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鉄と鋼 Vol. 98 (2012), No. 6

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オンライン版ISSN: 1883-2954
冊子版ISSN: 0021-1575
発行機関: The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan

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鉄と鋼 Vol. 98 (2012), No. 6

特集号「加工硬化特性への新たな要求と基礎研究」の企画に寄せて(巻頭言)

東田 賢二

pp. 215-215

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特集号「加工硬化特性への新たな要求と基礎研究」の企画に寄せて(巻頭言)

Fe-3%Al単結晶の引張特性と加工硬化挙動

竹元 嘉利, 瀬沼 武秀

pp. 216-222

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The tensile deformation behavior of single and poly-crystal Fe-3%Al alloys was investigated at room temperature. The work hardening rate (WHR) of the polycrystalline alloy monotonously decreased with increasing strain and increased with decreasing grain size. The WHR of the single crystal alloy was remarkably lower than that of the polycrystalline alloy, and the single crystal alloy exhibited a peculiar behavior that could be classified into four different types depending on the tensile axes. When the tensile axes were on the line connecting ‹102› and ‹101› in the stereo triangle, the characteristics of deformation of the single crystal alloy were steady and its WHR showed a monotonous decrease similar to that observed in the case of the polycrystalline alloy. For most of the tensile orientations, including ‹001›, the WHR curve changed from concave to convex with a strain increase. The WHR for the ‹101› orientation also showed the maximum and minimum values, i.e., it dropped immediately after reaching the maxima. This behavior was considered ascribable to the transition of the dislocation structure. The deformation for the ‹111› orientation was characterized by the highest yield stress and work softening, which were caused by some intense slip bands with discontinuous stress drops. Lattice rotation with tensile deformation in single crystal alloys was also examined by an electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) measurement. For determining the rotation direction, the stereo triangle was divided into two areas by a great circle connecting ‹113› and ‹102›.

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Fe-3%Al単結晶の引張特性と加工硬化挙動

安定オーステナイト系ステンレス鋼の加工硬化と変形組織に及ぼす炭素および窒素の影響

吉武 睦海, 土山 聡宏, 高木 節雄

pp. 223-228

抄録

Stable austenitic stainless steels containing 0.1 % carbon and nitrogen (Fe-18%Cr-12%Ni-0.1%C and Fe-18%Cr-12%Ni-0.1%N alloys) were tensile-tested to clarify the difference between the effects of carbon and nitrogen on the work hardening behavior as well as the deformation microstructure development in austenite. The carbon-added steel exhibited a much larger work hardening rate than the nitrogen-added steel in the high strain region (true strain > 0.25) although the dislocation accumulation was more significant in the nitrogen-added steel. EBSD analysis revealed that deformation twins were more frequently formed in the carbon-added steel, which leads to the TWIP effect. The reason why the nitrogen-added steel showed the less twinning behavior seemed to be mainly related with the short range order (SRO) composed of Cr and N atoms.

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安定オーステナイト系ステンレス鋼の加工硬化と変形組織に及ぼす炭素および窒素の影響

Fe-Mn-Cオーステナイト鋼のTWIP効果と塑性不安定条件

小山 元道, 澤口 孝宏, 津崎 兼彰

pp. 229-236

抄録

The correlation among deformation twin density, work hardening, and tensile ductility was investigated in an Fe-18Mn-1.2C steel. The twin density was varied by changing tensile deformation temperature from 123 to 523 K. The deformation twin density at a 10% plastic strain decreased with increasing deformation temperature except for the condition (123K) in which martensitic transformation occurred. The work hardening rate at the early deformation stage decreased due to the reduction in the deformation twin density; however, the decrease in work hardening rate did not affect the uniform elongation. The uniform elongation was determined by a plastic instability condition. Thus, the important factor for the uniform elongation is the work hardening rate in the later deformation stage. Additionally, we discussed influences of dynamic strain aging and ε-martensitic transformation which accelerated fracture.

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Fe-Mn-Cオーステナイト鋼のTWIP効果と塑性不安定条件

Niフリー高窒素オーステナイト鋼における脆性‐延性遷移挙動

田中 將己, 小野本 達郎, 土山 聡宏, 東田 賢二

pp. 237-244

抄録

The brittle-to-ductile transition (BDT) behaviour in nickel-free austenitic stainless steel with high nitrogen was investigated. Fall-weight impact tests revealed that Fe-25mass%Cr-1.1mass%N austenitic steel exhibits a sharp BDT behaviour in spite of an fcc alloy. The aspects of plastic deformation after the impact tests indicate that the BDT observed in this austenitic steel is induced by poor ductility at low temperatures as is the same as that in ferritic steels. In order to measure the activation energy for the BDT, the strain rate dependence of the BDT temperature was examined by using four-point bending tests. The weak dependence of the BDT temperature on the strain rate was observed. The Arrhenius plot of the BDT temperature against the strain rate elucidated that the activation energy for the BDT of Fe-25mass%Cr-1.1mass%N is much higher than that of low carbon ferritic steels. The origins of such distinct BDT behaviour and its large value of the activation energy in this high-nitrogen steel are discussed in terms of the reduction of dislocation mobility at low temperatures due to the interaction between glide dislocations and nitrogen solute atoms.

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Niフリー高窒素オーステナイト鋼における脆性‐延性遷移挙動

低炭素鋼ラスマルテンサイトの加工組織における固溶炭素と残留オーステナイトフィルムの役割

森戸 茂一, 大庭 卓也, A.K. Das, 林 泰輔, 吉田 舞

pp. 245-252

抄録

The development of deformation structure in the low carbon lath martensite steel was clarified using transmission electron microscopy observation with Kikuchi pattern analysis. The retained austenite films on the martensite lath boundaries transform to high carbon martensite films by light deformation, and the high carbon martensite films protect martensite lath boundaries from deformation. The specific deformation structures of low carbon lath martensite, such as kinked laths, irregularly bent lamellas and lamellar dislocation cells are formed by the retained austenite films. The tempered lath martensite structure without retained austenite films easily disappears by light deformation. We also clarified the relationship between the mechanical properties, such as work-hardening ratio, and the development of the the deformation structure.

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低炭素鋼ラスマルテンサイトの加工組織における固溶炭素と残留オーステナイトフィルムの役割

フェライト鋼の圧延加工組織に及ぼす固溶炭素量の影響
‐TEM/SEM-EBSDによる同一領域解析‐

中西 冴, 森川 龍哉, 東田 賢二, 村上 英邦, 木村 謙, 潮田 浩作

pp. 253-261

抄録

Deformation microstructures developed in cold-rolled ultra low carbon (ULC) steel as well as those in low carbon (LC) steel have been investigated by using TEM and SEM-EBSD techniques. Particular attention has been paid to the effect of solute carbon on the development of those microstructures. Dislocation structures characteristic to the preferred orientations such as γ-fiber (ND//‹111›) and α-fiber (RD//‹011›) have been revealed by the same area observation employing the above two techniques.
TEM images of dislocation cell boundaries observed in ULC are sharper than those in LC structures. Images of dislocation line segments were separately distinguished in cell structures in ULC, while in LC they were indistinguishable because of high density of dislocations. This indicates that dislocation density increases with increasing the amount of solute carbon, which was confirmed also by XRD measurement. In grains of ND//‹111›, fine microbands and/or shear bands (SBs) were developed while in RD//‹011› grains such remarkable inhomogeneous microstructures were not observed, which suggests that work-hardening in ND//‹111› grains is more prominent than that in the other preferred orientations. In {111}‹211› grains of LC steel, the same kinds of shear bands as observed in Fe-Si steels were formed as the most characteristic microstructure, where elongated fine-grained structures with the orientation scattering of 35° between the {111}‹211› and {110}‹001› Goss orientation were found.

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フェライト鋼の圧延加工組織に及ぼす固溶炭素量の影響
‐TEM/SEM-EBSDによる同一領域解析‐

中性子回折によるフェライト単相鋼のひずみ時効硬化異方性の検討

鈴木 徹也, 山中 啓輔, 石野 まゆ子, 篠原 康浩, 長井 健介, 津留 英司, 徐 平光

pp. 262-266

抄録

The work-hardening characteristics of anisotropic tensile deformations and the corresponding residual strain changes of pre-strained ferritic steels without and with aging treatment were investigated by using angle dispersive neutron diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction pattern analysis. The plastic deformation along the pre-strained direction leads to evident work-hardening at the beginning stage, showing discontinuous yielding behavior. Comparably, the plastic deformation perpendicular to the pre-strained direction shows continuously yielding. The tensile and compressive residual strains were found in the ‹200› and ‹110› grains along the pre-strained direction, respectively. It is also found that the difference in various oriented grains after strain aging become more evident along the pre-strained direction but smaller perpendicular to the pre-strained direction, revealing a higher work hardening capability in the former case than in the latter case.

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中性子回折によるフェライト単相鋼のひずみ時効硬化異方性の検討

フェライト鋼の加工硬化異方性に及ぼすひずみ負荷経路とひずみ時効の影響

長井 健介, 篠原 康浩, 津留 英司, 石野 まゆ子, 鈴木 徹也

pp. 267-274

抄録

It has been well known that anisotropy in yield stress and the work-hardening rate is induced by pre-strain and aging. However, such an origin has not been adequately understood. In the present study, stress-strain curves in different directions were investigated after 2% pre-straining and post-heat treatment at 150°C in ferritic steel. When the applied strain path was changed to the orthogonal direction of the pre-straining path, the re-yield stress was lowered and the work-hardening rate in the low plastic strain was increased. The heat treatment following 2% pre-straining caused an increase of the re-yield stress in the parallel direction to the pre-strain and caused no change on the re-yield stress in the orthogonal direction. The work-hardening rate was increased in both directions after the heating. Electron back scatter diffraction pattern (EBSP) analysis was also conducted to measure the kernel average misorientation (KAM) value, which corresponded to the density of the geometrically necessary dislocation, on each [hkl]-oriented family grain for the pre-strained and the post-heated materials. The EBSP results indicated that heterogeneous work-hardening behavior among the [hkl]-oriented family grains could strongly effect the anisotropy induced by strain path change and aging.

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フェライト鋼の加工硬化異方性に及ぼすひずみ負荷経路とひずみ時効の影響

二軸バルジ試験による冷延IF鋼板の加工硬化特性の測定と材料モデリング

桑原 利彦, 江夏 亮太郎, 山岸 駿介, 菅原 史法

pp. 275-282

抄録

Deformation behavior of cold rolled IF steel sheet (SPCE) under biaxial tension has been investigated for large plastic strain range over 0.15. The test material was bent and TIG welded to form a tubular specimen with an inner diameter of 44.6 mm and wall thickness of 0.8mm. Many linear stress paths in the first quadrant of stress space were applied to the tubular specimens using a servo-controlled tension-internal pressure testing machine developed by one of the authors [T. Kuwabara, K. Yoshida, K. Narihara, S. Takahashi, Anisotropic plastic deformation of extruded aluminum alloy tube under axial forces and internal pressure, Int. J. Plasticity 21, 101-117 (2005)]. Moreover, biaxial tensile tests using a cruciform specimen were also performed to precisely measure the deformation behavior for a small strain range following initial yielding. True stress-true plastic strain curves, contours of plastic work in stress space and the directions of plastic strain rates were precisely measured and compared with those calculated using selected yield functions. Plastic deformation behavior up to a work equivalent plastic strain of 0.19 was successfully measured and the test material exhibited differential hardening. The Yld2000-2d yield function with an exponent of five most closely predicts the contours of plastic work and the directions of plastic strain rates.

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二軸バルジ試験による冷延IF鋼板の加工硬化特性の測定と材料モデリング

複合組織鋼の非均質組織に基づく力学挙動モデリング手法

渡邊 育夢, 上路 林太郎

pp. 283-289

抄録

The purpose of this study is to present the applicability of homogenization methods based on heterogeneous microstructure in multi-constituent steels. At first, basic equations of a standard elastoplastic constitutive model and the homogenization methods have been discussed to describe nonlinear stress-strain curves of metallic materials. Here the homogenization methods have been classified into three types with the theoretical differences in concept. Numerical demonstrations for Dual-Phase steel have been performed to express the potential of these homogenization methods. The results of numerical demonstrations have indicated that a class of the numerical homogenization approaches is especially useful in both a quantitative evaluation of macroscopic material response and an investigation of microscopic mechanism in consideration of morphology of microstructure.

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複合組織鋼の非均質組織に基づく力学挙動モデリング手法

フェライト-パーライト複合組織鋼の組織形態と力学特性に関する実験と数値解析の比較研究

瀬戸山 大吾, 渡邊 育夢, 岩田 徳利

pp. 290-295

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Relationship between microscopic morphology and mechanical behaviors has been examined with numerical analyses and experimental tests for Ferrite-Pearlite dual component steels characterized with different volume fractions of Pearlite microstructure. In the numerical analyses, three types of microscopic morphology have been modeled with finite elements and the deformation state of the finite element model has been computed by means of finite element analysis based on mathematical homogenization method. For experimental tests, specimens of some volume fraction of Pearlite have been made under adjusting strengthening factors except the volume fraction of Pearlite as much as possible. By comparing these numerical and experimental results, the effect of the microscopic topology to macroscopic mechanical behavior has been discussed in this study.

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フェライト-パーライト複合組織鋼の組織形態と力学特性に関する実験と数値解析の比較研究

高強度複合組織鋼板の曲げ変形挙動

林 宏太郎, 宮田 佳織, 香月 太

pp. 296-302

抄録

The individual deformation behavior of ferrite and martensite was investigated microscopically by using nanoindentation technique to clarify bendability of dual-phase steel sheets. The cold-rolled steel sheets with composition of Fe-0.16mass%C-1.0mass%Si-1.5mass%Mn were annealed at 775°C for 600 s, water-quenched and tempered at 350°C for 300 s. V-shape bending tests with bending angle of 90° were performed for annealed specimens with the thickness of 1.0 mm. Nanoindentation experiments were performed with several peak loads to measure the distribution of the hardness in sub-micron areas, using a cube corner type indenter. The microstructure of the specimen obtained by the heat treatment was ferrite-martensite dual-phase. Ferrite was the dominant microstructure with a volume fraction of approximately 65 %. The nanohardness for ferrite and martensite was 3.2 GPa and 5.9 GPa in the annealed specimen, respectively. Both ferrite and martensite were hardened in the specimen with a bending radius of 1.0 mm. Especially, ferrite was hardened locally in the specimen. The nanohardness for ferrite in the markedly hardened area was 4.0 GPa and it was 3.6 GPa in another area. A distinct plastic flow such as a shear band was observed near the markedly hardened area. Voids nucleated on the ferrite side in the area. It was concluded that the development of shear bands during bending deformation with a small radius caused the local and remarkable work-hardening and that a larger partition of strain into ferrite than martensite domain resulted in the nucleation of micro voids in ferrite.

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高強度複合組織鋼板の曲げ変形挙動

微細格子マーカー法を用いた複合組織鋼における局所塑性ひずみ分布の可視化

南 秀和, 池田 博司, 森川 龍哉, 東田 賢二, 眞山 剛, 田路 勇樹, 長谷川 浩平

pp. 303-310

抄録

The aspect of inhomogeneous deformation in a dual- phase steel has been quantitatively visualized by a new method using high-precision grid-marker which was lithographed on the specimen surface by electron beam. This method enables imaging of plastic strain distribution in wide areas of millimeter scale with nano-scale spatial resolution, which makes it possible to obtain general view of the detailed plastic strain distribution in deformed multi-constituent steels with fine complex microstructures.
A small plate specimen with a microstructure containing 50%ferrite and 50%martensite was deformed in tension at room temperature, and the grid-marker of the same area was observed at the average equivalent strains of 7.2% and 13.7%. Strain mapping indicated the abundant formation of characteristic bands with strains much higher than the average values. The bands were inclined by 45 degrees to the tensile axis, and they developed with increasing strain particularly in the ferrite areas adjacent to the interface between ferrite and martensite. It was also found that martensite areas actually deformed plastically and their deformation contributed to one fifth of the total plastic strain of the specimen.

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微細格子マーカー法を用いた複合組織鋼における局所塑性ひずみ分布の可視化

その場中性子回折法によるフェライト-マルテンサイト型複合組織鋼における引張変形挙動の定量的解析

諸岡 聡, 梅澤 修, ステファヌス ハルヨ, 長谷川 浩平, 田路 勇樹

pp. 311-319

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The yielding and work-hardening behavior of ferrite- martensite type dual-phase (DP) alloys were clearly analyzed using the in-situ neutron diffraction technique. We successfully established a new method to estimate the stress and strain partitioning between ferrite and martensite phase during loading. Although these phases exhibit the same lattice structure with similar lattice parameters, their lattice strains on (110), (200) and (211) are obviously different from each other under an applied stress. The misfit strains between those phases were clearly accompanied with the phase-scaled internal stress (phase stress). Thus, the martensite phase yielded by higher applied stress than macro-yield stress, which resulted in high work-hardening rate of the DP steel. We also demonstrated that ferrite phase fraction influenced work-hardening behavior.

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その場中性子回折法によるフェライト-マルテンサイト型複合組織鋼における引張変形挙動の定量的解析

Dual-Phase鋼の引張特性に及ぼすマルテンサイト分率の影響

長谷川 浩平, 田路 勇樹, 南 秀和, 池田 博司, 森川 龍哉, 東田 賢二

pp. 320-327

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Effects of martensite fraction on tensile properties and inhomogeneous deformation of microstructures in dual-phase steels have been investigated by TEM, SEM-EBSD and strain mapping using high-precision grid markers drawn by electron beam lithography. As is well known, when volume fraction of martensite is increased from 25% to 75%, yield and tensile strengths markedly increase while elongation decreases. It was found by EBSD that the average value of kernel average misorientation in ferrite increase with martensite fraction. Strain mapping using the marker method showed that both equivalent plastic strains of ferrite and martensite increase with martensite fraction, where it is to be noted that the strain increase of martensite is larger than that of ferrite, suggesting that the stress redistribution between ferrite and martensite is enhanced with increasing the martensite fraction.

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Dual-Phase鋼の引張特性に及ぼすマルテンサイト分率の影響

パーライト鋼中における応力分配の堆積転位内部応力による理解(寄書)

定松 直, 東田 賢二

pp. 328-330

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パーライト鋼中における応力分配の堆積転位内部応力による理解(寄書)

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