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ISIJ International Vol. 40 (2000), No. 2

ISIJ International
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Grid List Abstracts
ONLINE ISSN: 1347-5460
PRINT ISSN: 0915-1559
Publisher: The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan

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ISIJ International Vol. 40 (2000), No. 2

Evaporation of Cu and Sn from Induction-stirred Iron-based Melts Treated at Reduced Pressure

Luben Savov, Dieter Janke

pp. 95-104

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.40.95

Abstract

The evaporation of Cu and Sn from iron-based melts at reduced pressure has been investigated. The experimentalwork was carried out in a laboratory-scale vacuum induction melting (VIM) furnace. The effects of (1) chamber pressures of 1 to 100 Pa, (2) melt temperatures of 1673 to 1873 K, (3) different melt compositions and (4) two different stirring intensities of the metal bath on the evaporation rate of Cu and Sn, respectively, were studied. It was found that the evaporation of Cu represents a reaction of first order with respect to Cu content of the melt. The evaporation of Sn is represented by a first order rate law, too. Under the same experimental conditions, the evaporation rate of Cu exceeds that of Sn. The rate controlling steps of evaporation are discussed. The optimal conditions of vacuum refining iron melts with respect to Cu and Sn were determined. Recommendations for the design of new vacuum treatment equipment are alsogiven.

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Evaporation of Cu and Sn from Induction-stirred Iron-based Melts Treated at Reduced Pressure

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High Volume Reduction and Group Separation of Simulated Fission Products by Cold Crucible

Tsutomu Tanaka, Naotsugu Yoshida, Yoshiaki Ikenaga, Misato Horie

pp. 105-113

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.40.105

Abstract

An advanced technology of SHTM (Super High Temperature Treatment Method) using an induction cold crucible for the treatment of fission products generated after the reprocessing of spent fuel is proposed as the future stage of the current vitrification. Without adding any glass materials, 2000 g of simulated fission products consisting of 23 elements, including lanthanides oxides simulating highly active nuclides and corrosion products, together with the minimum amount of reducing agent were inductively heated up to 2000°C, followed by melting and solidification in a convergent type cold wall crucible. Internal diameter of the crucible, applied electric power and the frequency was 100 mm, less than 100 kW and 25 kHz, respectively. As a result, highly volume-reduced materials, approximately 1/20 of the current vitrification, was obtained. Platinum metal group, such as palladium and ruthenium, got together in the center and bottom of the crucible, surrounded with the titanium oxides immobilizing lanthanides elements. Validity of the process con-ceptwas confirmed experimentally.
A cylindrical mathematical model with three phases coupled with electromagnetic field, heat conduction and mass balance has been developed to get better understanding of SHTM. The model predicts the presence of critical value of magnetic flux density and the initial dimension of the pretreated fission products that triggers the whole melting of the fission products in the crucible surrounded with the cold wall. Reaction free layer of fission products plays an important role for the melting. There exits an optimal intensity of the magnetic flux density sustaining high temperature of the material near the cold wall.

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High Volume Reduction and Group Separation of Simulated Fission Products by Cold Crucible

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Burden Distribution Analysis by Digital Image Processing in a Scale Model of a Blast Furnace Shaft

Juan Jimenez, Javier Mochón, Antonio Formoso, Jesús Sainz de Ayala

pp. 114-120

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.40.114

Abstract

During the realigning of Aceralia's blast furnace B in Gijon, a 1/10 scale half-section, three-dimensional cold model of the BF shaft was built to test charging patterns and the effect of gas flow in burden distribution. The front side of this half model is closed by a methacrylate sheet that allows images of the burden distribution inside the model to be obtained, during and after the charging process. Image processing techniques were applied to obtain useful information from burden profile images. A complete study of a charging pattern is presented in this paper.
The model has allowed study of some local effects of gas flow in burden distribution, such as changes in the final coke layer during ore charging, and the formation of a narrow window in the centre of the model that connects the successive coke layers.

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Burden Distribution Analysis by Digital Image Processing in a Scale Model of a Blast Furnace Shaft

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Effect of Slag Composition on the Kinetics of Formation of Al2O3–MgO Inclusions in Aluminum Killed Ferritic Stainless Steel

Goro Okuyama, Koji Yamaguchi, Syuji Takeuchi, Ken-ichi Sorimachi

pp. 121-128

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.40.121

Abstract

Kinetics of both slag/metal reactions and metal/inclusion reactions were investigated experimentally using 20 kg vacuum induction furnace in order to clarify the mechanism of the formation of MgAl2O4 spinel inclusions in aluminum killed ferritic stainless steel (SUS430).
The results obtained are summarized as follows :
1) By reducing CaO/SiO2 and CaO/Al2O3 ratio of top slag, MgO contents in Al2O3 based inclusions decreased.
2) The two film theory was employed to analyze the rate determining step of slag/metal reaction (reduction of MgO in top slag). By this model, it was found that the rate determining step of the reaction was the mass transfer of Mg through the film in molten steel. The increase rate of Mg in molten steel is determined by the activities of soluble oxygen and MgO at the slag/metal interface, and hence by slag composition.
3) The unreacted core model was employed to analyze the rate determining step of metal/inclusions reaction.
The analysis showed that the rate determining step of the reaction in the case of 20 kg vacuum induction furnace was the diffusion of Mg in molten steel.

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Effect of Slag Composition on the Kinetics of Formation of Al2O3–MgO Inclusions in Aluminum Killed Ferritic Stainless Steel

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Analysis of Solidification Cracking Using the Specific Crack Susceptibility

Young Mok Won, Heung Nam Han, Tae-jung Yeo, Kyu Hwan Oh

pp. 129-136

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.40.129

Abstract

Using a 2-dimensional finite element, the effects of carbon content, slab width, narrow face taper and casting speed on solidification cracking during continuous casting of slabs were analyzed. The possibility of solidification cracking during continuous casting of slabs was predicted using the "Specific Crack Susceptibility", SSC . The new proposed parameter, SSC, can represent the averaged possibility of solidification cracking of the strand during continuous casting in the mold. The surface crack formed near corner region of strand at the initial stage of solidification, and the internal crack was found in the internal regions of wide center, corner and off-corner at the middle and final stage of solidification. The carbon range sensitive to solidication cracking is between 0.1 wt% C and 0.14 wt% C steels. At the slab widths of 1900 mm and 2150 mm, the possibility of solidification cracking increased in the regions of wide center, corner and offcorner in comparison with the slab width of 1600 mm. With increasing narrow face taper, the possibility of solidification cracking decreased along the region of wide face due to the mechanical compression imposed by the narrow face taper. With increasing casting speed, the possibility of solidification cracking increased in the regions of wide center, corner and off-corner, because the shell thickness is largely decreased due to decrease of dwelling time of strand within the mold. These predictions at various casting conditions were in good agreement with the experimental observations in industry.

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Analysis of Solidification Cracking Using the Specific Crack Susceptibility

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Mathematical Modeling of Thermally Induced Stresses in Two-roll Melt Drag Thin Strip Casting of Steel

Manish Gupta, Yogeshwar Sahai

pp. 137-143

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.40.137

Abstract

In thin strip casting of steel, a major problem is the formation of cracks due to thermally induced stresses in the solidifying material. To compute these stresses and the susceptibility of the material to crack due to these stresses, a two-dimensional finite element based thermo-mechanical model has been developed. The temperature field obtained by the fluid flow and heat transfer model is imposed as a thermal load to the system. A visco-plastic constitutive relation has been used to describe the behavior of solidifying steel. A temperature dependent ultimate strength is used to define the cracking index, which indicates the susceptibility of the material to crack. Stress calculations are performed using a commercial software ANSYS.

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Mathematical Modeling of Thermally Induced Stresses in Two-roll Melt Drag Thin Strip Casting of Steel

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Mathematical Modeling of Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer, and Solidification in Two-roll Melt Drag Thin Strip Casting of Steel

Manish Gupta, Yogeshwar Sahai

pp. 144-152

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.40.144

Abstract

A two-dimensional finite element model has been developed to simulate fluid flow, heat transfer, and solidification in two-roll melt drag thin strip casting of steel. The two equation k–ε model is used to incorporate the turbulence in fluid flow. The effect of solidification of liquid metal on the viscosity of melt is also considered. The release of latent heat of fusion at the solid–liquid interface was not considered explicitly, but the specific heat was increased appropriately to account for the released latent heat. The roller velocity, meltroll heat transfer coefficient and melt superheat are identified as important process variables, and their effect on the thickness of cast strip is predicted.

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Mathematical Modeling of Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer, and Solidification in Two-roll Melt Drag Thin Strip Casting of Steel

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Numerical Simulation of the Critical Velocity for Particle Pushing/Engulfment Transition in Fe–C alloys Using a Phase-field Model

Machiko Ode, Jae Sang Lee, Seong Gyoon Kim, Wang Tea Kim, Toshio Suzuki

pp. 153-160

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.40.153

Abstract

The particle/interface problem is numerically analyzed using a phase-field model in thin interface limit. A new double-well potential function in free energy density of the alloy is defined using a dilute solution approximation. With the function, a negative value of double-well potential height is usable and the mesh size restriction is largely relaxed. A pushing force for alloy systems is also introduced so as to relate to the interface energy change caused by the deformation of interface shape. With the pushing and drag forces calculated from the interface shape, the acceleration and velocity of the particle are estimated and the particle movement relative to the interface is analyzed. Using the model, the particle pushing and engulfment behaviors are successfully reproduced for the system of Fe–C alloys and an alumina particle. The critical velocities for the pushing/engulfment transition are determined for the particles with different diameters. The effect of initial carbon content on critical velocity is also examined and discussed in terms of the pushingforce.

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Numerical Simulation of the Critical Velocity for Particle Pushing/Engulfment Transition in Fe–C alloys Using a Phase-field Model

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Reactive Casting of Ni–Al–Fe Ternary Intermetallic Alloys

Kiyotaka Matsuura, Hiroshi Jinmon, Yasushi Hirashima, Tahir I. Khan, Masayuki Kudoh

pp. 161-166

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.40.161

Abstract

NiAl-base intermetallic alloys containing iron up to 25 at% are produced by reactive casting, which involves an exothermic reaction between elemental liquids and enables one to cast high-melting-point intermetallic alloys without the need of external heating. In this study, aluminum liquid at 1023 K and a moltennickeliron alloy at 1773 K are mixed to produce a molten Ni–Al–Fe ternary intermetallic alloy with a temperature of over 2300 K, which is approximately 400 K higher than the melting point of the alloy produced. The concentrations of the constituent elements are approximately homogeneous in the ingot of 30 mm in diameter and 130 mm in height. The grain size of the ingot decreases, as the iron content increases. The increase in iron content improves the hardness, bending strength and wear resistance of the alloy. Young's modulus of the alloy decreases with the increase in temperature and iron content.

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Reactive Casting of Ni–Al–Fe Ternary Intermetallic Alloys

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Fabrication of NiAl/Steel Cladding by Reactive Casting

Kiyotaka Matsuura, Hiroshi Jinmon, Masayuki Kudoh

pp. 167-171

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.40.167

Abstract

A novel joining process based on reactive casting is proposed. By pouring molten aluminum and nickel onto a steel block, molten nickel monoaluminide, NiAl, is exothermically synthesized, and is joined to the steel block when it solidifies on the steel block. Heat generated by an exothermic reaction, Ni1Al→NiAl+DHp298, is transferred from the synthesized NiAl to the steel block, and the surface layer of the steel block is melted. The depth of the melted steel increases with both the preheating temperature of the steel block and the thickness of the synthesized NiAl. Iron from the melted steel dissolves in the molten NiAl, and an NiAl-base intermetallic compound, (Ni, Fe)Al, is produced. Cracks or other intermetallic phases such as NiAl3 or FeAl are not formed at all at the joint interface between the (Ni, Fe)Al and the steel block. The synthesized (Ni, Fe)Al has an excellent resistance to corrosion and oxidation.

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Fabrication of NiAl/Steel Cladding by Reactive Casting

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Effect of Microstructure on Fracture Mechanisms in Galvannealed Coatings

A. T. Alpas, J. Inagaki

pp. 172-181

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.40.172

Abstract

Fracture mechanisms in galvannealed coatings have been studied by performing draw bead tests on galvannealed Ti stabilized interstitial free and Aluminum killed low carbon steel sheets and by investigating coating microstructures by scanning electron microscopy. Galvannealing treatments, on samples galvanized using an industrial hot-dip galvanizing process, were conducted at 450, 500 and 550°C for several time periods between 1 and 360 s in a laboratory induction furnace.
In the coatings with low Fe content (up to 5 g/m2 ), the amount of powdering during the draw bead test was minimal. Growth of cracks nucleated within the δ1 phase was arrested at the steel-coating interfaces where only a limited amount of decohesion occurred. A steep increase in the amount of powdering was ob-servedin coatings with Fe contents between 6–9 g/m2 . In these coatings, cracks originating from the δ1 phase reached Γ–Γ1–δ1 phase boundaries, which provided preferential crack growth paths and thus facilitated fracture within the coating. A fracture mechanics model was proposed to account for the powdering resistance of galvannealed coatings.

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Effect of Microstructure on Fracture Mechanisms in Galvannealed Coatings

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Thermodynamic Calculations of Phase Equilibria in the Fe–Cr–S System

Katsunari Oikawa, Hajime Mitsui, Hiroshi Ohtani, Kiyohito Ishida

pp. 182-190

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.40.182

Abstract

Phase equilibria in the Fe–Cr–S system were analyzed on the basis of the thermodynamic evaluation of the Fe–FeS, Fe–Cr, Cr–CrS and Fe–FeS–CrS–Cr systems. The Gibbs energy of individual phase was approximated by the two sub-lattice model for describing the thermodynamic properties. Most of the experimental information was well described by the present set of thermodynamic parameters. In particular, the calculated liquidus surface in the Fe-rich portion and the solubilities of S in the fcc and the bcc phases were shown to be in excellent agreement with experimental results. Discrepancies observed in some experimental phase diagrams were explained on the basis of the calculated results.

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Thermodynamic Calculations of Phase Equilibria in the Fe–Cr–S System

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The Segregation Behavior of Phosphorus in Ti and Ti+Nb Stabilized Interstitial-Free Steels

Jayanta S. Rege, Mingjian Hua, Calixto I. Garcia, Anthony J. Deardo

pp. 191-199

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.40.191

Abstract

The phenomenon of cold work embrittlement (CWE) in the P-added high strength interstitial-free steels has been associated with the segregation of P to the ferrite grain boundaries. This segregation by P is believed to decrease the cohesive strength of the grain boundaries by weakening their bonding. Hence, the resistance of the steel to brittle fracture, i.e., intergranular fracture, is greatly decreased. The goal of the present study was to investigate the segregation behavior of P during the different stages of processing (prior to and after coiling, and after cold rolling and annealing) in Ti and Ti+Nb stabilized interstitial-free steels. It was found that a considerable amount of segregation of P to the ferrite grain boundaries occurred during the coiling process in Ti-stabilized interstitial-free steels. However, with the addition of Nb in the Ti+Nb-stabilized interstitial-free steels, the segregation of P was decreased in the as-coiled condition. The P content on the ferrite grain boundaries in the final cold rolled and annealed condition was found to depend on two factors; (1) the segregation of P in the as-coiled condition, and (2) availability of Ti to form phosphides during the annealing process. It was confirmed in this study that the addition of P decreases the CWE resistance of the steel. Furthermore, it appears that the CWE resistance of the Ti1Nb-stabilized interstitial-free steels is improved by the presence of solute Nb on the ferrite grain boundaries.

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The Segregation Behavior of Phosphorus in Ti and Ti+Nb Stabilized Interstitial-Free Steels

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Dynamic γ→α Transformation during Hot Deformation in Iron–Nickel–Carbon Alloys

Hiroshi Yada, Chun-Ming Li, Hiroshi Yamagata

pp. 200-206

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.40.200

Abstract

Fe–6mass%Ni–(0.0008∼0.29)mass%C alloys were hot-deformed in torsion at 600–720°C (above the cooling transformation start temperatures Ar3 ) after austenitization. An in-situ X-ray diffraction study re-vealedthat γ→α transformation occurred during deformation in a wide range of condition, even above A3p(paraequilibrium γ→α transformation temperature). Corresponding to this transformation, apparent decrease in deformation stress from that expected for austenite was observed. Microstructural study of the specimens quenched after the deformation showed that a large amount of fine-grained ferrite was formed due to the deformation. The analysis of deformation stress and chemical driving-force of the transformation indicated that the transformation occurred in order to reduce the total energy of deformed material since the deformation of energy of α was revealed to be considerably smaller than that of γ and the amount of deformation energy saved by the transformation was shown to be much greater than the chemical energy consumed by the transformation at the tested temperatures.

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Dynamic γ→α Transformation during Hot Deformation in Iron–Nickel–Carbon Alloys

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Stress Rupture Ductility Diagram—A Diagnostic Tool

Satyabrata Chaudhuri, Nilima Roy, Rabindra Nath Ghosh

pp. 207-210

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.40.207

Abstract

The present work suggests a methodology for construction of stress rupture ductility diagram using the concept of geometrical factor k that determines the nature of creep rupture. Large volumes of stress rupture ductility data of a range of engineering materials generated experimentally in the laboratory and reported in the literature have been used to study the nature of creep rupture by superimposition of these data on the above diagram.
The rupture ductility of Ni-base superalloy, when superimposed on such diagram, indicates that the failure in this alloy could be due to limited amount of localised deformation or cavitation. In case of Zr–Nb alloy, the rupture ductility data lie in the necking regime extending from k=0.9 to 0.4. In contrast, the data on Cr–Mo steel show a wider variation extending from the regime of cavitation to extensive necking.
Reliable prediction of rupture ductility is possible within a narrow range of kin which the nature of creep rupture remains the same.

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Stress Rupture Ductility Diagram—A Diagnostic Tool

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