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ONLINE ISSN: 1883-2954
PRINT ISSN: 0021-1575

Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol. 104 (2018), No. 1

  • Effect of Particle Velocity on Penetration and Flotation Behavior

    Akihiro Matsuzawa, Katsuhiro Sasai, Hiroshi Harada, Mitsuhiro Numata

    pp. 1-10

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    DOI:10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2017-041

    Abstract

    For improvement of property of steel, lower sulfur concentration is required. Therefore, improvement of desulfurization efficiency is important at desulfurization treatment in the secondary refining process. Powder blasting is often operated for desulfurization in RH process. In this study, effects of velocity of a particle on penetration and flotation behavior were examined by water model experiment under the reduced pressure. A poly-propylene particle was blasted onto water surface with Ar gas through a single-hole nozzle, and particle behavior during penetration into water and flotation to water surface was recorded by a high-speed camera. According to penetration of a particle, an air column was generated and a residual bubble was remained on the particle after rupture of the air column. In case that particle velocity before penetration was low, detention time of a particle increases with increasing of maximum penetration depth. Besides, in case that particle velocity before penetration was high, detention time did not increase so much with increasing of maximum penetration depth because diameter of residual bubble was larger than 2 mm and buoyancy became large. Therefore, increasing particle velocity before penetration does not archive increasing detention time of the particle. To avoid generating residual bubble, a particle should be penetrated with the velocity that an air column is not generated. In addition, flotation behavior of a particle was analyzed by kinetic equation. As a result, in case that diameter of residual bubble is larger than 2 mm, apparent resistance coefficient increases with diameter of a residual bubble.

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    1. Identification of Hydrogen Trapping Sites in a Strained Ferritic-martensitic Dual Phase Steel Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.104(2018), No.1
    2. Development of Steel Ladle Assignment Planning Algorithm Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.104(2018), No.1
    3. Lattice Defect Formation Behavior of Cold-drawn Pearlitic Steel Fractured under Elastic and Plastic Region in the Presence of Hydrogen Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.104(2018), No.1

  • Development of “Twin-illumination and Subtraction Technique” for Detection of Concave and Convex Defects on Steel Pipes in Hot Condition

    Hiroaki Ono, Akihiro Ogawa, Takahiro Yamasaki, Takahiro Koshihara, Toshifumi Kodama, Yukinori Iizuka, Takahiko Oshige

    pp. 11-17

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    DOI:10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2017-029

    Abstract

    In optical surface inspection of steel products under hot conditions, overdetection caused by signals from harmless features such as scale and surface texture is usually a problem. Therefore, the authors proposed a new inspection technique called the “twin-illumination and subtraction technique,” which is able to remove only harmless signals, based on the finding that most harmful defects on these products have concave shapes, whereas most harmless features that might be overdetected have flat or convex shapes. As an application of this technique, after laboratory tests to confirm its effectiveness, we set up a prototype system for hot pipes which have poor surface properties. Although harmless signals from flat surfaces could be removed as expected, harmless signals from convex surfaces such as peeling scale and micro-surfaces which cause specular reflection conditions remained in addition to harmful signals from concave defects. To improve detectability, we introduced a discrimination method based on the characteristic bright/dark patterns of concave defects, a detection and decision tree judgment function using features from images and so on. At present, the installed prototype system presents information concerning detected defects to operators. As a result, we have confirmed that the system has sufficient performance for prevention of large outbreaks of nonconforming products and is an effective technique for detection of poor surface condition.

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    1. Lattice Defect Formation Behavior of Cold-drawn Pearlitic Steel Fractured under Elastic and Plastic Region in the Presence of Hydrogen Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.104(2018), No.1
    2. Influence of Stress Re-distribution on Hydrogen-induced Fatigue Crack Propagation Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.104(2018), No.1
    3. Correspondence Between the Analytical Values of Oxygen and the Surface Area of Steel Samples in Inert Gas Fusion – Infrared Absorption Spectrometry to Determine the Amount of Surface-adsorbed and Surface-reacted Oxygen Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.104(2018), No.1

  • Development of Steel Ladle Assignment Planning Algorithm

    Kazuhiro Nakatsuji

    pp. 18-26

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    DOI:10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2017-049

    Abstract

    The reduction of molten steel temperature from the tapping to the casting is crucial for energy conservation in the steel making process. The one of the reasons that the steel temperature reduction is the heat transfer from molten steel to ladle. After the end of casting, the ladle is empty and its temperature continues to drop until next assignment to the appropriate tapping which is scheduled in advance. Therefore, it is important to schedule the ladle assignment plan with taking account into shorten the ladle empty time. The goal of this study is development of the algorithm which can calculate the optimal plan satisfied the several complex operational constraints. We developed the algorithm based on the breadth-first search algorithm. It has features to search the wide range of solution space while limiting search space in order to search optimal solution efficiently. This algorithm is simplified to treat the change and addition of operational constraint flexibly. As the result of test using actual data, this algorithm could calculate the plans satisfied all the constraints while the representative optimization methods, which are using genetic algorithm and mixed integer liner programming, couldn’t. Furthermore, the result shows 20% reduction of the ladle empty time compared with the conventional result scheduled by operator.

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    2. Development of “Twin-illumination and Subtraction Technique” for Detection of Concave and Convex Defects on Steel Pipes in Hot Condition Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.104(2018), No.1
    3. Effect of Particle Velocity on Penetration and Flotation Behavior Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.104(2018), No.1

  • Identification of Hydrogen Trapping Sites in a Strained Ferritic-martensitic Dual Phase Steel

    Hiroshi Okano, Shusaku Takagi

    pp. 27-35

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    DOI:10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2017-030

    Abstract

    There are risks of hydrogen embrittlement in ultra-high strength steels. We need to clarify the mechanism of hydrogen embrittlement and to develop steels which have superior hydrogen embrittlement resistance. Hydrogen is trapped at various trapping sites in steels. The influence of hydrogen on hydrogen embrittlement depends on the hydrogen trapping sites. Therefore, it is important to identify the kinds of hydrogen trapping sites in steels. The purpose of this study is to identify the hydrogen trapping sites in ultra-high strength steel sheets. 1180 MPa grade dual-phase steel was used. Various strain were applied to the samples by rolling, which was followed by cathodic electrolytic hydrogen charging. Hydrogen desorption rate was measured from –50 ºC using a Thermal Desorption Analysis device (TDA), which enables evaluation of each hydrogen trapping site. The TDA results were analyzed with using Gaussian function to identify each hydrogen trapping site. Four types of hydrogen trapping sites were identified in the DP steel. Hydrogen desorption peak appeared at 35°C was assigned to dislocations, peak appeared at 54°C was assigned to carbide in the martensite structure of the DP steel, Peak at 75°C was assigned to various boundaries in martensite and ferrite-martensite interface in the DP steel, and Peak at 110°C was assigned to a vacancy cluster.

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    1. Development of Steel Ladle Assignment Planning Algorithm Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.104(2018), No.1
    2. Effect of Particle Velocity on Penetration and Flotation Behavior Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.104(2018), No.1
    3. Experiment on Degassing Effect in a Laboratory-Scale Furnace Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.48(1962), No.14

  • Lattice Defect Formation Behavior of Cold-drawn Pearlitic Steel Fractured under Elastic and Plastic Region in the Presence of Hydrogen

    Ryosuke Konno, Toshiyuki Manabe, Daisuke Hirakami, Kenichi Takai

    pp. 36-45

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    DOI:10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2017-036

    Abstract

    Factors causing hydrogen embrittlement of cold-drawn pearlitic steel fractured in plastic/elastic region have been investigated from the viewpoint of lattice defects. Tensile tests were conducted for hydrogen-charged specimens containing 1.5 and 4.0 ppm hydrogen under various crosshead speeds. The amount of tracer hydrogen which corresponds to the amount of lattice defects in the specimens subjected to plastic strain or elastic stress was measured using a thermal desorption analysis. As a result, specimens containing 1.5 ppm hydrogen fractured in the plastic region under all experimental conditions in the present study. In contrast, specimens containing 4.0 ppm hydrogen fractured in the elastic region at crosshead speed of 0.01 mm·min–1 or less and fractured in the plastic region at 0.1 mm·min–1 or more. Subjecting plastic strain in the presence of hydrogen increased the amount of lattice defects corresponding to vacancies. In contrast, the presence of hydrogen had no effects on the formation of lattice defects under subjecting elastic stress. The amount of lattice defects in the specimens fractured in plastic region with hydrogen was equivalent to that of lattice defects in the specimens fractured under same conditions without hydrogen. The amount of lattice defects in the specimens fractured in elastic region with hydrogen was less than that of lattice defects in the specimens fractured under same conditions without hydrogen. These results indicated that lattice defects enhanced by hydrogen affected the fracture in plastic region with hydrogen. However, the effects of lattice defects on the fracture in elastic region with hydrogen were small.

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    1. Influence of Stress Re-distribution on Hydrogen-induced Fatigue Crack Propagation Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.104(2018), No.1
    2. Correspondence Between the Analytical Values of Oxygen and the Surface Area of Steel Samples in Inert Gas Fusion – Infrared Absorption Spectrometry to Determine the Amount of Surface-adsorbed and Surface-reacted Oxygen Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.104(2018), No.1
    3. Development of “Twin-illumination and Subtraction Technique” for Detection of Concave and Convex Defects on Steel Pipes in Hot Condition Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.104(2018), No.1

  • Influence of Stress Re-distribution on Hydrogen-induced Fatigue Crack Propagation

    Daisuke Sasaki, Motomichi Koyama, Hiroshi Noguchi

    pp. 46-53

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    DOI:10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2017-050

    Abstract

    In order to clarify influence of stress re-distribution effect on hydrogen-induced fatigue crack propagation, we investigated fatigue crack propagation rates and brittle-like fracture ratio. The experiments were conducted in nitrogen and hydrogen gas atmosphere with ferrite-pearlite steels having different pearlite ratio, respectively. The crack propagation rates and the brittle-like fracture ratio decreased as pearlite ratio increased. To explain the changes of crack propagation rates and fracture ratio, we proposed that the stress re-distribution effect causing stress and strain relaxation at a crack tip contributes to suppression of the hydrogen-induced fatigue crack propagation. As a verification, finite element methods were operated with models having different width of the hard phase and different distance between a crack tip and a hard phase in plane stress and strain conditions, respectively. The finite element method analysis showed that stress re-distribution effect was smaller in plane strain condition than that in plane stress condition, indicating that a large hardness difference is crucial in plane stress condition to suppress the hydrogen-induced fatigue crack propagation.

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    1. Lattice Defect Formation Behavior of Cold-drawn Pearlitic Steel Fractured under Elastic and Plastic Region in the Presence of Hydrogen Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.104(2018), No.1
    2. Correspondence Between the Analytical Values of Oxygen and the Surface Area of Steel Samples in Inert Gas Fusion – Infrared Absorption Spectrometry to Determine the Amount of Surface-adsorbed and Surface-reacted Oxygen Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.104(2018), No.1
    3. Development of “Twin-illumination and Subtraction Technique” for Detection of Concave and Convex Defects on Steel Pipes in Hot Condition Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.104(2018), No.1

  • Elastoplastic Deformation of a Steel Tube Subjected to the Strain Paths Composed of Two Line Segments

    Kengo Yoshida, Takuma Tsuchimoto

    pp. 54-60

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    DOI:10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2017-052

    Abstract

    Constitutive equations play an important role for improving the accuracy of finite element analysis used in metal forming simulations. Plastic flow behavior of a steel tube is experimentally investigated in the present study. A thin-walled steel tube is subjected to linear and nonlinear loading paths. For the linear loadings, a ratio of the displacement and rotation of a grip is fixed at constant. Experimentally measured plastic flow is well predicted by the associated flow rule based on an anisotropic yield function at least for the linear loadings. In the nonlinear loadings, the specimen is subjected to the uniaxial tension followed by the simultaneous application of the axial load and torsion. The plastic flow directions in the nonlinear loadings do not agree with those for the linear loadings even though the stress states are identical. These experimental trends cannot be reproduced by the associated flow rule. We have found the linear relationship between the direction of plastic strain rate and the direction of strain rate. Therefore, the experimental data indicates that the direction of plastic flow can be represented by the direction of the strain rate as well as the stress state.

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  • Correspondence Between the Analytical Values of Oxygen and the Surface Area of Steel Samples in Inert Gas Fusion – Infrared Absorption Spectrometry to Determine the Amount of Surface-adsorbed and Surface-reacted Oxygen

    Tomoyuki Chiba, Kazuaki Wagatsuma, Kunio Takada, Kenji Abiko

    pp. 61-63

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    DOI:10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2017-056

    Abstract

    The objective of this paper is to suggest a new technique for evaluating an oxygen content of the bulk in a steel sample separated from the amount of the surface-adsorbed and surface-reacted species in inert gas fusion – infrared absorption method. For this purpose, a correspondence between surface areas of the sample and the analytical values was investigated in detail, indicating that there was a linear relationship between them. Contribution of the surface components could be individually determined from the linear regression analysis, giving a true value of the oxygen content in a steel sample. This method is carried out without any modification of the analytical apparatus; it is thus recommended for quantification of oxygen in steel samples with better accuracy.

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    Readers Who Read This Article Also Read

    1. Lattice Defect Formation Behavior of Cold-drawn Pearlitic Steel Fractured under Elastic and Plastic Region in the Presence of Hydrogen Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.104(2018), No.1
    2. Influence of Stress Re-distribution on Hydrogen-induced Fatigue Crack Propagation Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.104(2018), No.1
    3. Development of “Twin-illumination and Subtraction Technique” for Detection of Concave and Convex Defects on Steel Pipes in Hot Condition Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.104(2018), No.1

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  • © 2018 The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan

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