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Zairyo-to-Kankyo Vol. 62 (2013), No. 10

ISIJ International
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ONLINE ISSN: 1881-9664
PRINT ISSN: 0917-0480
Publisher: Japan Society of Corrosion Engineering

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Zairyo-to-Kankyo Vol. 62 (2013), No. 10

Development and Nobel Application of Numerical Corrosion Simulation

Kenji Amaya, Yuki Onishi

pp. 342-347

DOI:

10.3323/jcorr.62.342

Abstract

Numerical simulation is gathering many expectations in the field of corrosion engineering with the development of computer. In this review the two example topics are introduced.
The first topic is “Numerical method for time-dependent localized corrosion analysis with moving boundaries”. The numerical method for time-dependent localized corrosion analysis is presented. Electromigration, mass diffusion, chemical reactions, and moving boundaries are considered in the numerical simulation of localized corrosion of engineering alloys in an underwater environment. The method combines the finite volume method （FVM）and the voxel method.
In the second topic, the forecasting system of the current from sacrificial anodes using data assimilation was introduced.
Some numerical verification example analysis are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the methods.

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Development and Nobel Application of Numerical Corrosion Simulation

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Application of Corrosion Simulation Program in Chemical Plants

Masazumi Miyazawa

pp. 348-351

DOI:

10.3323/jcorr.62.348

Abstract

The service environment of equipment such as combination of processes and materials and works are very complicated in chemical plants. The best material selection or solution of corrosion cause in the service environment is required large number of corrosion tests. for this reason the corrosion studies are required a lot of time and cost. Therefore, as for reduction of time, the electrochemical noise analysis（ENA）was introduced instead of standard mass loss method and as for cost reduction, numbers of measurement points were concentrated using a corrosion simulation program（CSP）. As the results of the studies, the corrosion study period is reduced less than 10％ of the conventional period and corrosion test cost is greatly reduced.

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Application of Corrosion Simulation Program in Chemical Plants

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Application of Simulation Technique on Studies of Ammonium Salts Corrosion in Oil Refining Plants

Kazuhiro Toba

pp. 352-358

DOI:

10.3323/jcorr.62.352

Abstract

Process simulation and heat exchanger simulation are applied as design tools for oil refining plants. Calculation accuracy has been enhanced and these techniques have been generally used. On the other hand, electrolyte thermodynamic model has been practically used to predict corrosion environment recently. Many case studies using this model are reported. Corrosion caused by ammonium salts such as NH4Cl or NH4HS is one of the serious issues in oil refining plants because corrosion rate can reach several mm per year in the concentrated ammonium salts solutions and it is difficult to predict corrosion rate. This is because it is quite difficult to predict localized corrosive environment in the plant. Thus, employment of electrolyte thermodynamic model is helpful to evaluate localized corrosion environment. This paper describes some examples that simulation technique was applied to study ammonium salts corrosion.

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Application of Simulation Technique on Studies of Ammonium Salts Corrosion in Oil Refining Plants

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Application Examples of Numerical Corrosion Analysis for Seawater Pump

Matsuho Miyasaka, Keisuke Hayabusa

pp. 359-365

DOI:

10.3323/jcorr.62.359

Abstract

The authors have developed 2D, 3D and axisymmetric boundary-element-method（BEM）and BEM system based on these programs, in order to quantitatively estimate cathodic protection and macro-cell corrosion such as galvanic corrosion and differential-aeration-cell-corrosion. Because the knowledge of physical quantities（potential and current density）on the surface of corroding materials is of prime importance in corrosion problems, the authors have developed the BEM, which does not require internal elements discretization with internal element. Whereas, conventional analysis techniques, e.g. finite-difference-method（FDM）and finite-element-method （FEM）require internal element discretization which brings difficulties on the analysis of complicated 3D regions.
In this paper, the history of development of corrosion analysis are reviewed briefly, Next, the BEM and BEM system are explained, and validity and usefulness of the BEM system are demonstrated by showing verification tests and application examples for cathodic protection.

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Application Examples of Numerical Corrosion Analysis for Seawater Pump

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Application of Computer Simulation on Corrosion Prevention in Plant Engineering

Eiki Nagashima

pp. 366-368

DOI:

10.3323/jcorr.62.366

Abstract

Current status of corrosion simulation in plant engineering is reviewed. As a result, it is shown that corrosion simulation is used for evaluation of corrosion resistance of materials, study of corrosiveness by change in operation parameter and identification of highly corrosive locations.
In addition, an example of application of corrosion simulator for gas production facility which handles corrosive media such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide is introduced. As are result, it is indicated that calculated results are different between simulators due to difference in input parameters or calculation algorithm.
Through the study, it is suggested that corrosion simulation is a powerful tool but knowledge and special consideration on corrosion phenomenon are required for engineers who use it.

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Application of Computer Simulation on Corrosion Prevention in Plant Engineering

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Water Quality Analysis by Nakajima Diagram of Cooling-water System Copper Pitting Corrosion

Hiroshi Nakajima

pp. 377-382

DOI:

10.3323/jcorr.62.377

Abstract

About copper localized corrosion water factor, clear-cut decisions was conventionally difficult in addition to corrosion specialists. The hole which can be judged from a calculation result to anyone now - the number of forefingers is shown. Furthermore, it is possible by using Nakajima Diagram to judge the corrosion Risk of water quality, the propriety of past water quality, etc. also by non-experts of corrosion. This was confirmed employing copper I type pitting corrosion 4 example and healthy 2 examples in a cooling-water system. Furthermore, the proposal and efficacy of improvements index in water quality： WQII（improvements index in water quality）which can judge the propriety of the present water quality management simple were shown.

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Water Quality Analysis by Nakajima Diagram of Cooling-water System Copper Pitting Corrosion

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Corrosion Control of the Copper-alloy with reinforced Biofilm by Iron hydroxide

Atsushi Kawabe, Naoya Yamamoto

pp. 383-388

DOI:

10.3323/jcorr.62.383

Abstract

In the clean seawater without chlorination, the protective film of copper alloy tube is biofilm. The biofilm is damaged by low chlorination, therefore the biofilm is necessary to reinforce by Fe2+ injection. The protective film can be evaluated by measuring polarization resistance. According to the polarization resistance value, we regulated the concentration of Fe2+. Here we report a result for about four years. With this method, good corrosion control and good cleanliness have been maintained.

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Corrosion Control of the Copper-alloy with reinforced Biofilm by Iron hydroxide

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Corrosion Test Using Bottom Water from Oil-storage Tank and Change of Microbial Community

Satoshi Wakai, Sotaro Fujii, Misa Masanari, Akihiro Abe, Yoshihiro Sambongi

pp. 389-392

DOI:

10.3323/jcorr.62.389

Abstract

Involvement of microorganisms to corrosion refers to microbiological influenced corrosion（MIC）. Systematic methods for MIC diagnosis are not established, because relationship between microbial community and progression of corrosion has not yet been clarified. Here we conducted the lab-scale corrosion test and monitored the corrosion rate and microbial community in order to investigate a relationship between microbial community and progression of corrosion, which will be basic for the MIC diagnosis. First, we collected bottom water from three different oil-storage tanks in Japan. Microbial communities in these samples differed with each other. Next, corrosion rate of these samples was estimated by measuring release rate of Fe ions from metallic Fe. An accelerated corrosion was only observed in the sample supplied with inorganic salts. DGGE analysis showed that microbial community in this sample was changed from that in starting water sample. These results indicate that the inorganic salts added, which offers a model situation of environmental water quality change, may influence the rate of microbial growth. We propose that periodical monitoring of microbial community and water quality should be carried out in order to establish useful methods for MIC diagnosis.

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Corrosion Test Using Bottom Water from Oil-storage Tank and Change of Microbial Community

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Electrochemical Behavior of Copper Tube with Silica Scale in Synthetic Freshwater

Masahiro Sakai, Shinta Araya

pp. 393-396

DOI:

10.3323/jcorr.62.393

Abstract

Silica scale was formed on copper tubes by immersing in test solutions containing silica and chloride ion for 7 days. The film formed on copper tubes immersed in 20 ppm Cl－ solution without silica composed mainly cuprous oxide（Cu2O）. Silica in test water inhibits the formation of Cu2O on copper tubes. The corrosion potential of the copper tube with silica scale was less-nobler than that of the copper tube without silica scale. The galvanic monitoring was made for a pair consisting of the copper tubes with and without silica scale. The galvanic current flew from the copper tube without silica scale to the copper tube with silica scale. This result indicates that the copper tube with silica scale acted as the anode, whereas the copper tube without silica scale acted as the cathode.

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Electrochemical Behavior of Copper Tube with Silica Scale in Synthetic Freshwater

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Corrosion-rate-simulation of Seel in Wet & Dry Repeat Test on the Basis of the New Equation Relevant to Oxygen Reduction Limitting Current.

Takao Yamazaki

pp. 397-402

DOI:

10.3323/jcorr.62.397

Abstract

Constant iabs or δ≠ has been determined at eight electrolyte film salt concentration c, on basis of the following equation ; 1/ilim＝iabs/（1＋δ/δ≠）, where ilim is the cathodic limitting current of oxygen reduction, δ is the thickness of electrolyte thin film formed on cathode, and iabs or δ≠ is a constant inherent in c.
Provided that the wet corrosion rate of steel under drying process is proportional to the limitting reduction current due to oxygen in atmosphere, ilim has been simulated as a function of c which is the good indicator of drying process state on corroding steel surface.
The ilim simulation obtained from ten c agrees fairly well with the corrosion rate of steel in wet&dry repeat corrosion test measured by electrochemical impedance method reported by Nishikata et al.

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Corrosion-rate-simulation of Seel in Wet & Dry Repeat Test on the Basis of the New Equation Relevant to Oxygen Reduction Limitting Current.

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