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ISIJ International Vol. 59 (2019), No. 3

ISIJ International
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ONLINE ISSN: 1347-5460
PRINT ISSN: 0915-1559
Publisher: The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan

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  1. Vol. 64 (2024)

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ISIJ International Vol. 59 (2019), No. 3

Formation and Evolution of Silicate Inclusions in Molten Steel by Magnesium Treatment

Qingsong Zhang, Yi Min, Haisheng Xu, Jiujian Xu, Chengjun Liu

pp. 391-397

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2018-543

Abstract

The effect of magnesium addition on the formation and evolution of inclusions in Mn–Si killed steel is studied by laboratory experiments and thermodynamic calculation. Samples were taken at different holding time after magnesium addition to study the transient evolution of inclusions. The morphology, composition, number and diameter of inclusions were thoroughly analyzed by SEM-EDS. The results show that four types of inclusions (MgO–SiO2–MnO liquid inclusion, MgO–SiO2–MnO complex inclusion, MgO–SiO2 and MgO solid inclusion) form with different amount of magnesium addition. Liquid inclusion of MnO–SiO2 is promptly modified to MgO–SiO2–MnO liquid inclusion with 0.0005% magnesium addition. As the amount of magnesium is increased to 0.0011%, intermediate product MgO forms immediately and then gradually transforms to MgO–SiO2 solid inclusion with holding time. While MgO solid inclusion keeps stable throughout with 0.0019% magnesium addition.

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Formation and Evolution of Silicate Inclusions in Molten Steel by Magnesium Treatment

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Thermal Conductivity of Oxide Scale Thermally Grown on Iron Substrate Corrected by Temperature-dependent Interfacial Thermal Resistance in Laser Flash Measurement

Mu Li, Rie Endo, Megumi Akoshima, Hiroshi Tanei, Hikaru Okada, Masahiro Susa

pp. 398-403

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2018-553

Abstract

Thermal conductivities of iron oxide scales have been determined in a temperature range of room temperature to 1176 K by the laser flash method, where the interfacial thermal resistance between FeO and iron has been corrected for each temperature. Two series of samples were prepared from iron plates with 99.99% purity. One was samples with FeO scale only and the other was samples with multi-layered scale of Fe2O3/Fe3O4/FeO. The laser flash method was applied to measure apparent thermal diffusivities, which were converted to apparent thermal conductivities. Apparent thermal conductivities obtained are contaminated by the interfacial thermal resistance between scale and iron, and are in linear proportion to scale thickness. Using apparent thermal conductivities at room temperature, thermal conductivities of scale have been derived from the slope of the linearity as 2.4 Wm−1K−1 for FeO scale and 1.8 Wm−1K−1 for multi-layered scale, and interfacial thermal resistances have been derived from the intercept as 7.3×10−6 m2KW−1 for the interface at FeO/iron and 6.4 × 10−6 m2KW−1 for the interface at multi-layered scale/iron. The interfacial thermal resistance between FeO and iron decreases with increasing temperature. Considering these temperature-dependent interfacial thermal resistances, thermal conductivity values of FeO scale have been determined as a function of temperature. The values are roughly 2.2 Wm−1K−1 up to 1176 K except 6.9 Wm−1K−1 at 674 K where the decomposition of FeO tends to take place.

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Thermal Conductivity of Oxide Scale Thermally Grown on Iron Substrate Corrected by Temperature-dependent Interfacial Thermal Resistance in Laser Flash Measurement

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Experimental Study on the Viscosity of Stainless Steelmaking Slags

Zhuangzhuang Liu, Rob Dekkers, Bart Blanpain, Muxing Guo

pp. 404-411

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2018-558

Abstract

The influence of temperature, slag basicity and Cr2O3 content on the viscosity of stainless steelmaking slags has been experimentally determined. The viscosity is mostly affected by the combination of basicity and Cr2O3 content. The results are discussed by considering the Iida model for the fully liquid slag and the Herschel-Bulkley equation for the solid-bearing slag. For the liquid slag, the predicted viscosity values by the original Iida model do not agree very well with the measured ones, because the model does not include the amphoteric behavior of Cr2O3 and underestimates the basic character of Al2O3. With the presently optimized parameters in the Iida model, the calculation is consistent with the measured viscosity values of the fully liquid slag with an error of 30%, which is fairly acceptable. At high basicity and high Cr2O3 contents, the presence of solid particles in slag has a paramount influence on the viscosity. It was also found that the solid-bearing slags exhibit evident Bingham pseudoplastic behavior with a residual torque of 0.12 mNm and 0.99 mNm in the investigated samples.

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Experimental Study on the Viscosity of Stainless Steelmaking Slags

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Effects of Coke Ash on Erosion of Carbon Composite Brick

Yong Deng, Kexin Jiao, Zhengjian Liu, Jianliang Zhang, Qiangjian Song

pp. 412-420

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2018-562

Abstract

Carbon composite brick has attracted increased attention because it is widely used on the hot face of blast furnace hearth. In order to reduce the erosion rate of carbon composite brick and investigate effects of coke ash on the erosion of carbon composite brick, the minerals CaO·Al2O3, CaO·2Al2O3, and CaO·6Al2O3 (CA, CA2, and CA6), which were considered to be the main components of coke ash in hearth, were prepared by heating a mixture of CaCO3 and Al2O3. Experiments of the minerals coupled with carbon composite brick were carried out at different temperatures in a high temperature tube furnace. The mass change fraction of the experimental assembly was calculated using mass measurements before and after the experiment. The reaction products at different temperatures were predicted on the basis of ternary phase diagrams, and the thickness of the reaction layer was measured using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the reaction rate of carbon composite brick with the minerals increased with an increase of the Ca content in the minerals. The results of reaction interface analysis show that the diffusion of Ca2+ was the dominant process during reaction. Cation diffusion was considered to be the rate determining step, and this was in agreement with experimental results. Therefore, reducing the ash content of coke, especially the CaO in ash, is the key to reduce the erosion rate of carbon composite bricks below the centerline of taphole.

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Effects of Coke Ash on Erosion of Carbon Composite Brick

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Impedance Measurement and Equivalent Circuit Analysis of Binary Alkali Silicate Melts

Yusuke Harada, Noritaka Saito, Kunihiko Nakashima

pp. 421-426

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2018-602

Abstract

Molten oxides such as silicate melts are used in glass manufacturing processes and the chemical structure of the melts affects their physical properties and hence, the efficiency of the process in which they are used and the quality of the manufactured product. Analysis of the chemical structures using Raman or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is time consuming due to the process of preparing quenched samples and the long relaxation time of atomic nuclei. Hence, a technique for faster structural analysis is desirable. In this study, in order to accumulate basic data for in-situ estimation of the network structures of molten oxides, we systematically investigated the relationships between the alkali oxide composition and measured impedance behavior. Nyquist plots were fitted using an equivalent circuit consisting of solution resistance, charge transfer resistance, and double layer capacitance. In the present samples, the solution resistance and charge transfer resistance decreased, and double layer capacitance increased with increasing K+ concentration. These results were attributed to K+ behaving as a charge carrier or the double layer becoming thinner due to increasing concentration of K+ ions, which increased interfacial polarization. We observed that the solution and charge transfer resistances increased, and double layer capacitance decreased, in the order of Li, Na, and K. Hence, these resistances were dependent on the ionic radius, as well as the macrostructure of the melts.

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Impedance Measurement and Equivalent Circuit Analysis of Binary Alkali Silicate Melts

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Electrical Conductivities of High Aluminum Blast Furnace Slags

Jin-Hui Zhu, Yong Hou, Wei-Wei Zheng, Guo-Hua Zhang, Kuo-Chih Chou

pp. 427-431

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2018-599

Abstract

Electrical conductivity is one of the most important thermophysical properties of oxide melts. In the present study, the electrical conductivities of CaO–SiO2–MgO–Al2O3 type high aluminum blast furnace slags were measured by using four electrode method. It can be concluded that the electrical conductivity decreases as increasing the content of Al2O3, because Al3+ has a strong preference to form AlO45+ tetrahedron and incorporates into the network of SiO44+ which enhances the degree of polymerization of melts. As adding MgO to the slags, the electrical conductivity also decreases due to the stronger polarization ability and thus weaker diffusion ability of small Mg2+ ion relative to Ca2+ ion. However, the electrical conductivity increases with gradually increasing the CaO/SiO2 ratio, owing to the increase of concentration of Ca2+ ion which acts as the charge carrier and the decreases of degree of polymerization.

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Electrical Conductivities of High Aluminum Blast Furnace Slags

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Self-sintering of BOS Filter Cake for Improved Recyclability

Raymond James Longbottom, Brian Joseph Monaghan, Guangqing Zhang, David John Pinson, Sheng Jason Chew

pp. 432-441

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2018-627

Abstract

The self-sintering of BOS filter cake has been investigated by studying its oxidation in air between 100 to 1000°C. The aim of the study was to gain an understanding of the self-sintering of the BOS filter cake in stockpiles, in terms of what reactions occurred, and how strength was developed in the filter cake during self-sintering.Upon heating, the BOS filter cake underwent a sequence of drying, oxidation and calcination events. The self-sintering process was driven by the oxidation of very fine (200–300 nm) particles of metallic iron and wüstite at low temperatures. Reactions in self-sintering were found to be the oxidation of metallic iron and wüstite to hematite and zinc ferrite, beginning at approximately 120°C and largely complete by 500–600°C. Phase analysis, thermodynamic modelling and enthalpy measurements were used to propose a probable reaction path consistent with the observed reaction products. These exothermic oxidation reactions at low temperatures provided the energy required to heat the stockpiles to drive self-sintering.Bonding within the reacted filter cake was from a network of particle-particle bonds formed between the very fine iron oxide particles in the matrix during oxidation at elevated temperatures. Exposure of the BOS filter cake to temperatures above 600°C under oxidising conditions is likely sufficient to form adequately strong material for transport and recycling in the BOS. Fluxes played little role in the development of the bonding within the filter cake.

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Self-sintering of BOS Filter Cake for Improved Recyclability

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Effect of Carbonization Conditions on the Property and Structure of Bamboo Char for Injection in Blast Furnace

Tengfei Song, Jianliang Zhang, Guangwei Wang, Haiyang Wang, Runsheng Xu, Qinghai Pang, Chuan Wang

pp. 442-449

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2018-460

Abstract

To evaluate the effect of carbonization conditions on the bamboo, the relationship between carbonization parameter and physicochemical characteristics was studied. The results indicated that the volatile matter drastically decreased with the increase of carbonization temperature, while the fixed carbon and fuel ratio (fixed carbon/volatile matter) increased. Excellent linearity between the fuel ratio and carbonization temperature was obtained. The energy yield decreased gradually when rising the carbonization temperature, whereas the change of heating value was not obvious. A new calculation model of higher heating value (HHV) was developed, and it could be used to predict HHV of the bamboo char more precisely at temperatures above 300°C. The positive impact of functional groups, specific surface area as well as catalysis of alkali metal may contribute to the combustion of bamboo char. The results showed that there is a feasible operating condition for the transformation of bamboo into char with the carbonization parameter at 400°C for 30 min.

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Effect of Carbonization Conditions on the Property and Structure of Bamboo Char for Injection in Blast Furnace

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Influence of Electropulsing Treatment on the Solidification and Heat Transfer Behavior of Mold Flux

Guomin Ying, Wanlin Wang, Haihui Zhang, Jie Zeng, Lejun Zhou

pp. 450-458

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2018-549

Abstract

An Electropulsing-assisted Mold Flux Heat Transfer Simulator technique (EPMFHTS) has been developed in this article, through which the pulsed electric current was applied to the molten mold flux pool during the initial solidification process in the continuous casing mold. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of pulsed electric current on the mold flux crystallization and heat transfer behavior in the casting mold. The results suggested that the general variation trend of the responding temperature and heat flux were nearly same, which were divided into four stages, namely, rapidly rising, sharp declining, gradually declining and relatively stable. The temperatures and heat fluxes showed a faster reduction rate in the declining stage and their steady state values are lower under the Electric Pulse treatment (EPT) condition due to the increase of the thermal resistance resulted from the enhancement of the crystallization of the mold flux. The interface thermal resistance at the mold/slag film interface and the total thermal resistance of the slag film increased due to the improved crystallization through the accelerated particles movement resulted from EPT. The SEM image showed a larger crystalline fraction, thicker crystalline layer and smaller grain size under EPT, indicating that the EPT did promote the molten mold flux crystallization and refine crystals size in the continuous casting mold.

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Influence of Electropulsing Treatment on the Solidification and Heat Transfer Behavior of Mold Flux

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Selection of the Massive-like δ-γ Transformation due to Nucleation of Metastable δ Phase in Fe-18 Mass%Cr-Ni Alloys with Ni Contents of 8, 11, 14 and 20 Mass%

Tomohiro Nishimura, Ryota Matsubayashi, Kohei Morishita, Masato Yoshiya, Tomoya Nagira, Hideyuki Yasuda

pp. 459-465

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2018-726

Abstract

It has been realized that a massive-like transformation, in which δ phase (ferrite) transformed to γ phase (austenite) in the solid state during and after solidification, was selected in Fe–C steels. X-ray radiography confirmed that the massive-like transformation also occurred in Fe-18 mass%Cr-Ni alloys with Ni contents of 8, 11, 14 and 20 mass%Ni. According to the equilibrium phase diagram, δ phase is the primary phase in 8 and 11 mass%Ni alloys while γ phase in 14 and 20 mass%Ni alloys. Solidification was always initiated by nucleation of δ phase and consequently fine γ grains were formed by the massive-like transformation in 8 and 11 mass%Ni. On the other hand, nucleation of δ phase as a metastable phase was preferably selected at lower undercoolings (<50 K) in 14 and 20 mass%Ni and consequently the massive-like transformation occurred even in 14 and 20 mass%Ni alloys. Solidification of γ phase can be triggered by nucleation of δ phase followed by the massive-like transformation in the Fe–Cr–Ni with lower Cr/Ni values (the primary γ alloys). Moreover, the present study demonstrates that the massive-like transformation will be commonly observed in Fe-based alloys, in which δ and γ phases are competitive each other from a thermodynamic perspective.

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Selection of the Massive-like δ-γ Transformation due to Nucleation of Metastable δ Phase in Fe-18 Mass%Cr-Ni Alloys with Ni Contents of 8, 11, 14 and 20 Mass%

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Improving Blast Furnace Raceway Blockage Detection. Part 1: Classification of Blockage Events and Processing Framework

Stefan Puttinger, Hugo Stocker

pp. 466-473

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2018-530

Abstract

The present paper is the first part of a three paper series discussing raceway blockages in blast furnaces for ironmaking. During raceway blockages the hot blast flow rate can be reduced significantly and in such cases it is beneficial to shut down additional fuel systems like pulverized coal injection (PCI) on that specific tuyere. Currently this is mainly done by a simple threshold comparison of the hot blast flow rate data. Using a constant threshold level cannot account for drifting sensor levels or local changes in burden permeability around the raceway. Thus, the authors investigate various strategies to find more reliable solutions for blockage detection and the shutdown of PCI branches. Part 1 discusses the different nature of various blockage events on the basis of tuyere camera images and hot blast flow rate data. For the detailed testing of signal processing (part 2) and image processing algorithms (part 3) a universal test-bench is presented which also includes a common quality assessment of the results. Based on the collection of tuyere camera images a simple classification of blockage events is established. The analysis of 1500 hours of blast furnace operation data delivers a proper statistics about the frequency of occurrence of blockages on a small size blast furnace. The detailed analysis of hot blast signals and tuyere camera images presented in this paper series aims to improve the understanding of the raceway regions and their influence on optimal blast furnace operation.

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Improving Blast Furnace Raceway Blockage Detection. Part 1: Classification of Blockage Events and Processing Framework

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Improving Blast Furnace Raceway Blockage Detection. Part 2: Signal Processing of Hot Blast Pressure Data

Stefan Puttinger, Hugo Stocker

pp. 474-480

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2018-531

Abstract

The present paper is part 2 of a three paper series discussing raceway blockages and various approaches for automated detection based on blast furnace (BF) plant data. Blockages of the raceway areas occur on a regular basis and in cases where the hot blast flow rate is reduced significantly, it is beneficial to shut down additional fuel systems like pulverized coal injection (PCI) on that specific tuyere. While part 1 gave an overview on the different appearances of raceway blockages and presented a common test-bench used for signal and image processing, part 2 focuses on the discussion of various signal processing algorithms and their applicability for raceway blockage detection. The algorithms are tested on data from a real BF with supplementary tuyere camera images to validate the results. Beyond this test dataset, a long-term test is performed by processing three month of BF data offline.

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Improving Blast Furnace Raceway Blockage Detection. Part 2: Signal Processing of Hot Blast Pressure Data

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Improving Blast Furnace Raceway Blockage Detection. Part 3: Visual Detection Based on Tuyere Camera Images

Stefan Puttinger, Hugo Stocker

pp. 481-488

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2018-532

Abstract

The present paper is part 3 of a paper series discussing raceway blockages and various approaches for automated detection based on blast furnace (BF) plant data. While part 11) gave an overview on the different appearances of raceway blockages and part 22) focussed on signal processing of hot blast data, this third part discusses various approaches for image processing of tuyere camera data. The visual impression of raceway blockages strongly varies between different events. This makes automated detection based on digital image processing of tuyere cameras a difficult task. On one hand the image processing algorithm should be robust and easy to tune for different tuyeres or different blast furnaces, on the other hand it should be fast enough, so that all tuyeres of a blast furnace can be processed on-line with a sufficiently high image frame rate. While algorithms optimized for motion detection fail due to the lack of a homogeneous background, adaptive thresholding of the grey-level histograms delivers useful results. Due to the nature of chaotic motion of coke particles inside the raceway also line based processing methods can extract the information from tuyere images in a sufficient manner and are very fast with regards to online implementation in a process control system. However, image processing of tuyere camera data has some disadvantages compared to the signal processing of hot blast data as discussed in part 2 of this paper.

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Improving Blast Furnace Raceway Blockage Detection. Part 3: Visual Detection Based on Tuyere Camera Images

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Curling of Sheet in Asymmetric Rolling Investigated by Profile Measurement of Partly Rolled Sheet

Ling Li, Ryo Matsumoto, Hiroshi Utsunomiya

pp. 489-495

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2018-528

Abstract

The curling of a sheet in cold asymmetric rolling was investigated experimentally by interrupted rolling. Influences of speed difference as well as entry table height were studied. The upper and lower profiles of the aluminum sheet obtained by interrupted rolling were measured by a laser profilometer. The contact lengths on both upper and lower surfaces LU and LL were detected from the profiles. The curvature radius of sheet was calculated from the curling profiles. Under differential-speed rolling, the sheet curled to the slower roll side at low reduction in thickness, while it curled to the faster roll side at higher reduction. Meanwhile, LU on the faster (upper) roll surface was longer than LL on the slower (lower) roll surface at low reduction. On the other hand, LU was shorter than LL at higher reduction in thickness. It is found that the ratio of contact length LL/LU is correlated with the curling direction in the differential-speed rolling. If LL/LU < 1, the sheet curls towards the slower roll side, while the sheet curls towards the faster roll side in case of LL/LU > 1.

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Curling of Sheet in Asymmetric Rolling Investigated by Profile Measurement of Partly Rolled Sheet

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Simulation of Unstable Strip Running on Hot Run-Out-Table

Shinichiro Aoe, Yuji Ohara, Masaru Miyake, Kazuhisa Kabeya

pp. 496-503

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2018-625

Abstract

In the hot-rolling process, defects resulting from running instability when a thin strip runs on the Run-Out-Table (ROT) at high speed in the state of non-tension (head or tail of the strip) pose a chronic problem. As a measure to prevent unstable strip running, the maximum line speed has been limited. Consequently, this has also become an aggravating factor that impedes higher productivity. Although various methods to solve and improve this problem have been proposed from an early date, it has not been eradicated completely.In this paper, we propose a numerical simulation method to simulate the strip running phenomenon on the ROT. It was found that the numerical results correspond to the theoretical and experimental results. Use of the proposed method has reduced both the cost and time necessary to improve the unstable strip running phenomenon.

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Simulation of Unstable Strip Running on Hot Run-Out-Table

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Design of a Kind of Backup Roll Contour Used in Four-High CVC Hot Strip Mill

Guangtao Li, Dianyao Gong, Xing Lu, Zhenhua Wang, Dianhua Zhang

pp. 504-513

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2018-674

Abstract

The phenomenon of uneven contact pressures between cylindrical backup roll and CVC (Continuously Variable Crown) work roll in four-high hot strip mill has always existed, which can lead to seriously uneven wear of cylindrical backup roll and even spalling defect. In order to obtain an available solution plan for above mentioned problem, a new kind of backup roll contour called reverse CVC backup roll contour is proposed in this paper. Reverse CVC backup roll contour is generated by fitting four cubic chamfer contours and one backup roll surface contour designed by CVC work roll contour. And one roll elastic deformation simulating software coded based on Influence Function Method has been used to calculate and study the contact pressure distributions between CVC work roll and reverse CVC contour backup roll or cylindrical contour backup roll. Compared with cylindrical contour backup roll, contact pressures between CVC work roll and reverse CVC contour backup roll are much smoother without steep peak. Simulating results meet well with data collected from the application field, wear of new reverse CVC contour backup roll is more well-distributed than cylindrical contour backup roll.

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Design of a Kind of Backup Roll Contour Used in Four-High CVC Hot Strip Mill

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Effects of Electrolyte Composition and Additives on the Formation of Invar Fe–Ni Alloys with Low Thermal Expansion Electrodeposited from Sulfate Bath

Yuki Kashiwa, Nobuaki Nagano, Tomio Takasu, Shigeo Kobayashi, Keisuke Fukuda, Hiroaki Nakano

pp. 514-523

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2018-676

Abstract

The effects of solution composition and additives on the formation of electrodeposited invar Fe–Ni alloys with low thermal expansion were investigated. In all solutions, increasing the current density from 10 A·m−2 significantly decreased the Ni content in the deposits and resulted in anomalous codeposition, in which the electrochemically less noble Fe was preferentially deposited. Further increasing the current density increased the Ni content in the deposits as Fe deposition reached the diffusion limitation of the Fe2+ ions. Increasing the concentration of Fe2+ ions increased the current density required to initiate an increase in the Ni content in the deposits because of increase in the diffusion-limited current density of Fe. With the increasing concentration of malonic acid, the current density region in which Ni deposition was suppressed was extended, and the potential at which Fe deposition reached the diffusion limitation of the Fe2+ ions was shifted to a less noble direction. As a result, the relationship between the Ni content in the deposits and the current density shifted to a higher-current-density region with increasing malonic acid concentration. At malonic acid concentrations above 0.05 mol·dm−3, the current efficiency for alloy deposition was greatly reduced owing to the promotion of hydrogen evolution. The Ni content in the deposits was significantly increased with the addition of thiourea. Boric acid somewhat increased the Ni content in the deposits in the lower-current-density region. In solutions containing both boric acid and saccharin, an invar alloy of 36 mass% Ni was obtained in the wider-current-density region.

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Effects of Electrolyte Composition and Additives on the Formation of Invar Fe–Ni Alloys with Low Thermal Expansion Electrodeposited from Sulfate Bath

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Effect of MnS Inclusions Distribution on Intragranular Ferrite Formation in Medium Carbon Non-Quenched and Tempered Steel for Large-Sized Crankshaft

Jinlong Lu, Yunpeng Wang, Qiming Wang, Huijing Cheng, Guoguang Cheng

pp. 524-530

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2018-509

Abstract

A novel quantitative characterization method of MnS distribution was proposed based on the data from automatic inclusions analysis software to evaluate their effects on intragranular polygonal ferrite (IPF) formation in medium carbon non-quenched and tempered steels. The results show that agminated MnS inclusions in the steel are less effective to promote the IPF formation and lots of inclusions are actually wasteful because their space distances are too small to act as nucleation sites individually, even their number is larger than that in the steel with plentiful uniformly distributed MnS inclusions. Due to the difference of observation method, three-dimensional dendritic MnS inclusions would be revealed as several agminated small-sized ones in two-dimensional observation. In order to avoid misunderstanding, the characteristics of the nearest space distances between inclusions in widely used two-dimensional observation could be applied to recognize and define these agminated MnS inclusions to more accurately evaluate their effects on IPF formation.

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Effect of MnS Inclusions Distribution on Intragranular Ferrite Formation in Medium Carbon Non-Quenched and Tempered Steel for Large-Sized Crankshaft

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Analysis of the Deep Drawing Behavior of 2507 Super Duplex Stainless Steel Based on Texture and Microstructure Evolutions

Zhijun Gao, Jingyuan Li, Yide Wang

pp. 531-540

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2018-526

Abstract

Tensile tests and deep drawing under different drawing ratios were carried out on 2507 duplex stainless steel (DSS). The effects of the microstructure and microtexture on the formability of the as-received sheets were examined by optical microscope and electron backscatter diffraction. Deformation microstructures in different regions of the drawn cup were also analyzed with transmission electron microscopy. The results indicated that 2507 DSS sheet had serious anisotropy and obvious 45° ears. Textures of the as-received sheet showed that the strong α-fiber texture in the ferrite (α) was dominant, while the texture intensity in the austenite (γ) was weak. The {001}<110> and {112}<110> orientations were the main factor that resulted in the low Lankford parameter (r-value) and high planar anisotropy (Δr). The microstructures in different regions of the drawn cup showed that the different crystal structure of α and γ phases led to the inhomogeneous strain distribution. The decrease of the deep drawability was attributed to the incoordinate deformation between the α and γ phase.

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Analysis of the Deep Drawing Behavior of 2507 Super Duplex Stainless Steel Based on Texture and Microstructure Evolutions

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Strongly Developed Texture Components near Rotated Cube Orientation during Recrystallization in a Severely Cold Rolled Low Carbon Steel

Shigehiro Takajo, Sven C. Vogel, Yasuyuki Hayakawa

pp. 541-550

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2018-579

Abstract

Extraordinarily strong recrystallization texture components near rotated cube ({100}<011>) developed in a low carbon steel processed with a severe cold rolling at 99.8% reduction followed by an annealing at 550°C or more. The rotated cube orientation is beneficial for magnetic applications, while it has been recognized as an orientation difficult to recrystallize. Unlike the conventional 90% cold rolling sample, the 99.8% cold rolling sample showed an unusually strong α fiber deformation texture and a fine lamellar structure understood from previous work to be generated via grain subdivision. In addition, texture analysis of a partially recrystallized sample at lower temperature anneal of 450°C revealed that the {100}<0 7 10> oriented grains recrystallized discontinuously from near the domain boundaries in the 99.8% cold rolled sample, while the {100}<011> oriented grains were likely to recrystallize continuously. Kernel average misorientation analysis of EBSD data suggested that the {100}<011> oriented grains underwent a faster recovery than the other α fiber orientations, resulting in a fast nucleation and growing toward the deformed matrix. Since this oriented nucleation of {100}<011> oriented grains was not observed in 99.8% cold rolled pure iron and 99.2% cold rolled interstitial free steel, solute carbons in the steel would play a significant role for the selective and fast recovery of the {100}<011> oriented grains during the annealing process.

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Strongly Developed Texture Components near Rotated Cube Orientation during Recrystallization in a Severely Cold Rolled Low Carbon Steel

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An Induction Heating Analysis with Consideration of Temperature Dependent B-H Curves and Change in Phase Transformation under Rapid Heating

Hirohisa Takeuchi, Yasuhiro Yogo

pp. 551-558

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2018-552

Abstract

Induction heating (IH) is commonly used for heating and heat treatment. An accurate prediction of temperature distribution is required to optimize the heating parameters, such as the heating coil dimensions, coil current, and heating time, without trial and error. In this study, temperature-dependent B-H curves and changes in phase transformation under rapid heating were measured and used for IH analysis to improve the prediction accuracy. IH experiments were also carried out to confirm the accuracy of the analysis. Consideration of the temperature-dependent B-H curves improved the prediction accuracy up to the Curie temperature, and consideration of changes in phase transformation temperature under rapid heating improved the accuracy for temperatures above the Ac1 temperature. The maximum error between the experimental and calculation results for a columnar test piece was approximately 25 K, when the experimental temperature was 1300 K. This error is 9 times smaller than that obtained with a conventional analysis method. Good agreement was also obtained between the experimental and calculated values for a test piece with a convex projection, for which the temperature distribution and evolution are complex.

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An Induction Heating Analysis with Consideration of Temperature Dependent B-H Curves and Change in Phase Transformation under Rapid Heating

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Mechanical Behavior of Individual Retained Austenite Grains in High Carbon Quenched-tempered Steel

Tinghui Man, Takahito Ohmura, Yo Tomota

pp. 559-566

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2018-620

Abstract

The deformation behaviors of metastable retained austenite and martensite in a high carbon quenched-tempered steel were investigated complementarily using electron backscattered diffraction, nanoindentation and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to determine the effect of the austenite grain size on its mechanical stability. Investigation by the nanoindentation have shown that martensite exhibits a single plastic deformation stage, i.e., a dislocation glide motion, whereas metastable retained austenite exhibits double plastic deformation stages. TEM observations of a cross-sliced foil with an indentation mark has suggested that the first stage deformation in the austenite phase is dominated by stress-induced martensite transformation, while the second stage is governed by the slip deformation of dislocations in the transformed martensite. Furthermore, we have found that the stress required for the phase transformation and for the transition from the phase transformation to the plastic deformation of transformed martensite increase with decreasing in austenite grain size, indicating that fine austenite grains are mechanically more stable than coarse austenite grains.

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Mechanical Behavior of Individual Retained Austenite Grains in High Carbon Quenched-tempered Steel

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Dislocation Characterization by the Direct-fitting/modified Williamson–Hall (DF/mWH) Method in Cold Worked Ferritic Steel

Setsuo Takaki, Takuro Masumura, Toshihiro Tsuchiyama

pp. 567-572

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2018-623

Abstract

X-ray diffraction is a powerful tool for dislocation characterization, which includes evaluation of dislocation distribution, nature of dislocation, and dislocation density. In the Williamson–Hall (WH) plots, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) is plotted relative to the diffraction angle for each diffraction peak and the method corresponds to the basic approach for dislocation characterization. However, the elastic anisotropy in each crystal plane makes the analysis of WH plots difficult because elastic anisotropy also affects the FWHM of diffraction peaks. In order to correct the effect of elastic anisotropy, Ungár developed a unique methodology by using the contrast factor C, and this is termed as the modified Williamson–Hall (mWH) method. Conversely, researchers developed a new methodology termed as the “direct-fitting (DF) method,” in which the elastic anisotropy is corrected by directly applying the diffraction Young’s modulus ratio (ω). In the DF method, a linear relation is realized in the corrected WH plots, and reliable values are obtained for the parameter α that contains information on the crystallite size. In the present study, the α-value obtained using the DF method was applied to the mWH equation, and dislocation characterization was performed in a low carbon ferritic steel (Fe-0.0056%C) by cold rolling. The results indicated that increasing the extent of cold rolling decreases the screw component of dislocation, and monotonically increases the parameter φ (which contains the information of dislocation density). Additionally, the parameter A (which depends on the dislocation arrangement) was evaluated at approximately 0.50 for cold worked ferrite.

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Dislocation Characterization by the Direct-fitting/modified Williamson–Hall (DF/mWH) Method in Cold Worked Ferritic Steel

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A Gibbs Energy Balance Model for Growth Via Diffusional Growth-Ledges

Samuel James Clark, Yongjun Lan, Alireza Rahnama, Vit Janik, Seetharaman Sridhar

pp. 573-582

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2018-621

Abstract

Growth ledges are commonly observed on interphase boundaries during diffusional phase transformations and are of great importance for understanding inter-sheet spacing of interphase precipitates. A simple model based on Gibbs Energy Balance (GEB) for describing growth kinetics via diffusional growth-ledges of height λ is presented for the case of ferrite growth into austenite. The model is validated against the case of austenite to ferrite transformation involving interphase precipitation in a V, Mn, Si alloyed HSLA steel where, λ is assumed to be equal to the inter-sheet spacing of interphase carbide precipitates. The presented model provides a computationally efficient and versatile method for predicting the ledge height, λ, and the growth kinetics of ferrite from initial nucleation through to final soft impingement considering the evolution of solute drag at growth ledge risers. It is suggested that the intrinsic mobility of growth ledge risers is: , with R the gas constant and T the absolute temperature in K.

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A Gibbs Energy Balance Model for Growth Via Diffusional Growth-Ledges

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Shear-Force Based Stainless Steel Slag Modification for Chromium Immobilization

Qing Zhao, Chengjun Liu, Longhu Cao, Maofa Jiang, Baokuan Li, Henrik Saxén, Ron Zevenhoven

pp. 583-589

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2017-678

Abstract

Immobilization of chromium in a stable spinel by modification is a powerful way to prevent chromium pollution of stainless steel (SS) slags. The precipitated spinel grain size is usually smaller than 30 µm, however, which limits the effectiveness of the modification. In the literature, very few efforts have been reported on promotion of spinel growth rate by optimizing the dynamic conditions. In this study, the effects of shear force on the spinel grain size evolution under isothermal conditions and during cooling were investigated. The experimental results indicate that the employment of shear force significantly changes the growth behavior of spinel at 1500°C. The growth mechanism of spinel was studied by using crystal size distribution (CSD) theory, showing different regimes of supply-controlled Ostwald ripening, surface-controlled growth with decaying nucleation rate, and constant rate nucleation and growth at shear rates of 0 s−1, 10.83 s−1, and 21.67 s−1, respectively. On the other hand, at a cooling rate of 5°C·min−1, the shear force was found to have little effect on the crystallization behavior of spinel. The results of static leaching tests indicated that hardly any chromium had leached, which makes the modified SS slag more environmentally friendly when used as a raw material.

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Shear-Force Based Stainless Steel Slag Modification for Chromium Immobilization

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Emissions and Removal of Gaseous Pollutants from the Top-gas of a Blast Furnace

Christof Lanzerstorfer, Wilfried Preitschopf, Robert Neuhold, Christoph Feilmayr

pp. 590-595

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2018-591

Abstract

The emissions of a blast furnace and the separation efficiency of the top-gas scrubber were investigated for the gaseous components HCl, H2S, SO2, COS, CS2, CH3SH, HCN and NH3. The clean gas emission of sulphur was dominated by COS which accounted for about 85% of the total sulphur emissions. From the hydrogen halides only HCl was present above the detection limit and the concentrations of NH3 and HCN were also low. The average separation efficiency for HCl, SO2 and NH3 was 96%, 81% and 46%, respectively. COS was not separated in the scrubber system. The concentrations of the weak acids HCN and H2S were higher in the off-gas after the scrubber compared to the concentration before the scrubber. This phenomenon was explained by the release from the scrubber water into the gas of un-dissociated H2S and HCN originating from cyanides and sulphides contained in the separated dust. Separation efficiencies similar to those of the scrubber system are expected to be achieved also by dry sorption gas cleaning processes. However, this has to be verified in experiments. In the case of applying a dry gas cleaning system, the concentrations of H2S and HCN in the clean gas would be even less.

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Emissions and Removal of Gaseous Pollutants from the Top-gas of a Blast Furnace

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