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Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol. 107 (2021), No. 10

ISIJ International
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Grid List Abstracts
ONLINE ISSN: 1883-2954
PRINT ISSN: 0021-1575
Publisher: The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan

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  1. Vol. 110 (2024)

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  11. Vol. 100 (2014)

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  12. Vol. 99 (2013)

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  13. Vol. 98 (2012)

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  14. Vol. 97 (2011)

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  15. Vol. 96 (2010)

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  16. Vol. 95 (2009)

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  17. Vol. 94 (2008)

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  18. Vol. 93 (2007)

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  19. Vol. 92 (2006)

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  20. Vol. 91 (2005)

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  21. Vol. 90 (2004)

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  22. Vol. 89 (2003)

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  23. Vol. 88 (2002)

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  24. Vol. 87 (2001)

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  25. Vol. 86 (2000)

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  27. Vol. 84 (1998)

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  28. Vol. 83 (1997)

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  29. Vol. 82 (1996)

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  30. Vol. 81 (1995)

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  31. Vol. 80 (1994)

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  32. Vol. 79 (1993)

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  33. Vol. 78 (1992)

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  34. Vol. 77 (1991)

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  35. Vol. 76 (1990)

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  36. Vol. 75 (1989)

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  37. Vol. 74 (1988)

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  38. Vol. 73 (1987)

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  39. Vol. 72 (1986)

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  40. Vol. 71 (1985)

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  41. Vol. 70 (1984)

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  42. Vol. 69 (1983)

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  43. Vol. 68 (1982)

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  44. Vol. 67 (1981)

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  45. Vol. 66 (1980)

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  46. Vol. 65 (1979)

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  47. Vol. 64 (1978)

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  48. Vol. 63 (1977)

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  49. Vol. 62 (1976)

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  50. Vol. 61 (1975)

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  51. Vol. 60 (1974)

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  52. Vol. 59 (1973)

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  53. Vol. 58 (1972)

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  54. Vol. 57 (1971)

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  55. Vol. 56 (1970)

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  56. Vol. 55 (1969)

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  57. Vol. 54 (1968)

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  58. Vol. 53 (1967)

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  59. Vol. 52 (1966)

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  60. Vol. 51 (1965)

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  61. Vol. 50 (1964)

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  62. Vol. 49 (1963)

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  63. Vol. 48 (1962)

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  64. Vol. 47 (1961)

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  65. Vol. 46 (1960)

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  66. Vol. 45 (1959)

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  67. Vol. 44 (1958)

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  68. Vol. 43 (1957)

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  69. Vol. 42 (1956)

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  70. Vol. 41 (1955)

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Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol. 107 (2021), No. 10

Kinetics on Formation, Growth and Removal of Alumina Inclusions in Molten Steel

Katsuhiro Sasai

pp. 785-795

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2021-064

Abstract

A series of Al deoxidation mechanisms from the nucleation and growth of Al2O3 nuclei immediately after the addition of Al to the growth, agglomeration, and removal of Al2O3 inclusions after the deoxidation equilibrium has been analyzed in light of the kinetics taking into consideration the influences of the interfacial properties on the basis of Al deoxidation experiments of molten steel. The nucleation number density of Al2O3 is (0.72 to 1.62) × 1014 m−3 and increases as the degree of supersaturation increases and the interfacial tension between the nuclei and molten steel decreases. These tendencies can be explained by the homogeneous nucleation theory, and the average interfacial tension, frequency factor, nucleation time, and average nucleation rate are respectively estimated to be 1.43 N·m−1, 4.27 × 1035 m−3·s−1, 0.01 s, and 1.96 × 1016 m−3·s−1 for the nucleation of Al2O3. Al2O3 nuclei rapidly grow to Al2O3 single inclusions having diameters of 2.0 to 2.6 µm through diffusion growth of supersaturated O in molten steel within 2.2 to 3.7 s after the addition of Al, and the molten steel reaches the deoxidation equilibrium. In the subsequent deoxidation equilibrium, the growth rate of Al2O3 single inclusions increases as the O concentration in molten steel increases, and their growth mechanism can be explained by Ostwald ripening. Meanwhile, Al2O3 cluster inclusions grow with the increase in the agglomeration force while agglomerating not only with single inclusions dispersed in molten steel but also with other cluster inclusions existing in the floating paths.

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Kinetics on Formation, Growth and Removal of Alumina Inclusions in Molten Steel

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Estimation of Changes in Content and Characteristics of Mold Flux during Continuous Casting

Shuhei Irie, Kenji Tsuzumi, Akitoshi Matsui, Naoki Kikuchi

pp. 796-805

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2021-039

Abstract

Estimation of changes in mold flux composition and physical properties during casting was investigated for control of slab surface quality. In this study, 0.7 mass% Al steel and normal Al-killed steel were cast with three kinds of mold flux having Al2O3 contents of 1.3 to 6.0 mass% and different basicities. The results can be summarized as follows:(1) The Al2O3 content of these mold fluxes increased to 30 mass% during continuous casting. The composition change of the mold flux can be reproduced by the Equilibrium Effective Reaction Zone Model (EERZM) by fitting parameters, referring to the casting results.(2) The analysis by EERZM revealed that the viscosity of the mold flux and throughput of the molten steel affect the rate of increase of the Al2O3 content in the mold flux.(3) The change of mold flux physical properties was estimated based on flux composition changes. The change of the crystallization temperature and main crystal can be estimated by FactSage.(4) Mold flux viscosity can be estimated by revising the modified Iida’s equation, which considers the effect of Al2O3 as an amphoteric oxide.

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Estimation of Changes in Content and Characteristics of Mold Flux during Continuous Casting

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Application of Iron High-selectivity Solid Phase Extraction Resin to Simultaneous Determination of Trace Elements in High-purity Iron by ICP-MS

Hidekazu Tsukahara, Yoichi Nakashima

pp. 806-813

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2021-021

Abstract

In this study, we developed a separation method to extract iron from steel solutions using a solid phase extraction resin to determine the composition of trace elements in high-purity steel, with the aid of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The acidic solution of steel was passed through the resin and amounts of the trace elements were determined by analyzing the eluate. To obtain optimum analytical conditions, maximum amount of iron was extracted into the resin and the effects of the acid species used to decompose the steel, and their concentrations were examined. Methods to reuse the resin were also investigated. Under optimal conditions, the quantities of many elements such as Mn, Ni, Cr, Cu, Co, Al, As, Bi, Mg, Ce, La, Se, Pb, Sb, Te, Zn, and Cd were determined. However, some elements such as Mo, Sn, and W, which were dissolved as oxyacid anions, were extracted into the resin, in addition to iron. The estimated amounts of trace elements in reference materials of high-purity steel were found to be in good agreement (in the order of μg/g) with the certified values.

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Application of Iron High-selectivity Solid Phase Extraction Resin to Simultaneous Determination of Trace Elements in High-purity Iron by ICP-MS

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Preferential Site for Scaling on Carbon Steel with Corrosion Products

Sota Koyama, Norifusa Inaba, Motoaki Morita, Shinichi Motoda

pp. 814-824

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2021-035

Abstract

Although it has been pointed out that corrosion products are the preferred scaling site, the detail research has not been conducted. In this study, the initial scaling sites on carbon steel with corrosion product were investigated and scaling mechanisms were discussed. Carbon steel sheets were i mmersed in a solution supersaturated condition for magnesium silicate under normal standard state. Scaling at a corroded part on carbon steel was easier to occur than that at non-corroded part on carbon steel. The corrosion product was comprised of Fe2O3 (Hematite), Fe3O4 (Magnetite), and β-FeOOH (Akaganeite). When the particles of Fe2O3, Fe3O4, and β-FeOOH were individually i mmersed in the solution, the formation of magnesium silicate occurs only on β-FeOOH. One of the preferred scaling sites for magnesium silicate was β-FeOOH. The physical and chemical interactions were investigated. The physical interactions were evaluated by zeta potential, and the results suggested that the repulsion occurs between them. On the other hand, the chemical interaction was evaluated by IR and Raman analyses. Only IR spectrum of β-FeOOH changed. The change was derived from absorption range of Fe-OH in β-FeOOH. The OH group in β-FeOOH may react with silanol group by the dehydration-condensation reaction.

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Preferential Site for Scaling on Carbon Steel with Corrosion Products

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Influence of Carbides Precipitated by Low-temperature Tempering on Room-temperature Mechanical Properties of Grade 91 Steel

Kengo Watanabe, Shuntaro Ida, Kyosuke Yoshimi

pp. 825-834

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2021-033

Abstract

The precipitation behavior of carbides of modified 9Cr-1Mo steel (Grade 91) by low-temperature tempering and the influence of those carbides on the mechanical properties at room temperature were investigated. As-quenched sample (AQ) showed a small amount of MC carbide in the martensite microstructure. Three types of carbides were formed by low-temperature tempering at 300-500ºC that were chosen for the purpose of suppressing recovery and growth of the dislocation substructure. These carbides were identified as Fe4C, hP8 type Fe3C, and oP16 type Fe3C using replica samples for transmission electron microscopic and extracted residue analyses. Double low-temperature tempering at 500ºC for 5 min followed by at 300ºC for 1 h (DLTT) formed a large amount of carbide compared to AQ while AQ and DLTT had similar lath widths. The hardness of the DLTT sample was higher than that of the AQ sample, whereas the tensile strength of the DLTT sample was slightly lower than that of the AQ sample regardless of strain rate. The reason why the precipitation strengthening did not work for the improvement of tensile strength is considered to be the early formation of microvoids due to the delamination of carbide/matrix interfaces under tensile test.

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Influence of Carbides Precipitated by Low-temperature Tempering on Room-temperature Mechanical Properties of Grade 91 Steel

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Carbon Enrichment of Austenite during Ferrite-bainite Transformation in Low-alloy-steel

Shun Tanaka, Hiroyuki Shirahata, Genichi Shigesato, Manabu Takahashi

pp. 835-844

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2021-045

Abstract

The bainitic transformation kinetics and carbon enrichment of austenite during isothermal holding at 723–923 K were investigated for an Fe-0.1mass%C-0.5mass%Si-2.0mass%Mn alloy. The transformation progressed rapidly until approximately 50 s, after which transformation stasis was observed at 823 K. The carbon concentration of austenite increased as the transformation proceeded, and showed an almost constant value during stasis. It reached approximately 0.45-0.50% at 823 K, which corresponds to the carbon concentration at the T0’ composition with an additional strain energy of 100 J/mol associated with the transformation. After stasis, a slight increase in the ferrite or bainitic ferrite fraction was observed. The carbon concentration of austenite also increased and reached approximately 0.60%, clearly exceeding the carbon concentration at the T0 composition. These results imply that at the first stage, the bainite transformation occurs and shows the incomplete transformation, following which at the second stage, diffusional ferrite transformation proceeds. The additional strain energy associated with the transformation calculated from the carbon concentration at stasis due to the incomplete bainite transformation tends to decrease as the holding temperature increases. This indicates that strain relaxation due to the transformation occurred at higher holding temperatures.

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Carbon Enrichment of Austenite during Ferrite-bainite Transformation in Low-alloy-steel

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Precipitation Behavior of Ni-Based Superalloy Alloy 625 for A-USC Power Plants

Ryunosuke Minami, Yoshihiro Terada

pp. 845-852

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2021-065

Abstract

The age-hardening behavior of the wrought Ni-based superalloy Alloy 625 was investigated in the temperature range between 923 and 1173 K for the application to advanced ultra-supercritical (A-USC) power plants. The carbon content of the alloy was controlled as low as possible to minimize the precipitation of carbides during aging. A two-step increase of hardness was detected for the alloy at temperatures between 1000 and 1100 K; the first increase of hardness results from the precipitation of the metastable γ′′ phase, and the second increase corresponds to the precipitation of the orthorhombic δ phase. In contrast, a single-step increase of hardness was detected below 1000 K derived from the precipitation of γ′′ phase and above 1100 K derived from the precipitation of δ phase. The TTP (time–temperature–precipitation) diagram for the alloy was established on the basis of the results of hardness measurements and microstructure observations, where the nose temperatures of γ′′ and δ phases are determined as 1050 and 1123 K, respectively. The γ′′ particle coarsened along the Ostward ripening. The activation energy for the γ′′ coarsening was evaluated as 202 kJ/mol, which is very close to that for the inter-diffusion of Nb in Ni.

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Precipitation Behavior of Ni-Based Superalloy Alloy 625 for A-USC Power Plants

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Effect of Solute Carbon on the Evaluation of Dislocation Density in as Quenched Martensite by X-ray Diffraction

Maho Iwamura, Masahiro Tsukahara, Osamu Idohara, Yoshitaka Misaka, Setsuo Takaki

pp. 853-862

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2021-068

Abstract

X-ray diffraction analysis is one of powerful tools on the dislocation analysis and this method can be applied reasonably for many metals with isotropic crystal structure such as bcc and fcc. In this study, modified Williamson-Hall analysis was applied for martensitic steels containing 0.006 – 0.26 mass% carbon and proved that the value of dislocation density increases with increasing the carbon content. However, martensitic steels containing solute carbon have bct structure characterized by different lattice constants on a-axis and c-axis. With increasing solute carbon, a-axis shrinks but c-axis is elongated. This leads to the peak séparation in an X-ray diffraction peak and causes an increase of the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) in the diffraction peak. This suggests that the value of dislocation density is over estimated due to the effect of peak separation in as quenched martensitic steels with solute carbon. It was found that the increment of apparent dislocation density Δρ’ is expressed by the following equation as a function of the amount of solute carbon (mass%C), independent of the values of true dislocation density and the screw component of dislocation.Δρ[m−2] =1.68×1017 (mass%C)2As a result, it is concluded that the true dislocation density is constant at 4.5×1015 m2 in martensitic steels which have solute carbon more than 0.14 mass% at least.

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Effect of Solute Carbon on the Evaluation of Dislocation Density in as Quenched Martensite by X-ray Diffraction

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Effect of Si and Al Additions to Steel on Machinability in Gear Cutting

Toshiharu Aiso, Takashi Matsumura

pp. 863-875

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2021-029

Abstract

The influence of Si and Al additions to 0.55 mass% C steel on machinability is discussed in cutting with a fly tool of TiAlN coated high speed steel, as performed in gear cutting. Three model steels are prepared with controlling nearly the same hardness to study the effects of the alloying elements: one reference steel with C as the only alloying element (Base steel), and two steels alloyed also with 1 mass% Si or Al. The cutting tests are performed to obtain the cutting forces, observe the cutting chips and analyze the damage on the rake faces of the tools. The orthogonal cutting data in the cutting force simulation are identified to minimize the discrepancies between the measured and the simulated forces for the tested steels. When cutting the Base steel, few adhered material form and the coated thin layer is worn mainly by abrasion. When cutting the Si alloyed steel, the coating surface is covered by adhered layers containing Si–O, Fe2SiO4 and FeO, which contribute to the lowest friction and protect the coated thin layer from wear. When cutting the Al alloyed steel, an Al2O3 layer forms on the coating. The Al2O3 layer induces high friction, large cutting forces and cutting heat, resulting in the rapid substrate softening and coating fracture.

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Effect of Si and Al Additions to Steel on Machinability in Gear Cutting

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Crystal Plasticity Analysis of the Differential Hardening Behavior under Proportional Loading Path of a Steel Sheet

Yusuke Tsunemi, Masahiro Kubo, Shigeru Yonemura, Akihiro Uenishi, Susumu Takahashi

pp. 876-886

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2021-066

Abstract

To enhance the accuracy of sheet forming simulation, applying a material model based on a physical understanding that enables the description of material behavior under multi-axis stress is beneficial. To achieve this, it is necessary to clarify the work hardening behavior of the material under multi-axis stress and its mechanism. It is especially known that steel sheets for deep drawing with an increased r value have different degrees of work hardening under uniaxial and biaxial stresses, which is called anisotropic work hardening. Anisotropic work hardening is considered to be brought about mainly by a texture or dislocation cell structure, but details are unknown. This study thus discusses the physical mechanism using the crystal plasticity finite element method.The crystal plasticity finite element method was executed with the model that Hoc et al. developed by modeling the accumulation of dislocation. In the analysis, the anisotropic work hardening was reproduced where the equal plastic work surface stuck out around the equal biaxial stress. It is presumed that the anisotropic work hardening occurred because the equal biaxial stress had more slip systems than the uniaxial stress, and eventually had more latent hardening. It was confirmed by changing the crystal orientation virtually that anisotropic work hardening behavior depends strongly on texture. From this, it is concluded that ferrite steel materials have different numbers of active slip systems depending on the texture, and the amount of latent hardening varies accordingly, resulting in anisotropic work hardening.

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Crystal Plasticity Analysis of the Differential Hardening Behavior under Proportional Loading Path of a Steel Sheet

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Relation between Intergranular Stress in Austenite and Martensitic Transformation in TRIP Steels Revealed by Neutron Diffraction

Stefanus Harjo, Takuro Kawasaki, Noriyuki Tsuchida, Satoshi Morooka, Wu Gong

pp. 887-896

DOI:

10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2021-072

Abstract

In situ neutron diffraction measurements of two low-alloy TRIP steels and a 304-type stainless steel during tensile and creep tests were performed at room temperature. Changes in the diffraction pattern, the peak integrated intensities of austenite (γ) and the peak positions of γ were analyzed and discussed to understand a relationship between intergranular stress in γ and the occurrence of martensitic transformation during deformation. From tensile loading, it was found that the susceptibility of martensitic transformation depended on γ-(hkl) grains, in which γ-(111) grains underwent martensitic transformation at the latest. The volume fractions of γ were found to decrease during applying load, but almost unchanged during holding the constant load in creep tests where the lattice strains of γ-(hkl) grains were mostly unchanged. The γ-hkl dependence in the susceptibility of martensitic transformation was found to be controlled by the shear stress levels in γ-(hkl) grains, which were affected by the intergranular stress partitioning during deformation.

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Relation between Intergranular Stress in Austenite and Martensitic Transformation in TRIP Steels Revealed by Neutron Diffraction

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