 36MPa.Consequently, there was no tendency of effect of stress reduction on creep rupture strength for both heats. The cyclic stress change did not affect the martensitic lath structure and precipitates distribution after creep rupture.

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ASME P91鋼のクリープ挙動に及ぼす応力変動の影響

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Si, Mn添加冷延鋼板の表面酸化挙動とりん酸亜鉛処理性に及ぼす鋼中Bの影響

古谷 真一, 知場 三周, 水野 大輔

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-106

抄録

The effect of B on the surface oxidation behavior and phosphatability of cold-rolled steel sheets was investigated using 0.001 wt% B-added and B-free steels containing 0.6 wt% Si and 2.0 wt% Mn. The specimens were annealed at 800 ℃ in a 5 vol% H2-N2 atmosphere with a dew point of -50 ℃. The surface oxides of the annealed samples were analyzed by GD-OES, FT-IR, SEM-EDX and TEM. The annealed steel sheets were then subjected to zinc phosphate treatment, and the effect of the surface oxides on phosphatability was evaluated by SEM-EDX. In the initial stage of annealing, fine granular Mn2SiO4 mainly formed and film-like SiO2 partly formed on both steels. As the soaking time at 800 °C increased, the granular Mn2SiO4 increased in the B-free steel. In contrast, in the B-added steel, the granular Mn2SiO4 coarsened, MnSiO3, MnO and B2O3 formed, and the film-like SiO2 formation area expanded. Addition of B reduced the melting point, causing coarsening of Mn2SiO4, exposing the base steel. This results in a difference in the oxygen potential between the exposed area of the steel and the oxide covered area. This local inhomogeneity of the oxygen potential changes the surface oxide species of the B-added steel. To elucidate the reason for the poor phosphatability of the B-added steel, a SEM-EDS analysis of the steel surface in the initial stage of zinc phosphate treatment was conducted, revealing that the coarse Si-Mn complex oxides and large film-like SiO2 inhibited the zinc phosphate reaction.

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Si, Mn添加冷延鋼板の表面酸化挙動とりん酸亜鉛処理性に及ぼす鋼中Bの影響

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すべりを伴う転動疲労におけるSCM440H窒化材の化合物層中ポア形状の変化と耐ピッチング強度への影響

丸山 貴史, 梅澤 修

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-105

抄録

Nitriding is a beneficial surface hardening heat treatment to reduce CO2 emissions and shows a potential partially replace carburized steels adopted for sliding parts such as bearings and gears. Both the bending fatigue strength and pitting fatigue strength under high contact pressure were evaluated for nitrided JIS-SCM440H materials using two types of controlled-nitridings, i.e. γ' and e, and conventional gas nitriding. Not only the thickness of the compound layer but also its phase structure such as γ' and e significantly affected the 107 cycles bending fatigue strength, where the γ'-nitrided material was the highest. On the other hand, almost no effects of the thickness and phase structure on the 107 cycles pitting fatigue strength were detected in the materials. Compared to the carburized material, the γ'-nitrided material exhibited higher 107 cycles fatigue strength in bending and pitting, but poor fatigue strength in the lower cycles range. The shape and size of the pores in the compound layer were altered during roller-pitching tests, although there was almost no reduction in the thickness of the compound layer. The pore size was reduced by pore closure, especially at higher contact pressures. Pore closure was more pronounced in the γ'-nitrided materials than in the ε-nitrided materials at lower contact pressures. The 107 cycles pitting fatigue strength was improved after the pore closure, resulting from fewer defects.

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すべりを伴う転動疲労におけるSCM440H窒化材の化合物層中ポア形状の変化と耐ピッチング強度への影響

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3D積層マルエージング鋼の超高サイクル領域における回転曲げ疲労強度特性に及ぼすレーザピーニングの影響

中村 元哉, 岩坂 明彦, 古谷 佳之, 高橋 宏治

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-081

抄録

Additive-manufacturing technology has attracted attention for the fabrication of components with complex shapes. However, the low fatigue strength of the metals produced via additive manufacturing poses a significant challenge. In this study, rotating–bending fatigue tests were performed on additive-manufactured maraging steel up to the very-high-cycle fatigue (VHCF) range (108 cycles). The effect of laser peening (LP) on the fatigue strength was examined. The LP introduced compressive residual stress near the surface, whereas tensile residual stress was generated internally. The fracture initiation point of the non-LP specimen was observed at the surface in the low-cycle range and in the interior in the VHCF range. In contrast, all the LP specimens fractured from the interior. LP was effective for increasing the fatigue strength in the low-cycle range; however, it reduced the fatigue strength in the VHCF range. The effect of LP on the VHCF strength was examined by focusing on the stress level at the fracture initiation point. Furthermore, the distribution of the defect size on the polished and fractured surfaces of the specimens was evaluated using extreme-value statistics. The results indicated that extreme-value statistics are effective for predicting the defect size in practical applications.

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3D積層マルエージング鋼の超高サイクル領域における回転曲げ疲労強度特性に及ぼすレーザピーニングの影響

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固相窒素吸収法により窒素を導入した9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb鋼のクリープ中の組織変化 ―機械学習によるSTEM-EDSマップの多次元散布図解析―

畠山 友孝, 井田 駿太郎, 澤田 浩太, 吉見 享祐

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-115

抄録

Creep deformation and precipitation behavior of 9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb steel with excess nitrogen introduced by solution nitriding were investigated. Precipitation of Cr2N phase was confirmed in addition to M23C6 and MX phases in the tempered microstructure. The creep strength of the steel was significantly reduced by solution nitriding, while the creep rupture elongation was increased. To characterize the complex precipitation behavior of the nitrogen-added steel, a machine learning-based clustering method of the multidimensional scatter diagram of the X-ray intensity of the alloying elements in each pixel of a STEM-EDS map was developed. Reduced number density of precipitates and enhanced coarsening kinetics of both Cr2N and MX were proposed as the mechanism of weakening caused by excess nitrogen.

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固相窒素吸収法により窒素を導入した9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb鋼のクリープ中の組織変化 ―機械学習によるSTEM-EDSマップの多次元散布図解析―

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溶融Zn-55%Al合金めっき鋼板の固液界面反応に及ぼすSi添加の役割

大見 泰央, Dasom KIM, 髙田 尚記, 鈴木 飛鳥, 小橋 眞, 米田 鈴枝

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-097

抄録

This study was set to fundamentally understand the effect of Si addition on the interfacial reaction between Zn-55%Al alloy liquid (corresponding to a nominal composition of Al-25Zn (at%)) and Fe solid in the production process of GALVALUME steel sheets. The pure Fe sheets were hot-dipped in Al-25Zn and Al-25Zn-2Si (at%) alloy melts at 600, 650, and 700oC for 2~3600 s. Significantly thick coatings were formed on Fe sheets hot-dipped in the Al-25Zn binary alloy melt for a longer time than 10 s. The coating thickness became several millimeters after 30 s, resulting in a delamination of the coating. The significant Fe dissolution occurred in the Al-Zn binary alloy melt, accompanied by a significant growth of η phase (Fe2Al5) toward the solid Fe. The growth could be promoted by the Zn-rich liquid phase with a lower melting temperature. However, in the case of hot-dipping in the Al-25Zn-2Si ternary alloy melt, uniform coatings were formed on the hot-dipped Fe sheets due to the suppressed interfacial reactions. The Fe dissolution slightly occurred, and a continuous layer of Si-rich T5 (Fe2Al7.4Si) phase was formed at the interface of solid Fe with the Al-25Zn-2Si alloy melt. The continuous T5 phase layer would play a role in a diffusion barrier at the interface of solid Fe with liquid Al-Zn alloy, resulting in the suppressed interfacial reaction. These interfacial reaction processes are discussed based on thermodynamic calculations of the Fe-Al-Zn ternary and Fe-Al-Zn-Si quaternary systems.

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溶融Zn-55%Al合金めっき鋼板の固液界面反応に及ぼすSi添加の役割

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460℃におけるFe–Mn合金/溶融純Zn界面でのFe–Zn金属間化合物層の形成挙動

米田 鈴枝, 高田 尚記

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-116

抄録

The effect of Mn on the alloying reaction during hot-dip galvanization was investigated. The microstructure of the Fe–Zn intermetallic layers consisted of ζ, δ, and Γ phases for both pure Fe and Fe–2Mn (wt.%) alloy. The intermetallic layers grew thicker with increasing dipping time, and the growth rate of each layer was similar for both substrates. In the case of Fe–2Mn, the formation of the δ1p phase was observed after dipping for 2 s. However, δ1p formation was delayed for pure Fe, indicating that Mn may promote nucleation of the δ1p phase. It is known that the δ1p phase nucleates in the Fe-saturated ζ phase. The Fe content at the ζ/δ1p interface was found to be lower for the Fe–2Mn alloy by electron probe microanalysis, suggesting that the supersaturation of Fe for the nucleation of δ1p is decreased by Mn addition and Mn may stabilize the δ1p phase. Once δ1p became a continuous layer, the growth rates of the δ1p layer on pure Fe and Fe–2Mn were similar. Mn could affect only the nucleation of δ1p during the initial stage of the alloying reaction.

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460℃におけるFe–Mn合金/溶融純Zn界面でのFe–Zn金属間化合物層の形成挙動

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凝固過程における溶鋼中からAl2O3上へのMnSの晶出挙動

武田 暁斗, 黒川 拓真, 加藤 謙吾, 小野 英樹

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-096

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Forming conditions and compositional changes of primary inclusions in molten steel have been studied due to the demand for high cleanliness of steels. MnS, a common inclusion in steel, does not form in molten steel, although it is observed in steel with oxide inclusions such as MnO, Al2O3 and SiO2. On the other hand, Mn and S are enriched in molten steel due to the segregation phenomenon during the solidification process which suggests that MnS form in molten steel during solidification. However, the precipitation behavior of MnS inclusions in molten steel due to the enrichment of Mn and S and the interaction between the primary inclusion and the molten steel is still unclear. In this work, a new experimental technique was developed and the precipitation behavior of MnS from molten steel onto solid Al2O3 was studied. Solid MnS precipitates were observed on the Al2O3 rod immersed in the sample with adding Al whereas precipitates containing MnO, A2O3 and MnS were observed on the Al2O3 rod in the sample without adding Al. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that Mn enriched in molten steel is oxidized to form MnAl2O4 when Al content is low and the MnAl2O4 reacts with S in molten iron to form molten MnO-Al2O3-MnS. MnS can precipitate from the molten MnO-Al2O3-MnS. On the other hand, Mn enriched in molten steel does not react with Al2O3 when Al content is high. Therefore, MnS can precipitate at the final period of solidification where Mn and S are significantly enriched in molten steel.

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凝固過程における溶鋼中からAl2O3上へのMnSの晶出挙動

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一方向凝固材のミクロ偏析／組織における介在物分布の評価手法の開発

高橋 昴, Anna Sciazko, 中本 将嗣, 鈴木 賢紀, 江阪 久雄, 鹿園 直毅, 吉川 健

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-101

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The formation of inclusions during solidification in steelmaking process is a critical issue for the optimal processing and the quality of steel products. Therefore, it is required to clarify the mechanism on the inclusion formation for its adequate control. In the present work, the evaluation method of inclusion distribution via the combination of inclusion positions analysis and image analysis of dendrite structure with machine learning is proposed. Image analysis using a conditional deep convolutional generative adversarial network enabled the detection of domain boundaries and the directions of secondary dendrite arms in the cross-sectional structure of unidirectionally solidified specimens. In addition, by combining this with the analysis of inclusion position, a correlation was confirmed between micro segregation behavior and the formation behavior of TiN inclusions.

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一方向凝固材のミクロ偏析／組織における介在物分布の評価手法の開発

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Fe–(0.5–2.0)%Al–2.0%Mn合金の一方向凝固におけるAlNの晶出挙動に及ぼすAl濃度の影響

今井 健太, 加藤 謙吾, 小野 英樹

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-099

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Mn-TRIP steels of which composition is mainly Fe–(0.5–3mass%)Al–(2–10mass%)Mn are expected to be new advanced high-strength sheet steels. During the solidification process of Fe–Al–Mn alloy, AlN inclusions precipitate at the grain boundary, which leads to the severe deterioration of hot ductility. However, the precipitation behavior of AlN inclusion is not known enough. In this work, a unidirectional solidification experiment of Fe–(0.5–2.0)mass%Al–2.0mass%Mn alloys and numerical analysis on the forming condition of AlN were carried out, and the precipitation behavior of AlN inclusions was studied. Al2O3 inclusions were observed in the alloy with 0.5 mass%Al. On the other hand, AlN inclusions were observed in alloys with 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mass%Al. The volume fraction of AlN inclusions increased with increasing Al content of the alloy. The thermodynamic analysis revealed that AlN is thermodynamically unstable at temperatures above the liquidus of the alloy. When Al content of molten steel is increased, AlN becomes thermodynamically stable. Accordingly, the forming amounts of AlN in the alloys during the solidification were analyzed considering the segregation. The results show that the precipitation of AlN inclusions increases significantly during solidification due to the enrichment of Al in the liquid phase. In the Fe–(1.0–2.0)mass%Al–2.0 mass%Mn alloy, Al2O3-AlN inclusions were also observed, where AlN is present around Al2O3. These inclusions are considered to be formed by the precipitation of AlN, which becomes stable as the Al concentration increases due to solidification segregation, on Al2O3, which is stable and precipitated in the early stage of solidification.

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Fe–(0.5–2.0)%Al–2.0%Mn合金の一方向凝固におけるAlNの晶出挙動に及ぼすAl濃度の影響

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Solvation Shellモデルに基づく溶融合金中の酸素，窒素の活量係数およびその支配因子の評価

鈴木 賢紀, 大見 祐介, 中本 将嗣, 吉川 健

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10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-100

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Activity coefficients of light elements in molten metals and alloys are important thermodynamic properties for refining and inclusion controls of metallic materials. Activity measurements of the activities of light elements in pure metals have been carried out by previous studies. Also activities in molten alloys have been previously investigated and summarized using interaction coefficients. However, it is still difficult to accurately explain the activities of light elements in molten alloys over a wide range of temperatures and concentrations. In this study, with the aim of unified understanding of the thermodynamic behavior and solubility of light elements in various molten alloys, we studied the activity coefficients of oxygen and nitrogen in molten alloys using solvation shell model, and examined the factors governing the activity coefficients of oxygen and nitrogen in molten alloys.

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Solvation Shellモデルに基づく溶融合金中の酸素，窒素の活量係数およびその支配因子の評価

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反射電子像を用いたベイナイト鋼中のマルテンサイトの選択可視化と機械学習を活用した相分率評価

井本 浩史, 佐藤 馨, 小形 健二

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-103

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Multi-phase steels are often used to realize a combination of high strength and toughness and/or ductility. To optimize their mechanical properties, it is vital to accurately evaluate the grain size, hard phase size and distribution, and dislocation density. In this paper, we studied a new method for evaluating the morphology and phase fraction of the hard phase, i.e., the martensite-austenite constituent (M-A), which is an important component that governs the mechanical properties of high strength steels. Using a scanning electron microscope, martensite can be selectively visualized with a bright contrast by collecting high-angle backscattered electrons. This method identifies only martensite in isolation from other phases, whereas both martensite and austenite are highlighted with the conventional two-step etching method. In addition, machine learning image analysis allows accurate extraction of martensite even in the presence of inhomogeneous backscattered electron image contrast in the matrix. This method provides an accurate and simple evaluation of the morphology of martensite in multi-phase steels over a large area.

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反射電子像を用いたベイナイト鋼中のマルテンサイトの選択可視化と機械学習を活用した相分率評価

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ラスマルテンサイト組織を有するFe-5%Mn-C合金のオースフォーミングに伴う転位密度の変化

高梨 美咲, 日高 僚太, 大久保 亘太, 増村 拓朗, 土山 聡宏, 諸岡 聡, 前田 拓也, 中村 修一, 植森 龍治

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-092

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The strengthening mechanism of ausforming in martensitic steels is believed to be due to the inheritance of dislocations in austenite by the subsequently transformed martensite. However, no studies to date have quantified the dislocation density before and after ausforming. In this study, the dislocation densities of Fe-5%Mn-C alloys were analyzed, and the relationship between hardening by ausforming and dislocation accumulation, as well as the effect of carbon on this relationship, were investigated. The hardness of ausformed martensite increased with the ausforming reduction in austenite, and the strengthening effect of ausforming increased with the addition of carbon. Similarly, the dislocation density of ausformed martensite increased with the ausforming reduction in austenite, and the dislocation accumulation by ausforming increased with the addition of carbon. Because the hardness of the ausformed martensite follows the Bailey–Hirsch relationship, the strengthening mechanism owing to ausforming could be explained by dislocation strengthening. To understand the dislocation accumulation process during ausforming, the dislocation density of austenite immediately after ausforming was measured by in-situ heating neutron diffraction. Consequently, the dislocation density of the ausformed austenite was not dependent on the carbon content, indicating that dislocations are not inherited in carbon-free steels. By contrast, in steels with sufficient carbon content, not only are dislocations inherited but additional dislocations are introduced during martensitic transformation.

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ラスマルテンサイト組織を有するFe-5%Mn-C合金のオースフォーミングに伴う転位密度の変化

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凝固過程のミクロ偏析による溶質濃度分布の定量的理解

川西 咲子, 寺島 慎吾, 塚原 優希, 助永 壮平, 江阪 久雄, 柴田 浩幸

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-098

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Microsegregation of solute components during the solidification process causes solute pile-up in the liquid phase, which strongly affects the formation behavior of inclusions. However, there is no quantitative evaluation of solute concentration distribution during dendritic growth. In this study, we established an in-situ observation method for quantitative evaluation of solute concentration distribution using model materials with fluorescent reagents to clarify how the solute pile-up progresses due to microsegregation. In addition to evaluating the physical properties of the model materials necessary for this study, a quantitative evaluation of solute concentration distribution during dendritic growth was successfully achieved. Numerical analysis, taking into account the equilibrium partition of solute components and solute diffusion in each phase, reproduced the measured solute concentration distribution in the liquid phase. Thus, the solute concentration distribution was evaluated by the actual measurement and numerical analysis, and it was clarified that a relatively simple model can represent the progress of microsegregation.

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凝固過程のミクロ偏析による溶質濃度分布の定量的理解

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走査透過電子顕微鏡による多成分カルシウムフェライトにおける原子配列の直接観察

竹原 健太, 池田 幸平, 河野 崇史, 樋口 隆英

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-080

抄録

To reduce the reducing agent ratio and CO2 emissions in blast furnace operation, it is important to control the material structure of sintered ore, which affects its metallurgical and mechanical properties. Multicomponent calcium ferrites (also called CF or SFCA (silico-ferrite of calcium and aluminum)), which is a type of melting and solidification structure, has attracted considerable interest recently, and the chemical composition and crystal structure of each CF have been researched. Although the crystal structure of CF has conventionally been analyzed mainly by XRD, the atomic arrangement could not be observed directly. Therefore, in this study, CF was investigated at the atomic level by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). This research revealed that acicular CF, which was previously understood to be SFCA-I, has a SFCA (≠ SFCA-I)structure. It was also found that columnar CF had a non-periodic SFCA structure induced with a magnetite-like structure. Furthermore, a CF in which SFCA and SFCA-I were alternately stacked repeatedly was also discovered. This research clarified the fact that CF has a non-periodic structure at the atomic level.

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走査透過電子顕微鏡による多成分カルシウムフェライトにおける原子配列の直接観察

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アロイ800Hの凝固特性とTiC生成挙動

福元 成雄, 境沢 勇人, 金子 農, 蛭濱 修久

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-083

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It is known that the size distribution of inclusions in steels have a significant effect on material properties. The solidification characteristics and TiC formation behavior of alloy 800H were evaluated both by experiment and simulation in this work. The relationship between dendrite arm spacing and the cooling rate was estimated. TiC particles were observed at the interdendritic region. The size distribution of TiC particles was affected by solidification cooling rate. Solidification analysis using the MPF (Multi-Phase Field) method revealed that TiC formation begins at a solid fraction of 0.79, and solidification accelerates due to TiC formation. It was thought that TiC particles generated in the latter part of solidification aggregate and coalesce without engulfment by the solidified shell. The size distribution of TiC particles was also affected by heat treatment after solidification.

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アロイ800Hの凝固特性とTiC生成挙動

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大気中1240°CにおけるCaO-SiO2-Fe2O3系の高Fe2O3濃度側相平衡関係に及ぼすアルミナの影響

高橋 あまね, 内沢 幸宏, 佐藤 博一, 渡邊 玄, 遠藤 理恵, 須佐 匡裕, 林 幸

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-079

抄録

The effect of Al2O3 on the compositional region of silico-ferrite of calcium and aluminum (SFCA) and the liquid phase and the phase equilibria, including SFCA, was investigated in a CaO-SiO2-Fe2O3-5mass%Al2O3 system at 1240 °C in air. To obtain the desired composition, reagent-grade CaCO3, SiO2, Fe2O3, and Al2O3 powders were weighed, mixed, and equilibrated at 1240 °C in air. Each obtained sample was divided into two parts: one was pulverized into a powder and analyzed by XRD, and the other was subjected to microstructural observation and compositional analysis using EPMA. The results revealed that the compositional region of SFCA lies on the CF3-CA3-C4S3 plane and is C/S = 2.77–7.60 for 5 mass% Al2O3. Compared with the SFC composition region for 0 mass% Al2O3, the compositional range of SFCA extended in the CF3-C4S3 direction, suggesting that the addition of Al2O3 contributes to the stability of SFCA. Furthermore, the liquid-phase region was divided into a ferrite melt with a high Fe2O3 concentration and a silicate melt with a high SiO2 concentration, both of which shifted to the lower Fe2O3 side compared to the liquidus isotherm in the CaO-SiO2-Fe2O3 system. Unlike CaO-SiO2-Fe2O3, SFCA-I (SFC-I) was observed in the CaO-SiO2-Fe2O3-5mass%Al2O3 system, thus indicating that the addition of Al2O3 contributes to the stability of SFCA-I.

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大気中1240°CにおけるCaO-SiO2-Fe2O3系の高Fe2O3濃度側相平衡関係に及ぼすアルミナの影響

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Brechet-Louchet モデルに基づいた劈開破壊および粒界破壊応力式

兵頭 克敏, 野中 洋亮, 伊藤 一真, 滑川 哲也

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-074

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New fracture process model of cleavage fracture initiated from cementite crack was proposed. In addition, the equation of propagation of cementite crack into the ferrite grain was developed based on the Brechet-Louchet model. This equation can reproduce not only ferrite size dependence of cleavage fracture stress that the Petch model can reproduce but both of test temperature dependence and strain rate dependence of fracture stress. Furthermore, in exchanging surface energy for grain boundary cohesive energy in the equation, grain boundary fracture stress can be also estimated.

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Brechet-Louchet モデルに基づいた劈開破壊および粒界破壊応力式

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積層造形したスーパーインバー合金の相安定性と熱膨張特性

Senlin CAI, 永島 涼太, Yaw Wang CHAI, 坂口 直輝, 中田 伸生

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-066

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Super invar alloy, Fe–32%Ni–5%Co, is widely utilized in precision instruments due to its remarkably low thermal expansion coefficient. Additive manufacturing holds promise for fabricating complex-shaped components with this alloy. This study investigated the phase stability and thermal expansion properties of super invar alloy fabricated via Laser Powder Bed Fusion (AM sample), comparing them to those of conventionally cast material (Re-melt sample). Microstructural analysis indicates that the AM sample has a more stable austenitic structure, attributed to minimal micro-segregation. Furthermore, it was observed that the thermal expansion coefficient decreases consistently with higher cooling rates within the temperature range of 400-300 K. As a result, AM sample exhibits lower expansion coefficient and it maintains at lower temperatures.

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積層造形したスーパーインバー合金の相安定性と熱膨張特性

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B添加鋼の溶融Znめっき性に及ぼすBN表面析出の影響

田原 大輔, 星野 克弥, 平 章一郎

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-052

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Boron (B) is frequently used as additives to improve the hardenability of advanced high strength steel. It has been reported that B in steel reacts with atmospheric N2 during annealing at low oxygen potential (low dew point) to form boron nitride (BN) by the thermodynamical calculation. In this study, the effect of BN formation on the steel surface on the coatability during hot-dip galvanizing was investigated, experimentally. B-free specimens and specimens containing 15 or 30 ppm B were annealed at various temperature and dew point, and then hot-dip galvanized. The annealed specimens were also prepared and analyzed with GD-OES, XPS, SEM-EDX and TEM-EELS to investigate the oxide and nitride formation on the steel surface during annealing. As results, coatability deteriorated as the amount of B in steel and the annealing temperature increase, and as the dew point decrease. These trends were not correlated with the amount of oxide but the amount of BN formation, suggesting that BN formation deteriorated the coatability. The surface and cross-sectional analysis revealed that BN formed around the oxide to cover the steel surface. This would lead the deterioration of the coatability because most of the steel surface was covered with BN as well as oxide, which are known to have low wettability with molten Zn.

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B添加鋼の溶融Znめっき性に及ぼすBN表面析出の影響

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焼結層上層における炭素燃焼効率向上を介した再点火法の焼結歩留改善

松村 勝, 小杉 亮太, 山本 雄一郎, 長田 淳治, 樋口 謙一

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-031

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Conventionally, it has been known that the product yield of the upper part of the sintering layer is extremely low, because of the heat loss caused by transferring heat toward the space above sintering layer, and of the large amount of unburned carbon in upper sintering layer.

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焼結層上層における炭素燃焼効率向上を介した再点火法の焼結歩留改善

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自動車衝突時の破断抑制および吸収エネルギー向上のための高張力鋼板の必要特性および組織因子

小峯 慎介, 中垣内 達也, 金子 真次郎, 田路 勇樹, 堺谷 智宏, 佐藤 健太郎

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-035

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A fundamental study on the axial crush performances of HSS (High Strength Steel) was carried out to clarify the effects of microstructure and mechanical properties on crashworthiness. Axial crush tests were performed to evaluate the crush performances of the HSS with different microstructures and mechanical properties and identify the fracture origins. The cracks in the press formed area were observed and the cracks led to the fractures. The high λ (Hole expansion ratio) steel showed excellent crush performances by crack suppression. Crash deformation in the press formed area was simulated by the ORB (Orthogonally Reverse Bending) fracture tests and the crack suppression factors were investigated. Through the ORB fracture test, it was clarified that the reduction of the hardness gaps between phases and the refinement of the hard phases (Fresh martensite) were effective for suppressing cracks in the press formed area. These microstructures were occurred by the Q&P (Quenching & Partitioning) process for increasing λ. Therefore, it was found that the microstructural design for increasing λ also contributed to excellent crush performances.

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自動車衝突時の破断抑制および吸収エネルギー向上のための高張力鋼板の必要特性および組織因子

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新たな複合分析技術を用いたFe-36mass%Ni合金の二次介在物生成メカニズムの解明

深谷 宏, Jonah Gamutan, 久保 真, 矢野 慎太郎, 鈴木 茂, 三木 貴博

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2024-018

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Controlling the size, number, and composition of secondary inclusions is vital in the production of high-quality steels. In this study, experimental and computational investigation of the relationship between secondary inclusion formation in Fe-36mass%Ni alloy and cooling rate was carried out. Assuming the case of large ingots, solidification experiments using various cooling rates (0.17 to 128 K/min) were employed and the size, number, composition, and distribution of inclusions were analyzed by SEM-EDS automatic inclusion analysis. Like previous studies, inclusion number density increased with increasing cooling rate, while inclusion size decreased with increase of cooling rate. On the contrary, oxide inclusion area fraction was found to have little relationship with the cooling rate and was instead found related with oxygen content of the sample. As a new attempt to investigate the relationship between microsegregation and secondary inclusion formation, a combination of SEM-EDS analysis and EPMA mapping analysis was carried out. By superimposing information of microsegregation and inclusions, it was found that high-Al2O3 inclusions formed during the early stage of solidification, whereas low-Al2O3 inclusions formed during the later stage of solidification. These findings suggest that Al2O3 inclusions formed in the early stage of solidification reacted with the remaining Si-enriched liquid steel and changed into low-Al2O3 inclusions. Experimental results were also confirmed by thermodynamic calculations. Present work made it possible to understand deeper the relationship between microsegregation and secondary inclusion formation.

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新たな複合分析技術を用いたFe-36mass%Ni合金の二次介在物生成メカニズムの解明

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