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Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol. 72 (1986), No. 2

ISIJ International
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ONLINE ISSN: 1883-2954
PRINT ISSN: 0021-1575
Publisher: The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan

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  38. Vol. 72 (1986)

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Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol. 72 (1986), No. 2

The Application of Induction Heating to Iron and Steel Industry

Yoshihiko OSAKI, Michio HASHIMOTO, Mitsumasa TSUKADA

pp. 173-181

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Physical Chemistry of Hydrogen Storage Alloys

Yasushi NAKAMURA, Ryoichi SUZUKI

pp. 182-188

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Physical Chemistry of Hydrogen Storage Alloys

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Fundamental Study on Thermal Degradation of Coke During Rapid Heating

Kouji TAKATANI, Yuji IWANAGA

pp. 189-194

Abstract

The thermal degradation behavior of coke in the blast furnace is investigated by experiments with rapid heating and model analysis considering the intraparticle temperature and stress distributions.
It is presumed that the thermal stress is closely related to the expansion and contraction of coke during heating and there exist two types of crack in coke in the blast furnace. One is breakage with exfoliating spherical husk and the other is split from surface to inside.

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Fundamental Study on Thermal Degradation of Coke During Rapid Heating

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Investigation of Coke Degradation Behavior in Blast Furnace

Hideo SHIMIZU, Ken-ichi SATO, Masateru KOJIMA, Yoichi AMINAGA, Fumio NAKAMURA, Yuji IWANAGA

pp. 195-202

Abstract

In order to establish the evaluation method of coke quality in the blast furnace, it is important to investigate the coke degradation behavior in the furnace.
From this point, the sampling of coke was done during the shut-down at three levels-lower shaft, bosh and tuyere. The degradation behavior of coke and the mutual correlation between the coke properties and operational conditions were investigated. From the operational results of the blast furnace, the degradation behavior of coke at the lower part of the blast furnace and the relation between the blast conditions and degradation degree of coke were discussed.

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Investigation of Coke Degradation Behavior in Blast Furnace

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Investigation of Sinter Degradation in Blast Furnace Using the In Situ Reaction Vertical Probe

Tsukasa TAKADA, Hideaki SOMA, Toshiyuki IRITA, Eiji KAMISAKA, Haruo KIMURA, Masasi ISOYAMA, Akikazu SUZAWA

pp. 203-209

Abstract

In situ Reaction Vertical Probe which is able to estimate the both effects of mechanical force and reducibility in the blast furnace has developed.
Several types of sinter with different RDI were charged into an operating blast furnace. After the recovery of the sinter, degradation was observed.
It was ascertained from the investigation that as the RDI value of the sinter increased, its in-furnace degradation ratio became higher, and that the RDI value was almost equal to the degradation ratio when the sinter was kept in a low temperature reserve zone (about 60 minutes in this test).

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Investigation of Sinter Degradation in Blast Furnace Using the In Situ Reaction Vertical Probe

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Prediction of Remaining Life of the Steel Shell of a Blast Furnace

Yoshiyasu MORITA, Katsuyuki TOKIMASA

pp. 210-217

Abstract

Thermal fatigue life evaluation is conducted for the steel shell of a blast furnace where hot spots have occurred repeatedly. Thermal elasto-plastic FEM analysis is used and, as a method of thermal fatigue life evaluation, the strain-range partitioning creep-fatigue analysis is adopted. It is proved to be possible to predict the remaining life of the steel shell successfully based on the following results:
(1) It is the center of a hot spot on the inner surface of the steel shell that undergoes the largest cyclic deformation during a cycle of a hot spot.
(2) Thermal fatigue damages, which are accumulated by repetition of hot spots, consist of those resulted from both the plastic strain range and the ratchetting strain.
(3) A higher hot-spot temperature, a thicker steel shell and a larger hot-spot diameter reduce thermal fatigue life of the steel shell.
(4) Total value of thermal fatigue damages at the notched part of the steel shell can be detected by measuring the increase in shell thickness of its smooth part independent of a hot-spot temperature.

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Prediction of Remaining Life of the Steel Shell of a Blast Furnace

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Equilibrium between Molten Iron and Al2O3-SiO2 Oxides

Toshiharu FUJISAWA, Masamichi SUZUKI, Yoshimoto WANIBE, Hiroshi SAKAO

pp. 218-224

Abstract

Experimental study and thermodynamic consideration studies have been conducted on the equilibrium relationships in Fe-Al-Si-O system. The quantitative relations between the compositions of molten iron alloys and the oxide phases were determined experimentally. The equilibrium constants for the deoxidation by silicon and aluminum and for the formation of mullite (3Al2O3· 2SiO2) from its constituent oxides were determined.

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Equilibrium between Molten Iron and Al2O3-SiO2 Oxides

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Phosphorus Distribution between Molten Iron and Slags of the System CaO-MgO-FetO-SiO2

Tsao TING, Hiroshi G. KATAYAMA, Akihiko TANAKA

pp. 225-232

Abstract

Experiments were made to obtain phosphorus distribution ratio between molten iron and CaO-MgO-FetO-SiO2 slag in a magnesia crucible at the temperatures of 1550°C and 1600°C. The results showed that the phosphorus transfer between iron and slag was so fast that the phosphorus equilibrium was maintained with the dissolution of magnesia from the crucible into the slag. The equations for phosphorus partitions obtained in this study are as follows.
log[(%P2O5)/[%P]2·(%FetO)5]=0.143[%CaO)+0.55(%MgO)]+13980/T+16.08
log[(%P)/[%P]·(%T.Fe)5/2]=0.065[%CaO)+0.55(%MgO)]+12230/T-10.08
These equations could be applied to CaO-MgO-FetO-SiO2 slags which were not saturated with magnesia as well as those saturated. The variation of the activity coefficients of FetO and P2O5 with the theoretical optical basicity of slags was also discussed.

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Phosphorus Distribution between Molten Iron and Slags of the System CaO-MgO-FetO-SiO2

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On the Toughness of Boron Treated Cr-Mo Steels Tempered at High Temperature

Terutaka TSUMURA, Yasutaka OKADA, Hiroo OHTANI

pp. 233-240

Abstract

Boron treatment for Cr-Mo steels has been performed to obtain the higher strength with heavy thickness. But in these steels, even under the quenched microstructure, microalloying elements affect the toughness on tempering treatment at high temperature. So, the effect of Ti, B and N on the toughness and microstructures has been investigated in B-treated Cr-Mo steels tempered at high temperature. The results are as follows:
(1) In the case of Ti/N ≥ 3.42, the excess dissolved B ([B]) causes the precipitation of coarse M23(C, B)6 type boro-carbides and the formation of denuded zone along grain boundaries on tempering treatment at the temperatures higher than 600°C, and therefore the toughness decreases. But proper [B] causes no coarse boro-carbides precipitates along grain boundaries.
(2) In the case of Ti/N<3.42, the precipitation of BN occurs after hot rolling. However such non-equilibrium BN precipitates partially transform to AIN at the austenitizing treatment and [B] occurs. If [B] content is excess, then M23(C, B)6 precipitates and coagulates on grain boundaries during tempering treatment at high temperature, and consequently the toughness decreases. If [B] content is proper, then microstructures are fine and BN precipitates take no effect on the toughness.

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On the Toughness of Boron Treated Cr-Mo Steels Tempered at High Temperature

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Low Temperature Toughness of 6%Mn Steels

Masato MURAKAMI, Koji SHIBATA, Toshio FUJITA

pp. 241-248

Abstract

Fe-Mn alloys have similar microstructure to Fe-Ni alloys in iron rich region, therefore they have promising potential as structural materials at cryogenic temperatures. Fe-Mn alloys, however, lose their toughness by catastrophic intergranular failure when tested at low temperatures. This is attributed to the segregation of impurities to grain boundaries. The segregation can take place at higher temperatures than 600°C, in both austenite(γ) and two phase(χ+γ) region.
An addition of molybdenum has been found to be effective in reducing the segregation of phosphorus in the two phase region and enhances toughness. However, no perceivable difference was observed in the segregation in the γ field.
Double temper has been also identified as a beneficial treatment for improving toughness, which promoted the reversion of austenite along grain boundaries and reduced the susceptibility to intergranular failure.
As a result it was shown that fairly good toughness could be achieved in Fe-6Mn-0.2Mo-0.05C alloy with QLT(800°C/1h/W.Q./700°C/1h/W.Q./600°C/1h.W.Q.) treatment.

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Low Temperature Toughness of 6%Mn Steels

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Effects of Ti and Si on Precipitation Behavior of Martensitic Stainless Steel

Kazuo HOSHINO, Takeshi UTSUNOMIYA

pp. 249-256

Abstract

The effects of Si and Ti on the precipitation behavior of 14Cr-7Ni martensitic stainless steels during aging treatment have been investigated. Precipitates are examined by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and so on.
In the steels containing Ti only, the shape of precipitates in the matrix changes from fine particles to rodshaped as the aging stage proceeded from peak hardness to over-aging. The precipitates are iderntified as Ni3Ti, η phase. At an early stage of aging, predominant precipitations take place at grain boundaries.
On the other hand, in the steels containing Si and Ti in combination, fine spherical precipitates are formed uniformly in the matrix. They are identified as Ni16Ti6Si7(G-phase) and coherent to the matrix. It is suggested that the coherent strain induced by the precipitates hardens the steel remarkably.

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Effects of Ti and Si on Precipitation Behavior of Martensitic Stainless Steel

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Detection of Hydrogen in a Steel at Elevated Temperatures by an Electrochemical Method

Harushige TSUBAKINO, Atsushi ANDO, Takashi MASUDA, Koji YAMAKAWA

pp. 257-263

Abstract

An electrochemical permeation method using molten sodium hydroxide is presented to detect hydrogen in a steel at elevated temperatures (673-773 K) in the range of practical interest for hydrogen attack.
The results are as follows:
(1) The most suitable potential range to detect hydrogen is from -0.8 to -0.6 V vs Air/O2- (ZrO2).
(2) The experimental permeation curves for specimens with thickness above 4 mm agree fairly well with the theoretical ones.
(3) Diffusivities of hydrogen in the steel 6.5 mm thick in this study are in good agreement with the values obtained from a usual gaseous method.
(4) The detection limit of hydrogen content in the steel in this study is less than 0.1 ppm.
(5) Therefore, this electrochemical method will be useful to predict the hydrogen attack of steels.

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Detection of Hydrogen in a Steel at Elevated Temperatures by an Electrochemical Method

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State Analysis of M2C in Cr-Mo Steel by Controlled-potential Secondary Electrolysis Method by use of Porous-graphite Electrode

Yoshiko FUNAHASHI, Yoshikazu KAMINO, Sen-ich HARIMAYA

pp. 264-270

Abstract

Based on the studies of electrochemical stability of Mo carbides, a new method for state analysis of M2C in Cr-Mo steel was established. By use of this method, the precipitation behavior of carbides during creep rupture test was examined.
Results obtained are as follows:
1) M2C in Cr-Mo steel was electrochemically less stable than carbides of M3C, M7C3 and M23C6, but almost as stable as M6C. The electrochemical stability of carbides in Cr-Mo steel is in the following order M2C≅M6C<M3C<M7C3≅M23C6.
2) M2C can be selectively decomposed by the secondary electrolysis of primary electrolytic residues, prepared in the porous-graphite electrode, at the anode potential of +0.65 V vs. SCE in 4% methyl salicylate-1% salicylic acid-2% LiCl-methanol. M6C is also decomposed at the same condition.
3) The amount of M2C can be determined by the dissolved amount of Mo after the secondary electrolysis. When M6C is present in primary electrolytic residues, the amount of M2C is calculated by subtracting the amount of Mo as M6C, amount of which is calculated from the dissolved amount of Fe (Fe as M6C) after the secondary electrolysis, from the dissolved amount of Mo by the same treatment.
4) The amount of M2C precipitated during the creep rupture test is found to roughly correspond to the change in the master rupture strength of the specimens. The creep rupture strength is increased with increasing the precipitation amount of M2C in these specimens.

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State Analysis of M2C in Cr-Mo Steel by Controlled-potential Secondary Electrolysis Method by use of Porous-graphite Electrode

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High-Temperature Deformation Characteristics of Titanium

Hiroshi OIKAWA

pp. 271-275

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High-Temperature Deformation Characteristics of Titanium

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The Effect of Volume Fractions of α and β Phases in Ti-Al-V Alloys on the Superplastic Behavior

Yoshikazu RO, Hidehiro ONODERA, Katsumi OHNO, Toshihiro YAMAGATA, Isao TOMIZUKA, Michio YAMAZAKI

pp. 276-283

Abstract

The effect of volume fractions of α and β phases on the superplasticity was investigated for the five Ti--Al-V alloys, of which chemical compositions being on the tie line including the Ti-6Al-4V at 900°C. The testing temperature was 900°C and the initial strain rate range was from 6.67 × 10-5 to 2.50 × 10-2/s.
In spite of wide distribution of the volume fraction of the α phase in the alloys, all showed a good superplasticity under certain strain rate conditions. The superplastic elongation became the maximum at about equal volume fractions of α and phases, and decreased with deviation from that fraction. The initial average grain size of the alloys was dependent on the volume fraction ratio of the phases and found to become the minimum at equal volume fractions.
At a strain rate of 6.67 × 10-4/s, the average grain size of alloys after fracture was independent of the initial average grain size and the volume fraction ratio of the phases of the alloys. The average grain size after fracture was 8 μm. At the same strain rate, the strain induced grain growth rate of alloys increased with decreasing initial average grain size.

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The Effect of Volume Fractions of α and β Phases in Ti-Al-V Alloys on the Superplastic Behavior

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The Effect of β-stabilizer Content on Tensile Properties of α-β Titanium Alloys

Hidehiro ONODERA, Katsumi OHNO, Toshihiro YAMAGATA, Michio YAMAZAKI

pp. 284-291

Abstract

Effects of β-stabilizer content in β phase at solution treatment temperature on microstructures after quenching from solution temperature. aging characteristics, and tensile properties were investigated by using 9 α-β titanium alloys(Ti-Al-V-Sn-Zr-Mo-Cr-Fe system). The main results obtained are as follows:
(1) Partitioning of each element to α and β phases at solution treatment temperature could be well estimated from each Ti-j (j=Al, V, etc.) binary phase diagram.
(2) Phase stability of β phase was considered to relate well with electron-atom ratio(e/aβ). Phase transformations in the alloys during quenching could be classified by e/aβ. From changes of electrical resistivity during heating, it was considered that athermal and isothermal ω phase were formed in the alloys GT-33, 45, and 46(e/aβ=4.06-4.16).
(3) Effects of microstructural and compositional factors Volume fraction(Vα), grain diameter(dα), and degree of solid-solution strengthening(dDEα) for primary α phase, e/aβ for prior β phase, and aging temperature(Tag) on tensile properties at 300°C were examined by using multiple regression analysis. Following regerssion equations were obtained.
σu(kgf/mm2)=207.72-318.29Vα+119.43Vα·dDEα+178(1-Vα)·(e/aβ-4)-19(1-Vα)·Tag/100
El.(%)=-19.86-39.28Vα+13.08dDEα+2.95Tag/100

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The Effect of β-stabilizer Content on Tensile Properties of α-β Titanium Alloys

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Repassivation Method to Determine Critical Conditions in terms of Electrode Potential, Temperature and NaCl Concentration to Predict Crevice Corrosion Resistance of C. P. Titanium in NaCl Solutions

Fumiaki IKI, Shigeo TSUJIKAWA

pp. 292-299

Abstract

A concept of repassivation potential, ER, for crevice corrosion had been developed for stainless steels. Applicability of the ER concept to C. P. Ti was confirmed through the corrosion test in 25% NaCl solution at 100°C. ER for growing crevice with penetration depth deeper than a critical depth, h* (≅12 μm), was found to be a well reproducible electrochemical parameter which coincides with the critical potential, VCREV, below which the growing crevice does not initiate.
The repassivation method was also applied to determine critical conditions in terms of NaCl concentration and temperature for crevice corrosion of specimens kept at -0.2V, SCE which was more noble than ER and was included in the spontaneous potential range of passivated Ti in deaerated NaCl solutions measured previously. Crevice corrosion which had been initiated in 25% NaCl solution at 100°C continued to grow in successively diluted NaCl solutions not lower than 0.75% in NaCl concentration and to grow at successively lowered temperatures not lower than 50, 70, and 90°C in 25, 3, and 1% NaC1 solutions, respectively. Critical conditions in terms of temperature and NaCl concentration determined as above were confirmed to agree with the reported results obtained by immersion tests for crevice corrosion resistance of C. P. Ti.

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Repassivation Method to Determine Critical Conditions in terms of Electrode Potential, Temperature and NaCl Concentration to Predict Crevice Corrosion Resistance of C. P. Titanium in NaCl Solutions

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Improvement of Corrosion Resistance of Titanium by Anodizing, Thermal Oxidation and PdO/TiO2 Coating

Hiroshi SATOH, Fumio KAMIKUBO, Kazutoshi SHIMOGORI

pp. 300-307

Abstract

It has already been made clear that corrosion resistance of titanium is improved by change of passive film composition from TiO and Ti2O3 to TiO2. Therefore, in this paper, the effect of TiO2 coating on corrosion resistance of titanium was investigated Anodized, thermally oxidized and PdO/TiO2 coated titanium specimens were used. Anodized titanium showed the same corrosion resistance as polished titanium did. This is due to the fact that anodized film was consisted of hydrated TiO2 which dissolved in an HCl solution for short time. Corrosion resistance of titanium was significantly improved by thermally oxidation because of formation of TiO2 which was stable even in a highly acidic solution. PdO/TiO2 coated titanium showed an excellent corrosion resistance in HCl solutions. Moreover, crevive corrosion was suppressed by the coating. Many cracks were observed in PdO/TiO2 films and titanium substrate was exposed at the crack. However, titanium substrate is polarized anodically to passive potential region by PdO/TiO2 film because the coating film has high corrosion potential. This is a reason why PdO/TiO2 coated titanuim shows an excellent corrosion resistance.

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Improvement of Corrosion Resistance of Titanium by Anodizing, Thermal Oxidation and PdO/TiO2 Coating

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Hydrogen Absorption of Commercially Pure Titanium in the Solution System NaCl-HCl

Takashi WATANABE, Hiromitsu NAITO, Kenichi SUZUKI, Yasushi NAKAMURA

pp. 308-313

Abstract

Hydrogen absorption behavior of commercially pure titanium in the solution system NaCl-HCl has been studied in relation to corrosion by means of Glow Discharge Spectroscopy (GDS).
Results obtained are as follows.
(1) The hydrogen absorption layer on titanium formed by corrosion can be analyzed by means of GDS.
(2) When the passive film on titanium begins to break down in NaCl-HCl, hydrogen absorption can occur.
(3) The rate of hydrogen absorption is parabolic, indicating that hydrogen diffusion through the hydrogen absorption layer is rate controlling. The diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in titanium is 2.75-3.68 × 10-12 cm2/s.
(4) X-ray diffraction patterns of the surface of hydrogen absorption layer show the presence of TiH2.

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Hydrogen Absorption of Commercially Pure Titanium in the Solution System NaCl-HCl

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Deformation Resistance and Recrystallization of Commercially Pure Titanium in the High Strain Rate Hot Deformation

Takehide SENUMA, Hiroshi YADA, Hirobumi YOSHIMURA, Hisaaki HARADA, Takuji SHINDO, Shuichi HAMAUZU

pp. 321-328

Abstract

In this paper, the deformation resistance and recrystallization behavior in high temperature working (600-850°C) with high strain rates (2-150 l/s) which covers the most hot rolling conditions have been investigated.
In the usual hot rolling condition the dynamic recrystallization does not occur and the resistance to hot deformation is determined by the balance between strain hardening and dynamic recovery. The flow stress sharply increases with increase in the impurity content at higher purity condition while the hardening rate due to the increase in the impurity content becomes smaller if the range exceeds a certain value. The recrystallization and grain growth behavior of commercially pure titanium is similar to that of plain carbon steels in austenite phase. In commercially pure titanium deformation bands, which act as nucleation site for recrystallization, are more easily formed than in plain carbon steels.
The activation energy for hot deformation and recrystallization lies in a range between 220-260 kJ/ mol which is nearly the same for low strain rate deformation.

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Deformation Resistance and Recrystallization of Commercially Pure Titanium in the High Strain Rate Hot Deformation

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新しい経営戦略「CI」/プレートテクトニクスと海底鉱床の誕生/良い英文を書くために-論文を英語で書くこつ(2)

北原 一郎, 水野 篤行, 氏家 信久

pp. 329-341

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新しい経営戦略「CI」/プレートテクトニクスと海底鉱床の誕生/良い英文を書くために-論文を英語で書くこつ(2)

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