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鉄と鋼
Vol. 65 (1979), No. 1

鉄と鋼 Vol. 65 (1979), No. 1

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オンライン版ISSN:	1883-2954
冊子版ISSN:	0021-1575
発行機関:	The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan

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キーワードランキング

21 Dec. (Last 30 Days)

鉄と鋼 Vol. 65 (1979), No. 1

随想

Chikao YOSHII

pp. 1-2,157

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Production and Technology of Iron and Steel in Japan during 1978

Tsuneyo IKI

pp. 3-23

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Pore Radius Distributions of Iron Reduced from Hematite Containing Several Foreign Oxides

Yoshiaki IGUCHI, Makio IIDA, Michio INOUYE

pp. 24-33

抄録

The pore-radius distribution of the reduced iron from hematite containing several foreign oxides was measured by the mercury penetration method. Hematite was reduced by hydrogen and carbon-monoxide at about 800° and 1000°C.
These foreign oxides were grouped into four types depending on the effect on the pore radius.
(1) The oxides such as Al₂O₃, Cr₂O₃ and TiO₂ which are considerably soluble in hematite and magnetite but practically insoluble in wustite.
(2) The oxides such as CaO which are considerably soluble in wustite but have limited solubilities.
(3) The oxides such as MgO which form continuous solid solutions with wustite and do not have limited solubilities.
(4) The oxides such as SiO₂ which are almost insoluble in any iron oxides.
According to the present work, the effects of those oxides on the pore radius in reduced iron are as follows.
The oxides in group 1 form the micro pores of the radius which decreases with increasing the amount. The oxides in group 2 form the macro pores of the radius which increases with increasing the amount. The oxides in group 3 show practically little effect on the pore radius. The oxides in group 4 do not influence the pore radius.

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Density and Surface Tension of CaF₂-based Binary Melts

鉄と鋼 Vol.66(1980), No.2

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Pore Radius Distribution of Iron Reduced from Magnetite and Wustite Containing Al₂O₃, CaO or MgO

Yoshiaki IGUGHI, Michio INOUYE

pp. 34-43

抄録

The pore-radius distributions in the reduced iron from magnetite and wustite containing several foreign oxides were measured by the mercury penetration method, and the cross sections of the wustite grains in the partially reduced samples were observed.
The following results were obtained.
(1) Wustite grains reduced from magnetite containing Al₂O₃ are reduced nontopochemically and the micro pores are formed in the reduced iron. However, this behavior is not observed when the wustite as a starting material contains Al₂O₃.
(2) Wustite grains which are reduced from magnetite and wustite containing CaO are reduced nontopochemically and the pore radius becomes larger with increasing the quantities of CaO.
(3) Wustite grains containing MgO are reduced topochemically as in the case of pure wustite grains and the addition of MgO gives little effect to the pore-adius of reduced iron.
(4) It is concluded that those effects of Al₂O₃ and also CaO can be found when the compounds of the foreign oxides with iron oxides are precipitated in wustite during the reduction.

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Relationship of the Gas Temperature Distribution with the Descending Rate and Layer Thickness of Burden in the Throat of Blast Furnace

Kiichi NARITA, Shin-ichi INABA, Isao KOBAYASHI, Ken-ichi OKIMOTO, Masakata SHIMIZU, Keiji KUWANO, Koichi IKEDA

pp. 44-52

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The gas temperature distribution in the throat of the blast furnace is divided into two patterns. One is named the spire type, in which the temperature is extremely high only in the central narrow part. Another is named the hill type, in which the temperature is high over the wide region of center.
The gas temperature distribution seems to be closely related to the descending rate of burden. For the spire type, the descending rate measured by a sounding probe is higher than the average rate calculated from the charging volume of burden. For the hill type, in which the measured rate is lower than the average, the descending rate in the central part is thought to be higher than the average.
The difference in descending rate between the central and the peripheral parts results in variation of the distribution of ore to coke ratio in stack. The variation of the layer thickness of burden in throat is theoretically calculated considering the distribution of descending rate.
The distribution pattern of top gas temperature is closely related to the thermal condition of blast furnace, and its change usually occurs six to ten hours before the beginning of variation in the temperature of pig iron.

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Charging Behavior and Gas Distribution Considering Blast Furnace Aerodynamics

鉄と鋼 Vol.66(1980), No.5

Simulation Model of Burden Distribution in Blast Furnace Equipped with Bells and Movable Armors

鉄と鋼 Vol.73(1987), No.11

Lower Fuel Rate Operation by a Large Blast Furnace Equipped with Bell-less Top

鉄と鋼 Vol.66(1980), No.13

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Kinetics of the Decarburization of Molten Fe-Cr Alloy with CO₂-CO-Ar Mixture or Chromic Oxide

Kazuo AMANO, Koin ITO, Hiroshi SAKAO

pp. 53-59

抄録

Measurements have been done on the decarburization rate of the levitated Fe-13%Cr droplets with CO₂-CO and CO₂-Ar mixtures. The decarburization with CO₂-CO mixture proceeded by keeping the value of %C×%O constant in the extent of no oxide appearance. The rate equation obtained from the analysis of the decarburization of molten iron was applied to the experimental results. It was confirmed that the reaction was determined by the mass transfer between the two phases. Also measurements have been done on the decarburization of the molten alloy in Ar atmosphare with chromic oxide, which is formed during the reaction with CO₂-Ar mixture. It was estimated from the consideration that the reduction rate of the chromic oxide with carbon dissolved in the molten alloy was determined by the dissolution rate of the chromic oxide at the high concentration of carbon and by the transfer of carbon to the interface of the reaction with oxygen dissolved from the oxide at the low concentration of carbon.

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The Effect of Fluid Flow on the Formation of the Negative Segregation Zone in Steel Ingots

Kantaro SASAKI, Yasuo SUGITANI, Sumio KOBAYASHI, Susumu ISHIMURA

pp. 60-69

抄録

The influence of the fluid flow induced by an electromagnetic stirrer and the solidification rate on the formation of the negative segregation zone in carbon steel ingots was investigated.
The results obtained are summarized as follows.
(1) In the region solidified in the presence of the fluid flow, the growth of columnar dendrite is suppressed and the negative segregation of all the solute elements is generated. These tendencies become remarkable when the fluid flow becomes vigorous or when the solidification rate becomes slow.
The following relation was obtained experimentally,
U/V≤130K_e=1-4.17x10^-2 (1-k₀) (U/V) ^0.58U/V>≥130 K_e=0.54 (element C), 0.86 (element Mn) 0.44 (element P) where K_e is the degree of the negative segregation, U (m/sec) the flow rate of the bulk liquid, V (cm/sec) the solidification rate, and k₀ the equilibrium distribution coefficient.
(2) The washed depths in the interdendrite generated by the fluid flow were calculated for each elements by the complete mixing model. It was found that the washed depth for each element well agreed with each other and that the washed depth becomes deep when the fluid flow becomes vigorous or when the solidification rate becomes slow.
(3) The calculated results showed that the influence of the diffusion of solute elements in the interdendrite along the solidification direction on the calculated washed depth was negligible.

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Influence of the Amount of Austenite on the Toughness of Two Phase Stainless Steels

Akihiko HOSHINO, Keishi NAKANO, Masao KANAO

pp. 70-79

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The variation in toughness of Fe-Cr-Ni alloys having variable amount of austenite (γ) have been investigated in order to estimate the influence of γ on the susceptibility to 475°C embrittlement and σ phase embrittlement of two phase stainless steels, and the principal results are summarized as follows.
(I) In case of heating at 700°C, the ferritic alloy was embrittled immediately by carbide precipitation. In the alloys containing more than 20%γ, there observed no embrittlement by carbide precipitation. However, marked embrittlement is observed after prolonged heating by formation of σ phase. The embrittlement by σ phase produced by decomposition of ferrite could not be reduced by coexisting γ.
(2) On aging at 500°C of water-quenched specimens, the maximum increases in hardness and Charpy impact transition temperature appeared at 20% γ, where the maximum residual stress of ferrite was observed by means of X-ray measurement. It was supposed that this promoting action for 475°C embrittlement resulted partially from the residual stress in ferrite produced by rapid quenching of two phase alloys.

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Cyclic Plastic Behaviour of a Pure Iron, Fe-Ni Alloys and an Fe-Ni-Cu Alloy

Susumu HORIBE, Ryuhei SAGAWA, Toshio FUJITA, Toru ARAKI

pp. 80-89

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The relationships between microstructures and fatigue properties in a pure iron, Fe-Ni alloys and an Fe-Ni-Cu alloy have been investigated by mechanical testing and optical or electron microscopy. Results obtained are as follows:
(1) The degree of fatigue damage is affected by the existent states of interstitial elements and ferrite grain size in a pure iron.
(2) Solid solution hardening by Ni or Cu restricts the softening during cycling and increases the fatigue life. The aged structures in an Fe-Ni-Cu alloy harden the alloy during cycling, which is thought to be due to the interaction between dislocations and precipitates.
(3) Fatigue crack propagation property reflects the fatigue damage process in low ΔK level, and is affected by the grain size in a pure iron. In an Fe-Ni-Cu alloy it is improved by precipitation hardening of the Cu-rich zone.

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Heat Transfer in Spray Cooling on Hot Surface

Kantaro SASAKI, Yasuo SUGITANI, Morio KAWASAKI

pp. 90-96

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Heat transfer coefficient of water spray cooling of continuous casting was investigated. A steel plate was heated in a furnace and then water spray cooling was applied with various spray nozzles. The change of the surface temperature of the steel plate was measured. The experiments were carried out in the range of the water flow rate from 0.01 to 0.25 l/cm²·min with the surface temperature of the steel plate from 700 to 1200°C. Heat transfer coefficient was calculated using the temperature measurement data of the experiment.
The results obtained are as follows.
(1) Heat transfer coefficient is markedly affected by water flow rate and surface temperature of a steel plate. Heat transfer coefficient can be expressed by the following equation.
h=2.83×10⁷W^0.75·Ts^-1.2+100
where h is heat transfer coefficient (Kcal/m²·hr·°C), W is water flow rate (1/cm²·min) and Ts is surface temperature of the steel plate (°C).
(2) The effect of water temperature on heat transfer coefficient is not remarkable, and the effect of water pressure, nozzle type and relative position between nozzle and a steel plate is negligible.

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A Method for Simultaneous Measurement of Both Temperature and Emissivity, and Its Applications to Steel Processes

Tohru IUCHI

pp. 97-106

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A method for simultaneous measurement of both temperature and emissivity was developed by using multi-reflecting effect of radiation energy in a cavity. Each relative error of the measurement was within 1% in temperature, and 10% in emissivity respectively.
This method brought forth a new measuring apparatus, which could not only measure the true temperature of a measuring body, but also obtain some surface informations associated with the emissivity. An on-line system of this method was developed. This system is now operated in a coated steel strip process, where it controls the furnace of the process with temperature information and the quality of the coated strips with emissivity information simultaneously.

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Chemical State Analysis of Slags by X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Shigekazu SUMITA, Niro KIKUCHI, Takashi MAEKAWA, Masahiro SHINMEI, Toshio YOKOKAWA

pp. 107-112

抄録

X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy was applied to BF and LD slags. The following points were deduced from the results.
1) It is estimated from Si K_α energy shifts that the basicity of the BF slag is nearly equal to that of the alkali metal orthosilicate, while that of the LD slag is somewhat larger. This is consistent with the results of the chemical analysis of these slags.
2) The coordination number of aluminium in the slag is expected to be 4 which is reasonable considering the basic nature of the slag.
3) Ca K_α shifts indicate that calcium is present mainly as calcium orthosilicate in the BF slag. On the other hand, in the LD slag the shift is more positive than that of the BF slag. Thus, the value implys the presence of free CaO, in accordance with chemical analysis.
4) Chemical shifts of Mn Kβ_{1, 3} and K_α1 show that manganese is present as divalent ion (probably MnO).
5) From the mathematical separation of the profile of S K_α spectra, the sulfate/sulfide ratio is evaluated. The sulfate content is about 45 and 20% in the LD and BF slags respectively.

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A Study of Condition of Pits Formation and Their Features in Chloride Solution

Norio FUKASAKO, Hirokazu MURASE, Kiyoshi KITA

pp. 113-119

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Anodic polarization and immersion tests in 3% NaCl solution and other chloride solutions at 35°C have been carried out using mild steels, alloy steels and aluminum alloy in order to investigate the relation between number of pits per unit area and pit diameter, shape of pit and the difference between the pit occurring by anodic polarization and that occurring by immersion.
The results obtained are summarized as follows:
(1) In the case of the immersion test, growth of pit is closely related to pH of the solution. Pits grow more easily in low pH solution than in high pH solution.
(2) In the case of anodic polarization test, number of pits per unit area and their morphology depend greatly on the potential applied. The morphology of pits occurring in SUS316 by the anodic polarization test less than 0.3 V_SCE is nearly same as that of naturally occured one.
(3) It was observed that pits occured at triple points of grain boundary and at nonmetallic inclusions.
(4) Grain boundaries, micro-pits and crystallographic morphology were observed at the bottom of pit in SUS316 after immersion in FeCl₃ solution.

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Analysis of Steel by X-ray Fluorescence with Chemical Technique

Yoshihide ENDO, Yasuharu MATSUMURA, Takashi SUGIHARA

pp. 120-125

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Determination of several elements in steel by X-ray fluorescence method with chemical analysis technique was studied. Techniques used were (A) chemical separation-glass bead method, (B) precipitation separation-direct method, and (C) gasification separation-direct method. The method of item (A) was applied to the determination of niobium and tantalum, and of zirconium and hafnium. The method of (B) was applied to the determination of trace amount of tungsten and (C) was applied to arsenic determination. The method of (A) enables to determine with ease the elements, which are difficult to separate each other by conventional chemical analysis method, such as niobium and tantalum, or zirconium and hafnium. The method of (B) and (C) are suitable to trace analysis. These methods have several merits: (1) procedures are simple and rapid analysis is available, (2) obtained values agreed accurately with the certified values by chemical analysis method, (3) proper separation method is applicable, (4) it is possible to standardize with standard reagent.
Coefficient of variation (CV) were 6%, 4%, 2% and 7% for the niobium and the tantalum of 0.04% content, the zirconium and the hafnium of 0.02% content, the arsenic of (0.001-0.005) % content, and the tungsten of 0.005% content, respectively.

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Some Problems on Bainitic Transformation and Properties of Bainite

Yasuya OHMORI

pp. 126-137

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冷間加工した鉄の転位強化に関する理論的検討

鉄と鋼 Vol.104(2018), No.2

Formation Mechanism of Lath Martensite in Steels

MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS Vol.59(2018), No.2

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Recent Development of Q-B0P/OBM Steelmaking

Kyoji NAKANISHI, Koji SANBONGI

pp. 138-147

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Ca-Deoxidized Free-Machining Steel

Shogo TAKANASHI

pp. 148-154

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Machinability of Deoxidized Steel

鉄と鋼 Vol.57(1971), No.13

On the Machinability of SUS 304L and S-bearing 304L-type Sintered Stainless Steels

鉄と鋼 Vol.66(1980), No.8

Machinability of Steel and Metallurgical Factors

鉄と鋼 Vol.57(1971), No.13

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21 Dec. (Last 30 Days)

Wettability of CaS against molten iron at 1873 K

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Reduction and Melting Behaviors of Iron Oxide Composite with Carbon Deposited Using CO-CO₂-H₂ Mixed Gas

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In-situ Observation of Precipitation and Growth of MnS Inclusions during Solidification of a High Sulfur Steel

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鉄と鋼 Vol. 65 (1979), No. 1

キーワードランキング

hydrogen reduction of iron ore

gasification

characterization of coal and biomass based on kinetic parameter distributions for pyrolysis

kinetics of decarburization of liquid iron with high concentration ofcarbon

mechanisms of liquefaction and pyrolysis reaction of biomass

hydrogen reduction

steel

19al6mg

automotive wheel

deguchi

鉄と鋼 Vol. 65 (1979), No. 1

随想

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Production and Technology of Iron and Steel in Japan during 1978

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Pore Radius Distributions of Iron Reduced from Hematite Containing Several Foreign Oxides

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Pore Radius Distribution of Iron Reduced from Magnetite and Wustite Containing Al2O3, CaO or MgO

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Relationship of the Gas Temperature Distribution with the Descending Rate and Layer Thickness of Burden in the Throat of Blast Furnace

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Kinetics of the Decarburization of Molten Fe-Cr Alloy with CO2-CO-Ar Mixture or Chromic Oxide

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The Effect of Fluid Flow on the Formation of the Negative Segregation Zone in Steel Ingots

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Influence of the Amount of Austenite on the Toughness of Two Phase Stainless Steels

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Cyclic Plastic Behaviour of a Pure Iron, Fe-Ni Alloys and an Fe-Ni-Cu Alloy

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Heat Transfer in Spray Cooling on Hot Surface

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A Method for Simultaneous Measurement of Both Temperature and Emissivity, and Its Applications to Steel Processes

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Chemical State Analysis of Slags by X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy

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A Study of Condition of Pits Formation and Their Features in Chloride Solution

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Analysis of Steel by X-ray Fluorescence with Chemical Technique

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Some Problems on Bainitic Transformation and Properties of Bainite

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Recent Development of Q-B0P/OBM Steelmaking

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Ca-Deoxidized Free-Machining Steel

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論文アクセスランキング

Wettability of CaS against molten iron at 1873 K

凝固過程における溶鋼中からAl2O3上へのMnSの晶出挙動

Reduction and Melting Behaviors of Iron Oxide Composite with Carbon Deposited Using CO-CO2-H2 Mixed Gas

In-situ Observation of Precipitation and Growth of MnS Inclusions during Solidification of a High Sulfur Steel

Perspectives on the Promising Pathways to Zero Carbon Emissions in the Steel Industry toward 2050

モデル材料を用いた凝固過程における介在物生成挙動のその場観察

Transition behavior of gas containing suspension from solid-like to liquid-like flows

A hot rolling full process rolling force prediction method based on transfer learning and Inception-LSTM neural network

Slag-steel reactions in the refining of Advanced High-Strength Steel

Chemical and Mechanical Factors on Phosphorus Dissolution Behavior from P-concentrated Slag

詳細検索

Pore Radius Distribution of Iron Reduced from Magnetite and Wustite Containing Al₂O₃, CaO or MgO

Kinetics of the Decarburization of Molten Fe-Cr Alloy with CO₂-CO-Ar Mixture or Chromic Oxide

凝固過程における溶鋼中からAl₂O₃上へのMnSの晶出挙動

Reduction and Melting Behaviors of Iron Oxide Composite with Carbon Deposited Using CO-CO₂-H₂ Mixed Gas