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Journal of the Japan Institute of Energy Vol. 95 (2016), No. 10

ISIJ International
belloff
ONLINE ISSN: 1882-6121
PRINT ISSN: 0916-8753
Publisher: The Japan Institute of Energy

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Journal of the Japan Institute of Energy Vol. 95 (2016), No. 10

Model Calculation of Heat Balance of Wood Pyrolysis

Yoichi KODERA, Mamoru KAIHO

pp. 881-889

DOI:

10.3775/jie.95.881

Abstract

Stoichiometric analysis and heat balance analysis of wood pyrolysis were conducted to improve a pyrolytic gasification system. Heat balance around a pyrolysis furnace was estimated by calculating heat of pyrolysis, sensible and latent heats of products and heat loss of a furnace. Using literature data, macromolecules were expressed by mean compositional formulas, and the heat of pyrolysis was obtained by the stoichiometric approach including the overall equation of pyrolysis. Pyrolysis was exothermic reaction at the range of 773 – 1373 K. Despite the exothermic nature of pyrolysis, heat balance calculation around a pyrolysis furnace showed that external heat was required to compensate heat consumption of the sensible and latent heats of products and heat loss of a pyrolysis furnace. When a feed contains moisture, additional external heat was required. To use charcoal as fuel for the external heating to a furnace, the required amount of charcoal was calculated.

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Model Calculation of Heat Balance of Wood Pyrolysis

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Improvement of Fuel Property and the Lightening of Various Biodiesel by Metathesis Reaction

Kotaro MORI, Koji YAMANE, Kiyoshi OSAKADA, Kiyoshi KAWASAKI

pp. 890-896

DOI:

10.3775/jie.95.890

Abstract

Biodiesel fuel (Fatty acid methyl ester: FAME) shows high boiling temperature, so that it allows to accumulate in the engine oil, causing the premature engine wear. Recently, it was reported that the boiling behavior of biodiesel is adjusted to that of petro-diesel fuel by the cross-metathesis reaction with GrubbsII catalyst. In this study, the changes of molecule and fuel properties of PME, JME, RME, SME, and WME by cross-metathesis reaction was experimentally investigated. The cross-metathesis reaction of FAME and 1-hexene with Umicore M51 catalyst was carried out at 40 degree-C. From the experimental result, it is found that the long-chain length unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters components; C18:1, C18:2, C18:3, were converted to low & middle chain length fatty acid methyl esters, and the cold flow property of fuel is improved, but the oxidation stability is decreased.

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Improvement of Fuel Property and the Lightening of Various Biodiesel by Metathesis Reaction

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Additive Effect of Hydrogen Donor on Wood Biomass Liquefaction Using Diesel Oil as a Solvent

Yusuke KAKUTA, Kakeru TAKIGUCHI, Momohiro ISHIZU, Takuya ITO

pp. 897-901

DOI:

10.3775/jie.95.897

Abstract

Recently, biomass from a variety of sources including corn, various trees and sugarcane has been explored as an effective alternative fossil fuel resource. The direct liquefaction of wood biomass has been researched extensively. Herein is proposed a simple process for the direct liquefaction of wood biomass without a diesel oil blending process, instead using diesel oil as a solvent. However, when Japanese cedar was liquefied with a diesel oil solvent, there was more residue compared to using a polar solvent. Thus, the mechanism of formation of the residue was investigated in an effort to increase the amount of liquefied oil. It was discovered that the residue was generated via condensation of thermal degradation fragments derived from the Japanese cedar. For this reason, the effect of tetralin or plastic added as a hydrogen donor was examined. These experiments suggest that residue generation is suppressed by the action of these added hydrogen donors. Furthermore, the amount of liquefied oil obtained increased. This research suggests a new approach to the efficient generation of liquefied oil from biomass in the presence of a readily-available hydrogen donor using diesel oil as a solvent.

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Additive Effect of Hydrogen Donor on Wood Biomass Liquefaction Using Diesel Oil as a Solvent

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Production of Furan Compounds from Rice Straw with Ionic Liquid Treatment

Kazusa YOKOYAMA, Hisashi MIYAFUJI

pp. 902-908

DOI:

10.3775/jie.95.902

Abstract

Furan compounds such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural are valuable platform chemicals produced from lignocellulosics that can be used to produce polymers or liquid biofuels. In recent years, formation of furan compounds from glucose or xylose in ionic liquids has been studied. In this study, production of furan compounds from rice straw in various ionic liquids was conducted. 1-Methylimidazolium hydrogensulfate ([MIM]HSO4) was found to be the most effective ionic liquid. Yields of 7.9 wt% of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and 4.3 wt% of furfural were achieved at 160 °C and 1 wt% rice straw loading in [MIM]HSO4. It is also found that pretreatment with an ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate effectively enhanced the yield of furan compounds from rice straw by [MIM]HSO4 treatment .

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Production of Furan Compounds from Rice Straw with Ionic Liquid Treatment

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Effect of the Impurities in Bioethanol on Current Density of a Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell

Hirokazu ISHITOBI, Daiki NAITO, Yurina INO, Masaya YAJIMA, Nobuyoshi NAKAGAWA

pp. 909-914

DOI:

10.3775/jie.95.909

Abstract

The degradation of current density by impurities in bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass for use in a direct ethanol fuel cell was evaluated. The degradation experiment of using a single cell was conducted by adding nine impurities, i.e., methanol, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, 1-propanol, allyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, 3-methyl-1-butanol, acetal (acetaldehyde diethyl acetal), and benzaldehyde, to a 2 M ethanol aqueous solution. The current density of the single cell was degraded by the quasi bioethanol including the nine impurities. To clarify the principal poisoning impurity, we performed the cell measurement by only adding each single impurity. As a result, allyl alcohol turned out to be the main catalyst poison under the estimated condition. The negative effects by the other impurities were almost negligible.

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Effect of the Impurities in Bioethanol on Current Density of a Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell

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The Effect of Open Air Storage on Carbohydrates and Higher Heating Value Recovery of Erianthus

Ikuo HATTORI, Naoki KATO, Naohiro UWATOKO, Mitsuru GAU, Yasushi KIYOMURA

pp. 915-921

DOI:

10.3775/jie.95.915

Abstract

In regards to the energy use of water rich herbs, raw materials storage technology is important. Therefore, we carried out an open air storage examination of Erianthus to develop a low-cost storage technology. The Erianthus that was comprised of 492 g/kg water were cut into 15 mm, and were piled up into an original cone with a radius and height of 5 m using a conveyor belt. From the storage starting time, the top sank to 3.5 m in height by the next day. The density of this time was 259 kg/m3 in raw basis and 132 kg/m3 in dry basis. During the storage period, temperature at the surface was about 10 ℃ higher than the lowest air temperature. Those at the center and bottom were 20℃ higher, but they were not affected by the air temperature. The pH at the end of storage became less than 5 in the center, but other positions were neutral levels. The organic acids were mainly observed at the center where pH values were low. The total carbohydrates and HHV contents and recovery after the storage were high in the center part, and were decreased fell to the surface. Under the above conditions, the recovery of total carbohydrates was approximately 70% while the recovery of HHV was 75%.

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The Effect of Open Air Storage on Carbohydrates and Higher Heating Value Recovery of Erianthus

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Ni-CeO2 Nano-composite Anode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell with ScSZ Electrolyte for Biomass Gasification Fuel Cell Power Generation System

Kiyoto HARA, Yuta INOUE, Hibiki ITOH, Yoshihiko NINOMIYA, Tomoaki NAMIOKA

pp. 922-929

DOI:

10.3775/jie.95.922

Abstract

Ni-CeO2 nano-composite particle was applied to electrode catalyst for anode of a single cell, and anode deterioration by trace tar in fuel gas was evaluated in this paper. CeO2 addition to Ni was effective to suppress carbon deposition. When fuel gas was contaminated by toluene, the voltage drop and recovery cycle was observed several times during the power generation experiments, and then Ni content at the surface of the anode decreased. However, to increase CeO2 content in electrode catalyst was effective to suppress the frequency of the cycle and the decrease of Ni content from the surface. This implies that CeO2 controls anode deterioration by trace tar since steam reforming of toluene is enhanced by the synergetic effect of Ni and CeO2. In the case of toluene content: 20 g/Nm3 in the model fuel gas and CeO2 content: 20 mol.% in the electrode catalyst, the voltage between the anode and the reference electrode was stable for ten hours and the decrease of Ni content from the surface was not observed. Therefore, Ni-CeO2 nano-composite electrode catalyst has potential to be electrode catalyst for solid oxide fuel cell fueled by biomass gasification gas.

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Ni-CeO2 Nano-composite Anode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell with ScSZ Electrolyte for Biomass Gasification Fuel Cell Power Generation System

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Evaluation of Cellulase Activity in Enzymatic Hydrolysis Residues for Efficient Enzyme Reuse

Fumio HASEGAWA, Hiroyuki INOUE, Shinichi YANO, Shinya YOKOYAMA, Kenji IMOU

pp. 930-936

DOI:

10.3775/jie.95.930

Abstract

Enzymatic hydrolysis by cellulase has potential as an environment-friendly technology for producing bioethanol from lignocelluloses, but its production cost remains expensive. Therefore, several studies have examined methods in reducing the cost of enzymatic hydrolysis, and one of the most effective ways is to reuse enzymes. In this study, we developed a method for evaluating the cellulase activity in enzymatic hydrolysis residues for efficient enzyme reuse. Approximately 70% the of cellulase activity remained in the solid residue after 70% of the glucan was hydrolyzed, and 22% of cellulase activity still remained in the solid residue after 99% of glucan was hydrolyzed. Other experiments were performed in order to examine the application of our proposed method for practical reuse of enzymes. The results indicate that enzymes were recovered from the residues as we estimated by our method. Thus our method is efficient for evaluating cellulase activity in enzymatic hydrolysis residues.

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Evaluation of Cellulase Activity in Enzymatic Hydrolysis Residues for Efficient Enzyme Reuse

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