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ISIJ International Vol. 63 (2023), No. 9

ISIJ International
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ONLINE ISSN: 1347-5460
PRINT ISSN: 0915-1559
Publisher: The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan

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  1. Vol. 64 (2024)

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ISIJ International Vol. 63 (2023), No. 9

Preface to the Special Issue on “Approach of Cokemaking Technology for Low CO2 Emission and High Quality While Extending Available Resources”

Toshimasa Takanohashi

pp. 1427-1427

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.63.1427
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Preface to the Special Issue on “Approach of Cokemaking Technology for Low CO2 Emission and High Quality While Extending Available Resources”

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Improvement of Coking Property of Low-Grade Coals by Mild Reduction Treatment

Ryuichi Ashida, Ko Takahashi, Jie Ren, Motoaki Kawase, Koji Sakai, Noriyuki Okuyama

pp. 1428-1432

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2022-536

Abstract

With the recent concern over the depletion of high-quality coking coal used for coke production, it is desirable to develop a simple method to convert low-grade coals with poor coking properties into high-quality coking coals. In this study we have focused on the possibility that polymerization reactions caused by the recombination of coal-inherent radicals may occur when coal is heated, which can deteriorate the softening and melting properties of coal. Aiming at removing such radicals, we have proposed a pretreatment method for improving coking property of low-grade coals, in which low-grade coals are treated with a reductant such as formic acid at around 60°C. It was shown that the treatment by either aqueous formic acid or formic acid vapor significantly improved the coals’ thermoplastic performance and enhanced the strength of the resulting coke even though consumption of the reductant formic acid was small enough to hardly change the elemental composition of the coals. We have also succeeded in restoring the coking property of weathered coking coal.

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Improvement of Coking Property of Low-Grade Coals by Mild Reduction Treatment

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Changes in Intermolecular Interaction Forces Inducing Glass Transition Determined by Three-Dimensional Aggregated Structural Models of Coal

Yuki Hata, Hideyuki Hayashizaki, Yoichi Matsuzaki, Masato Morimoto, Toshimasa Takanohashi, Takafumi Takahashi, Koji Kanehashi, Koyo Norinaga

pp. 1433-1440

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2022-547

Abstract

The three-dimensional aggregated structural models of two types of coals, A and B, were constructed. It is found that the density and the Tg of the models were qualitatively consistent with values obtained experimentally. The Tg of coals A and B calculated using the model structures are 315°C and 328°C, respectively. The effect of temperature on the distribution of cohesive energy was quantitatively elucidated using the three-dimensional aggregated structural models. The cohesive energy density (CED) of coal B was greater than that of coal A at temperatures <Tg. However, at temperatures >Tg, the CED of coal A is comparable to that of coal B. This implies that the molecules are more strongly aggregated in coal B than in coal A at low temperatures due to hydrogen bonding, and the intermolecular interaction is considered to have gradually relaxed above the Tg. It is concluded that differences in the molecular and cohesive structures of the coals led to differences in the distribution of van der Waals energy and electric energy at different temperatures. The van der Waals energy changed from attraction to repulsion at about 450°C and 285°C in coal A and B, respectively. Electric energy remained an attractive force as the temperature increased. The mechanism of the 13°C difference in the calculated Tg of each coal can be explained by the temperature change in the intermolecular force distribution. Therefore, this three-dimensional aggregated structural model can be used to understand the thermal behavior of aggregated molecules, such as coal thermoplasticity.

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Changes in Intermolecular Interaction Forces Inducing Glass Transition Determined by Three-Dimensional Aggregated Structural Models of Coal

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Experimental Study on Quantitative Evaluation of Transferable Hydrogen in Possible Raw Materials for Metallurgical Cokes Including Bituminous, Sub-bituminous, Lignite Coals and Biomass

Lijuan Zhang, Yusuke Uehara, Maki Nakamura, Cheolyong Choi, Chong Liu, Hiroshi Machida, Hideyuki Hayashizaki, Yuya Kawai, Yuki Hata, Koyo Norinaga

pp. 1441-1450

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2022-517

Abstract

Researchers have thoroughly studied coal pyrolysis over a long period, while the analysis of volatile evolution and the chemical structural changes of solid char were carried out individually in most of the studies. In this work, we quantified the chemical reactions to explain the different physical phenomena, such as softening and caking properties, exhibited by different ranks of coals during pyrolysis. Four typical carbonaceous feedstocks (bituminous, sub-bituminous, lignite coals, and biomass) were selected as test samples. The authors analyzed the generated gas during pyrolysis by using a quadrupole mass spectrometer (Q-MS) and the chemical structure of the pyrolyzed char via spectroscopic methods (NMR, FT-IR, CHNS, and XPS) to gain new insights into the pyrolysis mechanism of the carbonaceous feedstocks. Transferable hydrogen was introduced to define the hydrogen used to stable the free radicals formed during pyrolysis, which can be obtained by quantifying the conversion routes of hydrogen. The hydrogen released for the growth of aromatic clusters has three pathways, namely, (1) consumption by the hydrodeoxygenation reaction to produce pyrolytic vapor, (2) release as gaseous H2, and (3) transferable hydrogen. The calculation shows that the amount of transferable hydrogen during pyrolysis decreases as the coal rank gets lower. For pyrolysis up to 500°C, the amount of transferable hydrogen is 3.96, 2.32, and 1.36 mol/kg-coal for bituminous, sub-bituminous, and lignite coals, respectively. On the other hand, the transferable hydrogen of biomass needs to be further considered in terms of the effect of cellulose and hemicellulose’s structure.

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Experimental Study on Quantitative Evaluation of Transferable Hydrogen in Possible Raw Materials for Metallurgical Cokes Including Bituminous, Sub-bituminous, Lignite Coals and Biomass

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Effective Utilization Method for Surface Tension Based Coal Blending Technique -Effect of Coal Fluidity-

Daisuke Igawa, Yusuke Dohi, Takashi Matsui, Tetsuya Yamamoto, Kiyoshi Fukada, Hiroyuki Sumi, Izumi Shimoyama

pp. 1451-1458

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2022-507

Abstract

In our previous paper, a new measurement method for the coal adhesion property called “surface tension of semi-coke” was devised. The surface tension of a semi-coke sample obtained by heat treatment of a coal sample at 500°C was measured as a unique adhesion property. Conventionally, it has been thought that adhesion is dominant under a low MF (Gieseler maximum fluidity) condition. Moreover, it is important for effective coal utilization to develop a technique that enables production of high strength coke under low MF conditions, which has been thought to deteriorate coke strength. However, in the previous paper, the effect of surface tension on coke strength was investigated only under a single MF condition without changing the level of MF.

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Effective Utilization Method for Surface Tension Based Coal Blending Technique -Effect of Coal Fluidity-

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Effect of the Type and Particle Size of Coal on Inhibitory Influence for Coking Coal by Semi-soft Coking Coal

Saori Konno, Hideyuki Hayashizaki, Yukihiro Kubota

pp. 1459-1466

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2022-522

Abstract

Recently, the environment has indicated an increase in the price of coking coal. Thus, in order to produce high strength coke at a low production cost, the application of blending technology to various types of coal is required. Coal dilatation is an important factor in determining coke strength. It is well known that the dilation values of blended coal containing semi-soft coking coals does not match with the weighted average value of coking coal and semi-soft coking coal; it denotes a value lower than the weighted average value. Therefore, in this study, to develop and apply coal blending technology to various types of semi-soft coal, we investigated the inhibitory influence of kind and particle size of semi-soft coking coals on the dilatation of hard coking coal.

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Effect of the Type and Particle Size of Coal on Inhibitory Influence for Coking Coal by Semi-soft Coking Coal

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Mixer to Disintegrate Coal Quasi-particles for Manufacturing High Strength Coke

Noriko Kubo, Yusuke Dohi, Takashi Matsui, Michio Honma, Masahiro Shinohara, Ryutaro Mii

pp. 1467-1475

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2022-357

Abstract

Coal particles with a high water content tend to coalesce and grow into quasi-particles. As a result, the strength of the coke produced by carbonizing the coal is weak, which causes a problem in the operation of the blast furnace as the following process. It has been reported that mixing of blended coal is effective to disintegrate quasi-particles and produce high strength coke. In this paper, the suitable operating conditions of an actual-scale mixer are investigated by applying the discrete element method (DEM).

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Mixer to Disintegrate Coal Quasi-particles for Manufacturing High Strength Coke

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Effects of Briquette Blend on Packing Structure of Fine Coal Portion

Masahiko Watanabe, Yukihiro Kubota, Kazuya Uebo, Seiji Nomura

pp. 1476-1482

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2022-520

Abstract

Briquette blending aims to increase coke strength by increasing the bulk density of the coal charge by blending in high-density briquettes. This technique tends to decrease the bulk density of the powder coal portion of the coal blend. In this study, we attempted to elucidate the mechanism behind this decrease in the bulk density of the powder coal portion owing to briquette blending. We conducted drop tests of blended coal that included briquettes, observed the behaviour of the dropped coal using a high-speed camera, and then performed quantitative estimation of the change in bulk density by observing the resulting coal packing structure using an X-ray CT system and image analysis. The bulk density of the powder coal portion decreased owing to the formation of localised low-bulk-density regions around the briquettes. Two types of low-bulk-density regions exist. In the first case, the scattering of the powder coal by the impact of the falling briquette forms gaps, which remain in the form of large voids under the briquettes after charging. The second type is presumably due to the large difference in size between the briquette and powder coal, which causes a wall effect between them. We then used a newly developed image analysis process to estimate the widths of the two types of low-bulk-density regions quantitatively as 8–10 mm and 5–6 mm. This study demonstrated how briquette blending creates anisotropic low-bulk-density regions around the briquettes, which leads to a decrease in the bulk density of the powder coal portion.

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Effects of Briquette Blend on Packing Structure of Fine Coal Portion

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Investigation of Second Contraction Difference between the Active Components and the Inertinite

Masahito Kitao, Koujiro Tennou

pp. 1483-1486

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2022-523

Abstract

The method for separating the active component and the inertinite, respectively, in a lump coal was investigated, and it was confirmed that they could be separated from each other from microscopic observation. Then the methods for measuring the contraction of the active component and the inertinite were investigated. The author made a rod-shaped sample from a lump semicoke of the active component and the inertinite heated to 773 K for the measurement of contraction. Using rod-shaped samples had good results. The contraction of the active component was higher than that of the inert, confirming the trend that the higher the degree of coal carbonization, the lower the contraction of the active component.

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Investigation of Second Contraction Difference between the Active Components and the Inertinite

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Three-dimensional Rapid Imaging and Shape Evaluation of Multiple Coke Particles

Shohei Matsuo, Sadayoshi Aizawa, Yukihiro Kubota, Masayuki Imba

pp. 1487-1495

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2022-521

Abstract

In recent years, three-dimensional (3D) measurements of actual coke particles have been conducted using a laser scanner in order to acquire knowledge about the gas/liquid permeability of blast furnaces. In order to ensure representativeness, a large number of coke particles need to be measured during actual operation. Therefore, we measured over 100 coke particles using a medical X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanner and obtained 3D shape information of each particle using image analysis. The validity of the proposed method was confirmed by comparing the analysis results with the actual measurement results from sieve separation. In this study, we mainly focused on the sphericity and flattening ratio as 3D shape indices. A 10 kg sample contains coke with a wide distribution of sizes and shapes, and the standard error in addition to the mean value should be considered when comparing samples with different production conditions. The results of the analysis targeting two samples with different manufacturing conditions showed that the sphericity was greatly affected by the impact of the transportation process and closely related surface breakage. Furthermore, the flattening ratio was greatly affected by the fissures formed during the carbonization process, which is closely related to the furnace temperature and volatile matter of the blended coal. This study shows that a medical X-ray CT scanner is a useful and practical tool for acquiring 3D shape of coke particles.

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Three-dimensional Rapid Imaging and Shape Evaluation of Multiple Coke Particles

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Estimation of Material Constants of Hot Coke under Inert Atmosphere

Yasuhiro Saito, Takumu Higo, Chiho Tsukamoto, Shinji Kudo, Jun-ichiro Hayashi

pp. 1496-1501

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2022-190

Abstract

The strength, pore structure, and material constants of coke prepared from caking coal (Coke A) and non- or slightly caking coal (Coke C) were experimentally and numerically investigated with a particular focus on those values at high temperatures. Coke A showed higher strength and lower porosity than Coke C. The pore structure imaged by X-ray computed tomography was translated to the finite element mesh with the image-based modeling, and the stress analysis based on the finite element method was performed to calculate the mode value of maximum principal stress at different Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio. Young’s modulus of Coke A and Coke C at a constant Poisson’s ratio decreased and increased, respectively by heating. When the temperature increased, the compression stress of Coke A increased. The result indicated that the coke strength could be increased by heating because of the decrease in apparent Young’s modulus, accompanied by the occurrence of creep.

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Estimation of Material Constants of Hot Coke under Inert Atmosphere

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Effects of Rapid-heating and/or High-pressure Conditions on Coke Making, Examined Using a Synthetic Model Compound

Masato Morimoto, Sadayoshi Aizawa, Shohei Wada

pp. 1502-1507

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2022-512

Abstract

This study investigated the mechanisms by which rapid-heating and/or high-pressure conditions can improve the thermal fluidity of coal, using a synthetic compound as a model for low-molecular weight (Mw) compounds in coal. The compound had one quinoline ring and two naphthalene rings, C36H33N, Mw of 479, and a boiling point (bp) of ~520°C. Rapid heating (> 10°C/min) overcame the evaporation rate of the compound, whereas high pressure (> 1 MPa) increased the bp and suppressed the pyrolysis reaction. These conditions allowed the compound to remain until temperatures > 400°C, although it completely evaporated at 370°C under general heating conditions in a coke oven (3°C/min and 0.1 MPa). The effects of increasing the heating rate from 3 to 10°C/min at 0.1 MPa corresponded to the effects of increasing the pressure from 0.1 to 1.0 MPa at 3°C/min. The compound remaining at temperatures > 370°C can act as a mobile phase and hydrogen donor, thereby increasing the fluidity of coal. It can also serve as a reactant in the coking reaction and increase the coke yield.

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Effects of Rapid-heating and/or High-pressure Conditions on Coke Making, Examined Using a Synthetic Model Compound

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Production of High-Strength Coke from Formed Coal Containing Low-Quality Coal by Pressurized Carbonization

Naoto Tsubouchi, Yuuki Mochizuki, Yuting Wang, Saori Konno, Takahiro Shishido

pp. 1508-1518

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2022-510

Abstract

We studied the pressurized carbonization conditions that can produce high-strength coke at low temperature (800°C) from formed coals containing a large amount of non-caking or slightly-caking coal. It was found that as the rapid heating temperature range (room temperature → 450–600°C) increased, the amount of adherence between coal particles increased and the coke strength increased. The effect of the heating rate (10–40°C/min) became significant when the heating temperature exceeded 500°C, and increased with increasing heating rate. The strength also increased with increasing pressure, and the optimal pressure under the present conditions was 1 MPa.

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Production of High-Strength Coke from Formed Coal Containing Low-Quality Coal by Pressurized Carbonization

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Chemical Upgrading of Biomass

Atul Sharma, Kazuya Uebo, Takahiro Shishido

pp. 1519-1525

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2022-515

Abstract

In this study, a solvent based chemical upgrading process for coal was applied for chemical upgrading of biomass. Biomass was solvent treated at 320, 350, 380, 400, and 420°C, for 2 h with 1-methylnapthlene (1-MN) solvent. Upgraded biomass samples were obtained by removing 1-MN from the solvent treated samples using hexane washing approach. A part of 1-MN soluble fraction was also soluble in the hexane. n-Hexane soluble fraction obtained after the n-Hexane and the 1-MN recovery (solute) was combined to obtain upgraded biomass. H/C and O/C of the upgraded biomass (UB) samples were close to the values in the region of caking coals utilized in coke-making process suggesting chemical upgrading of the biomass. Solute fraction from the biomass was higher in comparison to that from the coal. The GCMS analysis showed the n-Hexane soluble may have compounds with boiling points lower than 1-MN. The carbon balance was lower than 100% may be because of the loss of the n-Hexane soluble biomass compounds with boiling points lower than 1-MN during the 1-MN separation process. Effect of addition of upgraded biomass to coal was investigated. Fracture strength and bulk density showed improvement due to the addition of upgraded biomass. Change in 1-MN solvent characteristics was investigated by recycling the used solvent. H/C, O/C and solute yields were nearly same for each recycle run.

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Chemical Upgrading of Biomass

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Production of High-Strength Coke by Pressurization Carbonization of Modified-Biomass Blended Coal

Naoto Tsubouchi, Yuuki Mochizuki, Yuting Wang, Saori Konno, Takahiro Shishido

pp. 1526-1533

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2022-511

Abstract

We investigated the optimal heating conditions (heating rate, rapid heating temperature range, and pressure) and blending ratio that can produce high-strength coke by using formed coals containing biomass and modified-biomass. As a result, the coke strength was increased by broadening the rapid heating temperature range. Furthermore, it was found that the coke strength increased as the heating rate increased, with the optimal heating conditions being a heating rate of 40°C/min and rapid heating temperature range of room temperature to 600°C. When biomass was added to coal sample, the coke strength was degraded compared to the case of only coal even under optimal heating conditions. However, when modified-biomass was added, the degree of decrease in the coke strength was smaller, and there was a trend for the indirect tensile strength to increase with increasing pressure. The optimal pressure within the experimental range was 1 MPa. In addition, the coke with a high-strength of 6 to 12 MPa could be produced by increasing the modified-biomass blending ratio.

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Production of High-Strength Coke by Pressurization Carbonization of Modified-Biomass Blended Coal

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Influence of Lignin Addition on Coke Strength

Hiroshi Nonaka, Masahito Kitao, Yuko Nishibata

pp. 1534-1538

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2022-528

Abstract

In the steel industry, promoting the use of low-grade coal is important because of the depletion of coking coal. To compensate for the lack of caking property of low-quality coals, binders must be added to produce coke from coal blends. Lignin is an aromatic polymer and one of the main components, accounting for 30% of wood. The chemical structure and characteristics of lignin differ depending on the raw woody biomass and the extraction method used. In this study, to find biomass-derived binders, alkali lignin, sulfuric acid lignin, kraft lignin, organic solvent lignin, phenolated lignin (lignophenol), and torrefied lignophenol were blended at a ratio of 3 mass% with coal powder (coking coal: thermal coal = 1:1). The blended powder was carbonized to form coke, and its bulk density and strength were measured. With the addition of lignin, the bulk density of coke was almost the same or decreased, and the strength decreased significantly, regardless of the lignin type. Lignophenol was expected to be a potential binder because it was observed to be thermoplastic at the melting temperature of coking coal by an in situ camera; however, it largely reduced the fluidity of the coal and the coke strength. The lignin samples did not behave like asphalt pitch, and it was concluded that it was difficult to use lignin as a binder for blended coal.

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Influence of Lignin Addition on Coke Strength

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Preparation of Formed Coke for Blast Furnace Using Kraft Lignin as a Binder

Hiroshi Nonaka, Takahiro Tomono, Yoshihiro Nagashima, Masahito Kitao

pp. 1539-1544

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2023-046

Abstract

In the steel industry, the development of a coke production technology that uses low-grade coal is desired. Decarbonization by the use of plant biomass is also an important option. A candidate is formed coke, which is produced by forming non-coking coal using a binder, followed by carbonization. Kraft lignin, by-product in pulp and paper mills is a potential binder because it is an aromatic polymer dissolved from wood. In this study, thermal coal powder was blended with softwood kraft lignin powder at ratios from 0 to 20% and was briquetted by cold-pressing or hot-pressing. Then, the briquette was carbonized at 1000°C to produce formed coke. To verify whether the formed coke has sufficient strength for use in blast furnace, the product was subject to indirect tensile test. The tensile strength of the carbonized formed coke increased with increasing lignin content; however, a formed coke exceeding the target tensile strength of 5 MPa could not be obtained by cold forming. The briquetting temperature was the determinant strengthening factor of the formed coke. Formed coke produced by hot-pressing at temperatures higher than 150°C with 10% lignin at a pressing pressure of 150 MPa successfully attained the target strength. The tensile strength of the formed coke did not always correspond to the density of the corresponding coke, indicating that carbonized products originating from lignin play a role in strongly binding coal particles. Softwood kraft lignin seems a good binding material for low-grade coal to produce formed coke with high strength.

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Preparation of Formed Coke for Blast Furnace Using Kraft Lignin as a Binder

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Control of Reactivity of Formed Coke from Torrefied Biomass by Its Washing with Torrefaction-derived Acidic Water

Aditya Wibawa, U. P. M. Ashik, Shinji Kudo, Shusaku Asano, Yusuke Dohi, Tetsuya Yamamoto, Jun-ichiro Hayashi

pp. 1545-1556

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2022-537

Abstract

Torrefaction, pulverization, hot briquetting, and carbonization in sequence successfully produce high-strength coke from woody biomass. This method was further improved by introducing washing of torrefied biomass with acidic water from torrefaction before briquetting. The primary purpose of the washing was to remove alkali, and alkaline-earth metallic species of which catalyses were responsible for high reactivity of the coke. The acidic water (AW) from 275°C torrefaction of Japanese cedar contained 12, 0.9, and 39.4 mass% of acetic and formic acids, and the other organic compounds, respectively. A simulated AW (SAW) was prepared with the same composition as that of AW. SAW with pH of 1.95 removed 96–97% of K, Mg, and Ca and 48% of Na from the torrefied cedar. These removal rates were higher than those by washing with an aqueous solution of acetic acid, hydrogen chloride, or oxalic acid with pH of 2.35, 1.05, or 0.77, respectively. Organic compounds dissolved in SAW helped water and acids penetrate the matrix of the cedar. The washing with SAW increased the tensile strength of coke from 16 to 21 MPa by promoting volumetric shrinkage of the briquette during the carbonization and then particle bonding and coalescence. More importantly, the washing greatly reduced coke reactivity. The times required for gasifying 50% and 99% of coke with 50 kPa CO2 at 900°C, t0.50 and t0.99, respectively, were extended by factors of 24 and 46, respectively. It was thus demonstrated that the coke reactivity was controllable over such a wide range.

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Control of Reactivity of Formed Coke from Torrefied Biomass by Its Washing with Torrefaction-derived Acidic Water

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Experimental Investigation of Expansion during Formation Process of Formed Coke Blending with Torrefied Biomass

Yoshiya Matsukawa, Wakana Hirayama, Jun-ichiro Hayashi, Hideyuki Aoki, Takashi Matsui

pp. 1557-1566

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2022-532

Abstract

The mechanisms of expansion and shrinkage behavior of the briquettes of coal or torrefied biomass were investigated by measuring the weight loss of coal and torrefied biomass and the expansion and shrinkage of the briquettes. In the case of torrefied biomass, particularly large expansion occurred at temperatures below 600°C. In the case of hot briquetting, the expansion was small below the briquetting temperature, suggesting that the expansion originated from relaxation of residual stresses during briquetting process. When coal and biomass were blended, the maximum strain was slightly close to the briquette of coal, and the temperature at which the maximum strain was taken was almost the same as that of the briquette of torrefied biomass, and in both cases, additivity was not valid. The expansion and shrinkage behavior of the briquettes was modeled as thermal expansion unique to the material, expansion due to relaxation of stresses accumulated during molding, and shrinkage due to the release of volatiles.

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Experimental Investigation of Expansion during Formation Process of Formed Coke Blending with Torrefied Biomass

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Editorial Board, Copyright Page and Announcements

pp. Editorial-

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Editorial Board, Copyright Page and Announcements

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