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Tetsu-to-Hagané
Vol. 54 (1968), No. 12

Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol. 54 (1968), No. 12

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ONLINE ISSN:	1883-2954
PRINT ISSN:	0021-1575
Publisher:	The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan

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27 Apr. (Last 30 Days)

Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol. 54 (1968), No. 12

Diffusion in Iron Oxide Melts

Kazumi MORI, Kanae SUZUKI

pp. 1199-1203

Abstract

The interdiffusivity of iron and oxygen in iron oxide melts has been measured by the capillary method in a temperature range from 1430 to 1550°C and for a composition range from r (=Fe³⁺/ΣFe)=0.12 to 0.42. At 1550°C, the interdifrusivity is 4×10^-4-5×10^-5cm²/sec, which is very high as compared with the diffusivity of silicate slags. Activation energies for diffusion are 10.7±0.6 and 16.6±0.2 kcal/mol at r=0.12 and 0.33, respectively. The diffusivity decreases with increase of r.
At higher Fe³⁺ content (r>-0.25), this decrease of diffusivity becomes to a larger extent. The observed results are interpreted with relation to the constitution of the melts and other properties such as electrical conductivity and viscosity.

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Diffusion in Iron Oxide Melts

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A Study on the Formation and Reduction of Fayalite (Fe₂SiO₄)

Susumu MINOWA, Mamoru YAMADA, Yasuyoshi TORII

pp. 1203-1216

Abstract

In this work, the rate of formation of fayalite (Fe₂SiO₄) from mixture of ferrous oxide and α-quartz was measured. The influence of various oxide additions on the formation of fayalite was also studied. These synthetized samples were reduced with H₂ or in graphite crucible. The rate of reduction was measured, and reduction products were investigated with X-ray diffraction.
The results obtained are as follows:
1) The rate of formation satisfies with JANDER'S equation.
2) The formation of fayalite was generally delayed by additions. The stoichiometric molar ratio of FeO/SiO₂ was altered as a result of the reaction of added compounds with FeO and Si0₂.
3) Especially, the formation of fayalite was delayed when magnetite and tridymite co-existed with fayalite as a reaction product.
4) The rate of reduction agrees with MCKEWAN'S equation, during the early period of reduction. When the reduction proceeds further with formation of amorphous SiO₂, MCKEWAN'S equation was not valid, since fayalite reduction is prevented by amorphous SiO₂.
5) FeO was reduced first in the samples which contain FeO and additions. The rate of reduction of fayalite was influenced little by additions.
6) It is found that fayalite is decomposed into Fe and Fe₂-xSiO₄-y at the primary stage of reduction. When Fe₂-gSiO₄-y was reduced further, it changed to amorphous SiO₂ at low temperature, and α-crystobalite at high temperature.

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A Study on the Formation and Reduction of Fayalite (Fe₂SiO₄)

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On the Formation of Calcium Ferrite in Sintered Ore

Minoru SASAKI, Takao NAKAZAWA

pp. 1217-1225

Abstract

Calcium ferrite phases in the sintered ores whose basicities were about 1.5 were investigated by the polished thin section method and X-ray microanalysis. They were hemicalcium ferrite containing Al₂O₃ of several to ten odd per cent and some of them included the very fine particles of calcium ferrite of ternary system or hematite precipitated in the cooling process. Hemicalcium ferrite was classified in four types, i. e. columnar, long columnar, acicular and dendritic. The formation mechanisms of the particles of each type are as follows: Columnar and long columnar ferrite is formed by the reaction of iron oxide with CaO in molten slag and their shapes depend on firing temperature and cooling rate. Acicular ferrite whose Al₂O₃ content are remarkably high grow from the ash of coarse coke particle. Dendritic ferrite is crystallized from the molten slag whose ratio of CaO to SiO₂is small. The formation of the particle composed of two kinds of calcium ferrite is related to the change of the oxygen potential of the melt during crystallization.

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ISIJ International Vol.44(2004), No.12

鉄と鋼第54年 (1968) 第12号, p.1217～1225 “焼結鉱中のCalcium Ferriteの生成について”

Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.54(1968), No.14

Study on the Mineralogical and Metallurgical Properties of Synthetic Calcium Ferrite

Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.55(1969), No.8

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On the Formation of Calcium Ferrite in Sintered Ore

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On the Formation of Silicate Mineral in High Basicity Sinter

Minoru SASAKI, Takao NAKAZAWA, Shnichi KONDO

pp. 1225-1231

Abstract

The microstructures of the slag matrices in the industrial sinters with high basicity were investigated. The matrices are composed mainly of dicalcium silicate, melilite and glassy silicate. Small amounts of calcium ferrite and iron oxide, whose crystals are dendritic in many cases, are also contained. On the basis of the combinations of these minerals, the crystal-lization processes from the molten slag of the CaO-FeO-Fe₂O₃-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ system are discussed. The matrices containing dicalcium silicate as the first primary phase are observed generally throughout the sample sinters, and those containing other primary phases are not generally. The formation of the latter is considered to be originated in the maldistribution of raw materials and the delay in the homogenization of the melt. The melilite particles, the non-precipitated silicate, which is formed by the reaction of coke ash and molten slag, is found only a little.

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Reduction of SiO₂ Content in Sinter Ore and Its Effect on Blast Furnace Operation

Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.73(1987), No.15

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On the Formation of Silicate Mineral in High Basicity Sinter

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Effect of Multi-Stage Crushing on the Size Distribution Control of Crushed Product of Iron Ore

Shigeru MUKAI, Minoru ICHIDATE

pp. 1232-1241

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The prevention of undesired fine particles production during the crushing of iron ores is one of the important problems in the blast furnace burden preparation.
This paper presented a study on the size distribution of the crushed product of iron ores under various reduction ratios and on the benefit of the multi-stage crushing.
Crushing experiments with several reduction ratios confirmed that the amount of fine particles in the crushed product increased with increasing the reduction ratio and that the size distribution of the crushed product agreed well with the GAUDIN-MELOY equation. The relationship between the size ratio r in the GAUDIN-MELOY equation and the reduction ratio R was obtained as the following equation with two constants, a and b;
r=a (R)^b
Using the above results, the size distribution of the final product in any multi-stage crushing can be calculated.
As a result, it is distinctly recognized that the multi-stage crushing benefits for the size distribution control of the crushed product.

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Effect of Multi-Stage Crushing on the Size Distribution Control of Crushed Product of Iron Ore

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Study on the Manufacture of Self Fluxed Pellets and the Use to Blast Furnace

Shigeyoshi FUJII, Setsuo TAMURA, Kazumasa TAGUCHI, Kazuo KUNII, Reijiro NISHIDA

pp. 1241-1259

Abstract

The paper presented the development of self-fluxing pellets and the availability in them to blast furnace of Kobe Work Ltd.
Several phases of the pelletizing process are discussed individually, and also their relation to performance in blast furnace operation. Special emphasis is placed on proper preparation of the limestone added to the raw materials, and indurating at optimum conditions.
Better quality of pellet will be gained by the proper size distribution of raw material the control of indurating temperature. The performance of blast furnace with self-fluxed pellets are also discussed.

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Study on the Manufacture of Self Fluxed Pellets and the Use to Blast Furnace

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On the Mineral Composition and the Formation of the Scaffold at the Shaft of Tobata No 1 BF

Minoru SASAKI, Takao NAKAZAWA

pp. 1259-1267

Abstract

The mineral compositions and formation mechanisms of the scaffolds, taken from Tobata No 1 BF were investigated. In the scaffold sample from the upper level of the shaft, coke breeze and fine or lamelar cementite are combined to the wall by zincite. It is thought that the fragmentation of a cementite particle occurs with the grain growth of matrix zincite and the lamination of cementite is caused by vigorous carbon deposition under the compressive force developed by the burden material. The scaffold rich in silicate from the middle level is estimated to be the sintered body of the particles of the iron are and the compounds formed in ascending gas. Samples. from the lower level of the shaft and the belly are composed mainly of kalsilite and they are formed by the reaction of firebrick of chamotte with alkali oxide. The measures for preventing the growth of scaffold in the shaft are discussed.

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On the Mineral Composition and the Formation of the Scaffold at the Shaft of Tobata No 1 BF

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On the Behavior of Hydrogen in the Blast Furnace Top Gas

Katsuya ONO, Masatake TATEOKA, Yoshio TAKEI, Shoji HANABUSA

pp. 1268-1271

Abstract

Investigations were carried out on the behavior of hydrogen in blast furnace top gas.Relationship between hydrogen utilization ηH₂ and carbon monoxide utilization ηco was found.
It was given as
ηH₂=ηco+8
With this euation it is possible to detect water leakage of tuyeres and cooling boxes of blast furnace.

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On the Behavior of Hydrogen in the Blast Furnace Top Gas

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Deboronization Phenomena in Surface Layer of Steel with Carburizing Process

Yoshihiko ABE, Isao OKABE

pp. 1271-1277

Abstract

As the loss of boron from surface layer of steel during austenitizing should diminish from its beneficial effect, the authors investigated the characteristics of B-treated steel in view of practical effectscaused in the deboronization with the carburizing.
First of all, the deboronization appeared with the decrease of the amount of effective B and the increase of the amount of ineffective B in the sense that itbecomes so remarkable while carburizing depth becomes deep, and the loss of effective B from carburizing surface brings about following changes on the hardness distribution of carburizing layer;
1. As boron available for the decrease of the amount of retained austenite is lost, the lowering of hardness occurs in the outer part of carburizing layer.
2. As the benefit of increasing hardenability by boron is lost, the practical hardening depth becomes remarkably thiner under the slow cooling condition, which is due to the large size of sample.
Of course it would be possible to diminish these failures with the increase of previously contained amount of boron, but it would be impossible to eliminate the disadvantage that the amount of ineffective B-compound increases on the surface layer.
To summarize, therefore, the characteristics of B-treated steel is in similar with higher alloy steel not containing boron which is used in small carburizing part with the thin hardening depth, to which unfavorable effect by the deboronization is ignored.

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Deboronization Phenomena in Surface Layer of Steel with Carburizing Process

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Behavior and Thermodynamic Properties of Tantalum Carbide and Nitride in Steels

Toshisada MORI, Masaharu TOKIZANE, Eihachiro SUNAMI, Yoshiyuki NAKAZIMA

pp. 1277-1289

Abstract

The structure, chemical composition and behaviors of tantalum-carbides and nitrides in steels were-studied by means of metallographic observation and chemical analysis as well as X-ray diffraction analysis of the residues extracted from various specimens of vacuum melted high purity Fe-Ta-C, Fe-Ta-N and Fe-Ta-C-N alloys containing tantalum up to 3.16%. The specimens were prepared from forged materials by solution treatment and long time holding at various temperatures from 1000 to 1300°C. The quantitative analysis of soluble-tantalum, -carbon and -nitrogen was also conducted in-order to calculate the solubility products of tantalum-carbide and-nitride in austenite.Results obtained are as follows;
1) The precipitates of tantalum-carbides or-carbonitrides were observed predominantly on austenite grain boundaries as finely dispersed particles, while the tantalum-nitrides were precipitated as comparatively large particles.
2) It was confirmed that these precipitates can be quantitatively isolated from the iron matrix by dissolving the chips in 6N-HC1 solution at room temperature.
3) The precipitated tantalum-carbide or-carbonitride in these samples were identified to be f. c. c.δ-phase and their lattice constant decreased as the content of nitrogen in sample increased.On the other hand, the precipitated tantalum-nitrides in various specimens were identified to be h. c. p.γ-phase with almost same lattice constant.Intermetallic compound Fe₇Ta₃ was also found in the sample containing tantalum of more than 3%.
4) The precipitated δ-phase was not pure carbide but carbonitride even in the Fe-Ta-C alloys containing little nitrogen and its chemical composition was determined to be TaC_0.85N_0.06.The precipitated r-phase was estimated to be pure tantalum-nitride TaN_0.85.
5) The solubility products of the tantalum-carbonitride and -nitride in austenite were given respectively by the following equations;
log[%Ta] [%C]^0.85 [%N]^0.06=-5, 800/T+2.02
log[%Ta] [%N]^0.85=-7, 400/T+2.09
6) It has been proved that oxygen has the stronger affinity to tantalum than carbon and nitrogen. in austenite.The preferential precipitation of a little amount of tapiolite [Fe, Ta (Nb)] O₂ was recognized in all specimens.

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Behavior and Thermodynamic Properties of Tantalum Carbide and Nitride in Steels

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On the Delayed Fracture of Low-Alloy High Strength Steels in Aqueous Environments

Shoichi FUKUI, Chiaki ASADA

pp. 1290-1297

Abstract

A cantilever type testing apparatus for delayed fracture was developed to investigate the characteristics of delayed fracture in several aqueous environments for two kinds of low alloy high strength steels having a sorbitic and a martensitic structures the tensile strength of which were about 125kg/mm² and 150kg/mm² respectively.
These steels were failed even in the air after a long period of time under high sustained stresses, and the fracture strengths were decreased in the sequence of air, water, pH 5-HCl solution, 0.1% NaCl solution, pH 3-HCl solution, 3% NaCl solution, 0.1 N-HCl solution and acetic acid solution saturated with H₂S.
The results of the observation of the fracture surfaces, crack initiation behaviour in delayed fracture and the quantitative analysis of hydrogen in steel lead the conclusion that the delayed fracture in these environments occurs by hydrogen induced from the surroundings, and the more active supply of hydrogen promises the lower fracture strength of the steel under sustained load.

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On the Delayed Fracture of Low-Alloy High Strength Steels in Aqueous Environments

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The Reverse Transformation and the Accompanying Anomaly in Dilatation on Heating of Meta-stable Austenitic Stainless Steel

Toshio SAITO

pp. 1297-1310

Abstract

An anomalous expansion in the dilatation curve of cold-rolled 18-8 stainless steel was incidentally found at about 530°C.The present experiments were made in order to clarify the cause of the anomalous expansion observed in the dilatation curve of some meta-stable austenitic Cr-Ni steels coldworked at various temperature, and also to clarify the behaviour of the reverse transformation of martensite to austenite in these steels, mainly by the thermal dilatation method and the micro-structural observations.
When a cold worked 18-8 steel was heated at constant velocity of heating, the martensite in the steel transformed to austenite reversely step by step at the temperature range of 400-900°C.The first transformation began at 400°C, and the greater part of martensite transformed to austenite martensitically at 500-650°C, and the second at 680-760°C, the third at 800-900°C, respectively.However, the amount of transforming martensite decreased less and less as temperature raised.In such reverse transformation, the diffusionless process occurred at early stage and the diffusional process continued in after the first stage.The lath type martensite was separated along {111} plane, by growing austenite nucleated at that plane, and gradually thinned off.The second anomalous expansion was newly found in this experiment at the second reverse transformation temperature range, in addition to the anomalous first expansion previously found at the first reverse transformation range.The anomaly appeared in two phase steels consisting of the predominant martensite and retained austenite in proper phase ratio, regardless the steels were cold-worked or not.
It was considered that the anomalous expansion is related to the martensite which transformed diffusionally and to the reverse transformation character of textured martensite to the certain oriented austenite.

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The Reverse Transformation and the Accompanying Anomaly in Dilatation on Heating of Meta-stable Austenitic Stainless Steel

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The Effects of Oxygen and Carbon on Yield Point of α-Iron

Shinichi TANIOKA, Yoshinori SAIGA, Yoshikazu KURIYAMA

pp. 1311-1312

Abstract

In order to study the effects of oxygen and carbon on mechanical properties in a-iron, tensile test were done on the specimens with various oxygen contents and on the carburized specimens with various oxygen contents.
The results obtained here are as follows:(1) Yield point is lowered with the increase of oxygen content.(2) Ky value that is the coefficent of the grain size dependent term in PETCH relation σy=σi+Kyd-1/2, isaffected by oxygen, but σi is not.(3) In carburized specimens with various oxygen contents, the yield point is increased by carburizing and lowered with the increase of oxygen content.

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The Effects of Oxygen and Carbon on Yield Point of α-Iron

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Analytical Equipments and their Work Condition at Sakai Iron Plant

Noboru MIURA, Takashi OTSUKI

pp. 1313-1323

Abstract

New analytical equipments and their work condition at Sakai iron plant which produces steel ingots of 4, 500, 000t/ year are described. Main equipments, which analyse rapidly (about two minutes for one steel) and automatically iron, steel, slags and sinter, consist of an analytical computer (Quantac 502) belong to two photoelectric vacuum spectroscopic analysis apparatus (Quantvac) and a fluorescent X-ray analysis apparatus (VXQ). The analytical center is arranged in the office for converter plant. At the 1 st floor, an instrumental analysis room, a sample prepared room and a water analysis room is arranged. At the 2nd floor, two wet chemical analysis room, a fuel analysis room and a gas (in steel) analysis room is arranged. Also, the analytical center is connected to the converter plant, the blast furnace plant and the raw material testing center by the air shooter. The molten steel sample at the converter plant is shooted by the air shooter and is prepared automatically by the automatic sample preparater. Analytical results from Quantvac and VXQ is reported automatically by Quantac 502 as input of the process computer at the converter plant. Then, a, new type fluorescent X-ray analysis apparatus is made by Shimadzu Co., Ltd., is named VXQ-P, is attached the three program scanner and the two pulse height analyser, and is used analysis of iron ores.

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Analytical Equipments and their Work Condition at Sakai Iron Plant

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Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol. 54 (1968), No. 12

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仁井谷 冷却 camp-isij

high carbon steel crack corner

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centrifugal flow tundish

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establishment of evaluation and prediction system of comprehensive state based on big data technology in a commercial blast furnace

production of thin wall welded titanium tube s by high frequency pulsed arc welding

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Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol. 54 (1968), No. 12

Diffusion in Iron Oxide Melts

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A Study on the Formation and Reduction of Fayalite (Fe2SiO4)

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On the Formation of Calcium Ferrite in Sintered Ore

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On the Formation of Silicate Mineral in High Basicity Sinter

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Effect of Multi-Stage Crushing on the Size Distribution Control of Crushed Product of Iron Ore

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Study on the Manufacture of Self Fluxed Pellets and the Use to Blast Furnace

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On the Mineral Composition and the Formation of the Scaffold at the Shaft of Tobata No 1 BF

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On the Behavior of Hydrogen in the Blast Furnace Top Gas

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Deboronization Phenomena in Surface Layer of Steel with Carburizing Process

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Behavior and Thermodynamic Properties of Tantalum Carbide and Nitride in Steels

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On the Delayed Fracture of Low-Alloy High Strength Steels in Aqueous Environments

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The Reverse Transformation and the Accompanying Anomaly in Dilatation on Heating of Meta-stable Austenitic Stainless Steel

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The Effects of Oxygen and Carbon on Yield Point of α-Iron

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Analytical Equipments and their Work Condition at Sakai Iron Plant

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Article Access Ranking

Interactions between interstitial and substitutional elements of solute diatomic and triatomic clusters in α-Fe from first-principles calculations

Effect of Wettability on Droplet Agglomeration in Two Immiscible Liquids

Thermodynamic Analysis on Slag/Metal Reactions in Steelmaking Process Using Direct Reduced Iron and Steel Scraps

The Crystal Structure of As-quenched Fe–C Martensite

Comparison between the Lüders and Portevin–Le Chatelier bands in the low-strain-rate tensile testing of ultralow-carbon ferritic steel

Molecular dynamics of solidification

Production of silicon by microwave heating

Large Eddy Simulation on Flow Structure in Centrifugal Flow Tundish

Basic Study on Flow Behavior of Molten Steel in a Continuous Casting Machine in the Presence of Static Magnetic Field Parallel to the Slab Width Direction

Attitude Control of a 2-wheel Satellite by Using a Time-State Control Form

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仁井谷冷却 camp-isij

A Study on the Formation and Reduction of Fayalite (Fe₂SiO₄)