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Tetsu-to-Hagané
Vol. 78 (1992), No. 4

Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol. 78 (1992), No. 4

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ONLINE ISSN:	1883-2954
PRINT ISSN:	0021-1575
Publisher:	The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan

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Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol. 78 (1992), No. 4

Challenge of Direct Methods to Indirect Ones in the History of Iron and Steelmaking

Yasuto SHIMOMURA

pp. 509-519

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Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.77(1991), No.10

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Article Title

Challenge of Direct Methods to Indirect Ones in the History of Iron and Steelmaking

Bibtex

Ris

Scrap Melting Process-Current Status and Future Prospect

Kazushige UMEZAWA

pp. 520-526

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Article Title

Scrap Melting Process-Current Status and Future Prospect

Bibtex

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Mechanisms of Collision and Coagulation between Fine Particles in Fluid

Shoji TANIGUCHI, Atsushi KIKUCHI

pp. 527-535

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[in Japanese]

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Mechanisms of Collision and Coagulation between Fine Particles in Fluid

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Thermal Decomposition Rate of Fine Iron Ore

Xing-guo XIAO, Masakata SHIMIZU, Shin-ichi INABA

pp. 536-543

Abstract

In order to clarify the thermal decomposition behavior of fine iron ore which is injected into the raceway of a blast furnace, thermal analyses of fine iron ore have been made under various atmospheric conditions (N₂, CO₂, air, O₂ and N₂+O₂ with different oxygen concentrations from 1% to 25%), particle size (average dia.: 55, 155 and 325 μm) and heating rate (0.033, 0.167 and 0.33 K/s). A kinetic analysis of the reaction (3Fe₂O₃=2Fe₃O₄+1/2O₂) has been made based on measured thermalgravimetric curves by the Coats' method. Its results show that the reaction rate could be described by a second order reaction rate equation with relation to unreacted degree.
dα/dt=k(1-α)²
k=exp(A-E/RT)
Furthermore it was found that the starting temperature (T_D1) and the kinetic behavior of the reaction were independent of the particle size in the range from 55 to 325 μm. However, they were strongly affected by the oxygen potential of the gas atmosphere. Empirical equations to estimate T_D1, E and A were obtained as a function of P_O2 in the gas atmosphere as follows:
T_D1=75560/{44.56-ln[P_O2/(1.013*10⁵)]}
E=20730/{6.543-ln[P_O2/(1.013*10⁵)]}
A={14.43+ln[P_O2/(1.013*10⁵)]}/10²/6.9306
Using these equations, the thermal decomposition processes of iron ore were analyzed under various conditions and the results coincided well with our experimental results. Under heating conditions simulating raceway in a blast furnace, it was predicted that the injected fine iron ore could be almost decomposed from Fe₂O₃ to Fe₃O₄ in the raceway.

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Circulation and Reduction Behavior of Iron Ore in Circulating Fluidized Bed

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Maximum Injection Rate of Fine Ore through Tuyeres into Blast Furnace

Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.77(1991), No.10

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Thermal Decomposition Rate of Fine Iron Ore

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Decrease of Carry-over of Fine Ore Added into Smelting Reduction Furnace

Hiroyuki KATAYAMA, Masatoshi KUWAHARA, Takamasa OHNO, Masao YAMAUCHI, Hiroshi HIRATA

pp. 544-550

Abstract

In smelting reduction, it is desirable to use fine ore without agglomeration. In order to find the proper condition for fine ore addition to bath without injection, experiments involving a cold model and smelting reduction were performed.
(1) In the cold model test, a stream of fine materials (iron ore or coke) was passed into the gas of the counter flow. The rate of carry-over (g/s) depended on the surface area of the stream. The ratio of carry-over (%) decreased to less than 5% when the rate of supply was increased. Therefore, it is possible to decrease the ratio of carry-over during addition by decreasing the specific surface area of the stream, independent of the sort and size of fine materials.
(2) When fine ore was added through a hole in the shoulder of a 100 t smelting reduction furnace, the ratio of carry-over was negligible when compared with the amount of dust originating from molten metal. So, it has been confirmed that top addition of fine ore without agglomeration is practical.
On the other hand, in the case of a fine carbonaceous material, the ratio of carry-over was high, even with an appropriate method of adding the fine ore.

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Decrease of Carry-over of Fine Ore Added into Smelting Reduction Furnace

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Oxygen Equilibrium between Liquid Iron and CaO-saturated Fe_tO-CaO-CaF₂-Slags

Shigeta HARA, Tetsuji TOKONAMI, Kazumi OGINO

pp. 551-556

Abstract

Equilibrium between molten iron and molten Fe_tO-CaO-CaF₂ slags was established at 1 600°C under a CaO-saturated condition. The results are summarized as follows,
(1) Oxygen content in liquid iron equilibrated with CaO-saturated iron oxide melt is given by the following equation.
log[% O]=-5240/T+1.743 (1848<T/K<1933)
(2) Solubility line of CaO in Fe_tO-CaO-CaF₂ melts at 1600°C equilibrated with liquid iron is similar to that saturated with the slag equilibrated with solid iron at 1 450°C reported by HAWKINS and DAVIES.
(3) Addition of CaF₂ to Fe_t-CaO_sat. melts decreased the oxygen contents in liquid iron, while the activity coefficient of Fe_tO in the melts, γ_{Fe_tO} incraesed with increase of CaF₂ content.

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Desulphurization Behaviour of Liquid Iron in CaO Crucible by Adding Al and Al Alloys

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日本鉄鋼協会第114回講演大会講演概要集(II) その4

Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.73(1987), No.13

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Oxygen Equilibrium between Liquid Iron and CaO-saturated Fe_tO-CaO-CaF₂-Slags

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Equilibrium Phosphorus Distribution between CaO-saturated Fe_tO-CaO-P₂O₅-CaF₂ Slags and Liquid Iron

Shigeta HARA, Tetsuji TOKONAMI, Kazumi OGINO

pp. 557-563

Abstract

Equilibrium phosphorus distribution between Fe_tO-CaO-P₂O₅-CaF₂ slags and liquid iron has been studied at 1600°C under a CaO-saturated condition. The results are summarized as follows,
(1) Increase of P₂O₅ content in CaO-saturated Fe_tO-CaO-P₂O₅ slags contributes to an increase of the activity coefficient of iron oxide, γ_FetO and also a slight increase of the ratio (Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺), but decreases the activity coefficient, γ_P₂O₅.
(2) For slags containing approximately 10 mass% P₂O₅, an addition of CaF₂ contributes to a decrease of the γ_P₂O₅ as follows, logγ_P₂O₅=2.52N_{Fe_tO}-1.32N_CaF₂-19.4
The addition of CaF₂ also increases the γ_{Fe_tO} and the ratio (Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺). It suggests that CaF₂ in molten slags behaves as a basic component.
(3) For slags having 10 mass% P₂O₅, most suitable slags for the dephosphorization are those containing 40-50 mass% CaF₂.

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Equilibrium Phosphorus Distribution between CaO-saturated Fe_tO-CaO-P₂O₅-CaF₂ Slags and Liquid Iron

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Partitions of Nitrogen and Sulfur between CaO-Al₂O₃ Melts and Liquid Iron

Ryo INOUE, Hajime INOUE, Hideaki SUITO

pp. 564-571

Abstract

Nitrogen and sulfur distribution ratios between CaO-Al₂O₃ slag and Fe-0.000133 mass% Al alloys were measured in the temperature range of 1823 to 1923 K, using Al₂O₃ and CaO crucibles. The distribution ratios under a CaO crucible were higher than those under an Al₂O₃ crucible, and increased with an increase of Al content. Nitride and sulfide capacities defined by C_N^3-=(mass% N)·P_O₂^3/4/P_N₂^1/2 and C_S^2-=(mass% S)·P_O₂^1/2/P_S₂^1/2, respectively, which were obtained by using the reported values for activity of Al₂O₃, agreed well those directly measured in a gas-slag experiment under an Al₂O₃ curcible, but disagreed with those under a CaO crucible. Activities of Al₂O₃ in the CaO-Al₂O₃ melts saturated with CaO were evaluated based on the results in the gas-slag experiments.

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Activity of Sulfur in Solid Fe-Cr Alloys and Their Equilibrium Relations with Sulfides at 1 573K

Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.74(1988), No.6

Progress of Filtration Technologies for Inclusion Removal

Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.75(1989), No.10

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Partitions of Nitrogen and Sulfur between CaO-Al₂O₃ Melts and Liquid Iron

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Mathematical Modelling on Liquid Metal Flow in a Cold Crucible Coupled with Heat Transfer

Tsutomu TANAKA, Koichi KURITA, Atsuhiko KURODA

pp. 572-579

Abstract

An advanced mathematical model of a cold crucible capable of describing the fluid flow coupled with heat transfer limited by the free boundaries of free surface and a solidification front has been developed. Validity of the model was confirmed through measurements of a solidification front, surface velocity of the melt and surface temperature.
Effect of parameters during operation, such as coil current, dome height and casting velocity on the fields of velocity and temperature has been investigated.
Generally, two kinds of recirculation are expected to appear in the melt. They make a collision slightly above the contact point between the melt and the crucible wall. Appropriate geometrical relation between the dome height and the position of a coil exists to promote melting of scraps fed onto the dome.
A titanium ingot consisting of completely melted scraps was continuously cast aided by the proposed operation condition obtained through the numerical calculation.

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Mathematical Modelling on Liquid Metal Flow in a Cold Crucible Coupled with Heat Transfer

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Effect of Surface Roughness and Surface Material of Substrate on Initial Solidification Structure of 18Cr-8Ni Stainless Steel

Hideo MIZUKAMI, Toshio SUZUKI, Takateru UMEDA

pp. 580-586

Abstract

The effects of casting conditions as surface roughness and surface materials of the substrate, and pouring temperature on the solidification behavior and the structure of rapidly solidified 18Cr-8Ni stainless steel droplet samples have been studied. On the onset of the solidification, undercooling phenomena is observed. The undercooling linearly depends on the cooling rate, but does not on the casting conditions. Initial solidification length increases, and primary arm spacing and surface grain size decreases with increasing cooling rate. With very small cooling rate, solidification morphlogy changes from cell to dendrite. It presumably shows the change in the primary phase in the initial solidification.

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Effect of Surface Roughness and Surface Material of Substrate on Initial Solidification Structure of 18Cr-8Ni Stainless Steel

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Mechanical Properties of Carbon Steels during Solidification

Geon SHIN, Toshiyuki KAJITANI, Toshio SUZUKI, Takateru UMEDA

pp. 587-593

Abstract

A technique for tensile tests has been developed for the investigation of mechanical properties of carbon steels during solidification. The equipment enables the test piece to melt and solidify without a crucible at a predetermined cooling rate. The tensile strength and ductility of Fe-C-1 mass% Mn samples have been measured during and after solidification. Temperature Range of Strength Generation (TRSG) during solidification is determined. It has been verified that ZST (Zero Strength Temperature), the maximum temperature showing the strength of sample by the tensile loading is different from ZDT (Zero Ductivity Temperature), the temperature showing the brittle-ductile transition. These mechanical properties of steels have been examined in relation with solid fraction which is evaluated from numerical analysis for micro-segregation during solidification, TRSG is the temperature range where solid fraction is 0.6-0.8, ZST is the temperature at which the solid fraction 0.6-0.7, and ZDT is about 1. The influence of carbon contents on the tensile strength of sample has also been studied.

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Mechanical Properties of Carbon Steels during Solidification

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Quantitative Analysis of Laves Phase and Carbide in High Cr Heat Resistance Ferritic Steels

Hiroyuki KUTSUMI, Atsushi CHINO, Youichi ISHIBASHI

pp. 594-600

Abstract

A method for quantitaive analysis of Laves phase and M₂₃C₆ type carbide in high Cr heat resistance ferritic steel has been estab lished, and precipitation behavior of the Laves phase and carbide in these steels were investigated. The results obtained are as follows.
(1) The Laves phase and carbide are quantitatively extracted by potentiostatic electrolysis in 10% AA-1% TMAC-methanol electrolyte or in 10 %HCl-methanol electrolyte.
(2) Only the Laves phase in the residues extracted by above electrolysis can be dissolved in 0.5% Br₂-methanol solution at 20°C for over 90 minutes. Consequently, the amount and chemical composition of the Laves phase and carbide can he determined by analysis of this treatment solution and the residues respectively.
(3) The amount of the Laves phase increased with an increasing of aging time, while the amount of carbide remained constant.
(4) The chemical composition of the Laves phase and carbide were independent of aging time, and approxiamately constant.

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Quantitative Analysis of Laves Phase and Carbide in High Cr Heat Resistance Ferritic Steels

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Anodic Dissolution of Zinc in Chloride Solution

Kimitaka HAYASHI, Yasuhiko MIYOSHI

pp. 601-607

Abstract

It was investigated that the kinetic parameters on the anodic dissolution mechanism of zinc in chloride solution with the measurement of anodic polarization. The following results were found.
(1) The reaction rate of zinc anodic dissolution is proportional to the third order against the concentration of Cl^- ion and to the zero order against that of OH^- ion in the neutral solution (pH=58). In this case, it is found that the Tafel slope of i (current density) -φ(potential) curve is nearly eqml to 17 mV/decade. That is, the concentration of Cl^- ion gives a great effect to the reaction of zinc anodic dissolution in the neutral solution.
(2) The reaction rate of zinc anodic dissolution is proportional to the zero order against the concentration of Cl^- ion and to the third Order against that of OH^- ion in the alkali solution (pH=12.513.5). In this case, it is found that Tafel slope of i-φ curve is nearly equal to 40mV/decade. That is, the concentration of OH- ion has great influence on the reaction of zinc anodic dissolution, which is unaffected by that of Cl^- ion, in the alkali solution.

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Anodic Dissolution of Zinc in Chloride Solution

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Durability of WC/Co Sprayed Coatings in Molten Pure Zinc

Tomoki TOMITA, Yasuyuki TAKATANI, Yoshihumi KOBAYASHI, Yoshio HARADA, Hiroshi NAKAHIRA

pp. 608-615

Abstract

In order to develop protective contings for sink rolls used in a coatinuous hot-dip galvanizing, sprayed cermet coatings were formed on a mild steel by High Velocity Flame Spraying system using two commercially produced WC-12 mass% Co powders and their durability in molten pure zinc(703783 K) have been studied by SEM, XRD, EDX and hardness tester.
It was found that the durability of WC/Co sprayed coatings in molten pure zinc depended on the binding phases, which varied according to a powder-preparation process. Namely, the binding phase in WC/Co sprayed coatings made of powders prepared by a Spray-dried process ( SD-coating) mainly consisted of β-Co phase, but that prepared by a Sintered & Crushed process (SC-coating) mainly consisted of η-phase (Co₃W₃C and Co₆W₆C). In case of SD-coating, the binding phase, β-Co, dissolved into molten pure zinc so that the thickness has decreased in a short time. Though, in case of SC-coating, a Zn-rich and Co-poor layer was build up under the surface and the hardness dropped to HV 5001000 just below the surface, no changes of the thickness and microstructures have been observed for a long time.
The appearant activation energy for the growth of Zn-invaded layer in SC-coating was 170 kJ/mol, which was nearly equal to that for dissolution of β-Co. It was suggested that a small amount of β-Co was also contained in SC-coating and such a excellent durability must have been obtained due to the different distribution manner of β-Co.

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Durability of WC/Co Sprayed Coatings in Molten Pure Zinc

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Prediction of Multiplying Factor of Molybdenum and Hardenability of Fe-C-Mo Alloys with a Correction of Insoluble Carbide

Tsuyoshi INOUE

pp. 616-623

Abstract

Hardenability of Fe-C-Mo alloys varies to a larger extent with carbon and molybdenum contents, and with quenching temperature, and this is attributed to the variation in effective molybdenum and carbon due to insoluble carbides. For this reason, it is important for molybdenum hardenability to be evaluated by net amount of effective molybdenum with a correction of insoluble carbide.
In this study, basing on the previously reported data, multiplying factor of molybdenum is derived as a function of effective molybdenum, [Mo]( % ), for Fe-C-Mo alloys containing molybdenum up to 2%:
f_Mo=-0.512×[Mo]²+2.86×[Mo]+1
Furthermore, prediction formulae calculating the amount of insoluble carbide remained on quenching as well as molybdenum and carbon fixed as carbide are proposed by a kinetic consideration of carbide dissolution at quenching temperature. Combining these formulae, hardenability of Fe-C-Mo alloys are calculated directly from chemical compositions and quenching conditions.

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Prediction of Multiplying Factor of Molybdenum and Hardenability of Fe-C-Mo Alloys with a Correction of Insoluble Carbide

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Relationships between the Brittle Fracture Behavior of Deep-drawn Cups and Deformation Texture and Facet Unit

Masatoshi SUDO, Tsuguaki OKI, Zenichi SHIBATA

pp. 624-631

Abstract

1) The cleavage fracture can occur along the deep drawing axis of a cup which is deep drawn from a hot-rolled or cold-rolled steel blank. This cleavage fracture can be principally explained to be brought about with the increase in (200) pole density on the fracture surface. The work hardening and circumferential tensile residual stress can cause brittle fracture, but can not explain the whole fracture behavior.
2) The reduction in the brittle fracture due to the increase in r value of blank sheet and additional ironing process can be caused by decreasing the (200) pole density on the fracture surfaces.
3) The decrease in cleavage fracture unit (d_c) which is closely related to the toughness, is in linear relationship with the decrease in the (200) pole density and grain size on the fracture surfaces.

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Relationships between the Brittle Fracture Behavior of Deep-drawn Cups and Deformation Texture and Facet Unit

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Effects of Hot Rolling Conditions on Hot Rolled Microstructures and Ridging Properties in 17% Cr Ferritic Stainless Steel

Yoshihiro UEMATSU, Koichi YAMAZAKI

pp. 632-639

Abstract

Effects of rolling temperature and inter-pass annealing on the microstructures of hot rolled and annealed strips and the ridging property of cold rolled and annealed sheet have been investigated of continuously cast slab of Nb added 17% Cr stainless steel which had a near {100}//N. D orientation.
In such a case of no inter-pass annealing where no recrystallization during hot rolling occures, decrease in the rolling temperature increases deformation bands, and these banding makes recrystallized structures of hot rolled strip fine. When recrystallization occures by inter-pass annealing, microstructures of hot rolled strip become finer and uniform recrystallization occures after hot strip annealing.
The ridging property of cold rolled and annealed sheet corresponds to the condition of recrystallization of hot rolled and annealed strip. When coarse unrecrystallized domaines remain in the center layer of annealed hot strip, it causes severe ridging in final annealed sheet. These results suggest that the unrecrystallized center layer of hot rolled and annealed strip retains strong {100} //N. D orientation and thereby deteriorates ridging properties of final annealed sheet. The suggestion is supported by another experiment of one pass hot rolling.

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Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.76(1990), No.4

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Effects of Hot Rolling Conditions on Hot Rolled Microstructures and Ridging Properties in 17% Cr Ferritic Stainless Steel

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Effect of Stress Amplitude Transient on Fatigue Crack Initiation and Propagation of High Strength Steel in Synthetic Sea Water under Cathodic Protection

Norio MARUYAMA, Masae SUMITA

pp. 640-646

Abstract

The effect of varying stress on fatigue life under cathodic protection by a zinc sacrificial anode and freely corroding condition in synthetic sea water and in air was investigated using 800 MPa grade high strength steel notched specimens ( K_t= 3.5 ).
The main results obtained are as follows:
1) Under a constant stress amplitude (CSA), fatigue lives in sea water under cathodic protection are shorter than those in air. However, under two step stress amplitude (TSSA ), fatigue lives under cathodic protection are rather longer than those in air.
2) In a low stress amplitude region, fatigue lives under TSSA are shorter than those under CSA in air and under cathodic protection.
3) Even when the higher stress amplitude in TSSA is much lower than the values shown by the S-N curves under CSA, the failure of notched specimens occurs.
4) Under the free corrosion potential, there is no difference in fatigue lives between under TSSA and under CSA, and Miners rule exists between them.
5) Under TSSA, macroscopic crack growth rate is retarded in air and under cathodic protection, and the effect of TSSA on macroscopic crack growth is in reverse to that on crack initiation and microscopic crack growth.

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Effect of Stress Amplitude Transient on Fatigue Crack Initiation and Propagation of High Strength Steel in Synthetic Sea Water under Cathodic Protection

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Fracture Behavior at Elevated Temperature of a 316 Stainless Steel with High Concentration of Helium Implanted

Kazuya MIYAHARA, Akira ITOH, Hideo KAYANO, Yuzo HOSOI

pp. 647-649

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Fracture Behavior at Elevated Temperature of a 316 Stainless Steel with High Concentration of Helium Implanted

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Precipitation and Growth of γ''-phase in Ni-15Cr-8Fe-6Nb Alloy

Kiyoshi KUSABIRAKI, Shin-ichi ARAIE, Takayuki OOKA

pp. 650-657

Abstract

The nucleation and growth behavior of disc-shaped ordered γ''-phase and spherical ordered γ'-phase in Ni-base superalloys, modified Inconel X-750 type alloy (X-750M) and Inconel X-750 type alloy (X-750), has been investigated mainly by micro-Vickers hardness test and transmission electron microscopy. The hardness of X-750M aged in various conditions closely related to the size and the quantity of γ'' and δ-phases. Increasing the Nb content while decreasing the (Al+Ti) content in the alloys promoted the formations of γ'' and δ-phases. The growth kinetics of γ''precipitates in the region free of δ-phase followed the prediction of Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner theory of diffusion controlled growth at all aging temperatures. The activation energy of the growth of γ'' precipitates in X-750M was estimated to be 397 kJ/mol.

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Precipitation and Growth of γ''-phase in Ni-15Cr-8Fe-6Nb Alloy

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Microstructures and Partitioning Ratios of Alloying Elements in Rhenium Containing Nickel-based Single Crystal Superalloys

Kazuhiro MATSUGI, Shogo MIYAZAKI, Yoshinori MURATA, Masahiko MORINAGA, Natsuo YUKAWA

pp. 658-665

Abstract

In order to obtain some criteria for determining the optimum compositions of rhenium (Re) containing nickel-based single crystal superalloys, the phase stability and the partition ratios of alloying elements between γ and γ' phases were investigated using the Ni-10Cr-12Al-1.2Ti-2.6Ta-2.0W-0.7Mo-01Re (mol%) alloys. Most of Re atoms were found to be distributed mainly in the γ phase and alter significantly the partition ratios of the other elements between γ and γ' phases. It was shown that the decrease of Cr, Ta, W, Mo contents and the increase of Al content were most desirable in the design of alloys containing more than 0.25 mol % Re. Further, in order to investigate the possibility Co addition into the Re containing alloys, its effects on the phase stability and the partition ratios of elements were examined with the Ni-10Cr-12Al-1.5Ti-2.1Ta-2.3W-0.8Mo-0.25Re(mol %) alloys in which 09mol % Co was substituted for Ni. It became evident from the present experiment that the Co substitution for Ni did not induce any large changes in the phase stability and also in the partition ratios of the alloying elements in this system.

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Microstructures and Partitioning Ratios of Alloying Elements in Rhenium Containing Nickel-based Single Crystal Superalloys

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Correlation of Ta/W Compositional Ratios with the High Temperature Properties of Ni-Cr-Al-Ta-W(-Co) Single Crystal Superalloys

Kazuhiro MATSUGI, Yoshinori NURATA, Masahiko MORINAGA, Natsuo YUKAWA

pp. 666-672

Abstract

The optimum Ta/W compositional ratio was searched for in Ni-10/11 mol % Cr-12/14 mol% Al -Ta-W( -5mol% Co) alloys in order to get an excellent combination of creep-rupture, phase stability and hot-corrosion resistance in a Na₂SO₄-NaCl salt. Solidification and precipitation temperatures were also examined as a function of the Ta/W ratio. The γ' solvus temperature and the creep-rupture life were found to increase with increasing Ta/W ratio up to 1.0. However, when the ratio exceeded 1.0, the creep-rupture life reversely decreased probably due to the increase in the residual amount of the eutectic γ' phase in alloys. On the other hand, hot-corrosion resistance increased monotonously with the Ta/W ratio. From the present study it was concluded that the Ta/W compositional ratio of 0.5 to 1.0 was most suitable for balancing the high temperature properties in this alloy system.

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Correlation of Ta/W Compositional Ratios with the High Temperature Properties of Ni-Cr-Al-Ta-W(-Co) Single Crystal Superalloys

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In-situ SEM Observation of Tensile Fracture in Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al Alloy

Naotake NIWA

pp. 673-679

Abstract

The deformation and fracture behavior of the aged microstructure of Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al alloy was studied by SEM in-situ observation. Comparing with beta matrix, the areas where alpha phase precipitates i.e. alpha colonies and the neighborhoods of grain boundaries show higher resistance to deformation. Thus, strength becomes higher by increase of alpha precipitates with aging. In the fracture of this alloy, a main crack propagates with forming microcracks within alpha colonies and along grain boundaries ahead of the main crack and joining them. The crack propagation along grain boundaries is faster and less ductile than the transgranular crack propagation following microcracks in alpha colonies. With development of aging, the grain boundary cracking becomes prevailing as a fracture mechanism, hence, ductility reduces notably. Alpha precipitates play an important role not in strengthening but also in fracture of this alloy.

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In-situ SEM Observation of Tensile Fracture in Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al Alloy

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TiAl Melting in CaO Crucible and Its Mechanical Properties

Nobuo SAKUMA, Tatsuro MITSUI, Hyojiro KURABE, Tokuzo TSUJIMOTO

pp. 680-687

Abstract

Titanium and its alloys are conventionally melted in watercooled copper hearth to avoid the chemical reaction between crucible and molten metal. However, titanium activity in TiAl is supposed to be low. This study was carried out to prove the possibility of vacuum-induction melting of TiAl alloys in high-purity CaO crucible. The following results were obtained.
(1) Oxygen contents in TiAl were always 0.110.14 wt% corresponded to thermodynamical equilibrium value when about 800 g was melted. This amount was a little larger compared with 0.04 wt% in plasma-arc melted TiAl. (2)Small amounts of 0.130.15 vol% of CaO inclusions with the sizes of 15μm were contained in TiAl, being nearly equal to killed steels. (3)New crucibles with 520 wt% CaF₂ for preventing CaO-TiAl reaction, showed no effect for decreasing oxygen content, but a usefull effect for reducing inclusions due to the thermal stress relief by CaF₂ film between CaO particles, resulting in long durabilities. (4) As-cast TiAl with compositions of 33.534.5 wt% Al showed elongations of 0.60.8% lower than plasma-arc melted TiAl. However, they were ameliorated to 1.1-1.4% by annealing at 900°C to 1200°C. This phenomenon can be explained from the point of veiw of the O diffusion from γ phase to α₂ phase.

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TiAl Melting in CaO Crucible and Its Mechanical Properties

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Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol. 78 (1992), No. 4

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establishment of evaluation and prediction system of comprehensive state based on big data technology in a commercial blast furnace

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Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol. 78 (1992), No. 4

Challenge of Direct Methods to Indirect Ones in the History of Iron and Steelmaking

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Scrap Melting Process-Current Status and Future Prospect

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Oxygen Equilibrium between Liquid Iron and CaO-saturated Fe_tO-CaO-CaF₂-Slags

Equilibrium Phosphorus Distribution between CaO-saturated Fe_tO-CaO-P₂O₅-CaF₂ Slags and Liquid Iron

Partitions of Nitrogen and Sulfur between CaO-Al₂O₃ Melts and Liquid Iron