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ISIJ International Vol. 36 (1996), No. 5

ISIJ International
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ONLINE ISSN: 1347-5460
PRINT ISSN: 0915-1559
Publisher: The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan

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ISIJ International Vol. 36 (1996), No. 5

Multi-Frequency Electromagnetic Stirring of Liquid Metals

K.-H. Spitzer, Georg Reiter, Klaus Schwerdtfeger

pp. 487-492

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.36.487

Abstract

In some applications of electromgnetic stirring of metals a characteristic flow pattern is requested in the melt which requires a certain volume force distribution. The possibilities to achieve such a volume force distribution by a suitable geometry and position of the stirrer are limited. More flexibility is obtained when the stirring is performed with two or more magnetic fields traveling with different velocities in different directions. It is shown in the present paper that such a stirring can be realized with a conventional stirrer by feeding its three-phase winding with a current made up by superposition of two or more currents with different frequencies and traveling directions.

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Multi-Frequency Electromagnetic Stirring of Liquid Metals

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Radial Distribution of Burden Descent Velocity near Burden Surface in Blast Furnace

Morimasa Ichida, Masayoshi Takao, Kazuya Kunitomo, Sinroku Matsuzaki, Tadashi Deno, Kazuhiro Nishihara

pp. 493-502

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.36.493

Abstract

An examination was made in regard to the influences of various factors on descent characteristic at a free surface and inner burden based on the model experiment and measurements at an actual furnace. At the same time a non-uniform descent model was prepared and a study was conducted with the use of a non-uniform descent model as to a mechanism forming the radial distribution of burden descent velocity near the burden surface in a blast furnace. As a result, the following knowledge has been acquired. The relative burden descent velocity at the free surface is relatively larger at the peripheral area and smaller at the central area than that at the inner burden. The relative burden descent velocity at the peripheral area on the free surface is large when a peripheral ore/coke is high or there is a wall erosion at the upper part of shaft. Non-uniform descent characteristic at the free surface is remarkable for alumina ball and sintered ore having a small repose angle and not remarkable for coke having a large repose angle. In the actual operation, radial distribution of relative burden descent velocity near the burden surface greatly varies depending on a relative ore/coke distribution, difference in particle size between coke and sintered ore and physical property values, even if the charging pattern is the same.

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Radial Distribution of Burden Descent Velocity near Burden Surface in Blast Furnace

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Numerical Simulation of Three-Dimensional Fluid Flow and Mixing Process in Gas-stirred Ladles

Miao-Yong Zhu, Ikuo Sawada, Norimasa Yamasaki, Tse-Chiang Hsiao

pp. 503-511

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.36.503

Abstract

A numerical study was performed for the three-dimensional turbulent fluid flow and mixing characteristics in gas-stirred ladles with a code developed by present authors. The effects of gas flow rate, positions of nozzle and tracer, and inclined wall on the flow pattern and mixing were investigated in the present work. It is shown that eccentric blowing increases the azimuthal velocity, thus reducing the mixing time, and the mixing time is sensitive to the alloy/tracer adding position especially for center blowing. For the ladle with inclined wall, it has shorter mixing time compared with the cylindrical one. The predicted results were compared with the experimental data, which showed good quantitative agreements.

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Numerical Simulation of Three-Dimensional Fluid Flow and Mixing Process in Gas-stirred Ladles

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Ferrous Oxide Activity in FeO-TiO2-CaO-Al2O3 System

Mamdouh M. Eissa, Kamal A. El-Fawakhry, Wafia Tayor, Hoda El-Faramawy, Azza M. Ahmed

pp. 512-516

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.36.512

Abstract

Ferrous oxide activity has been determined in molten synthetic slag mixtures of the quaternary system FeO-TiO2-CaO-Al2O3 at constant levels of Al2O3. Furthermore, in the course of determining the FeO activity in this quaternary system, the ternary system FeO-CaO-Al2O3 was also investigated at 1450°C.
The technique used to measure the ferrous oxide activity in the investigated systems was the well established one of gas-slag-metal equilibration in which molten slags contained in armco iron crucibles are exposed to a flowing gas mixture with a known oxygen potential until equilibrium has been attained. After equilibration, the final chemical analysis of the slags give compositions having a particular ferrous oxide activity corresponding to the oxygen potential of the gas mixture.
The effect of Al2O3 additions on the FeO activity was determined. The results are presented as a series of iso-activity curves on pseudo-ternary diagrams. The interdependence between the ferrous oxide activities and slag composition was also studied.

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Ferrous Oxide Activity in FeO-TiO2-CaO-Al2O3 System

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Phosphorus Distribution Ratios between CaO-SiO2-FetO Slags and Carbon-saturated Iron at 1573 K

Jeoungkiu Im, Kazuki Morita, Nobuo Sano

pp. 517-521

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.36.517

Abstract

In response to recent industrial demands for refining hot metals without using halides at the lowest CaO consumption, the possibility of hot metal dephosphorization by CaO-SiO2-FetO slags of low CaO content has been assessed in this study. In order to clarify the dephosphorization behavior of hot metals, equilibrium distribution ratios of phosphorus between CaO-SiO2 -FetO slags and solid iron strips have been measured as a function of slag composition at 1573 K, avoiding CO gas evolution if carbon-saturated iron is used. The obtained distribution ratios have been converted to those for hot metals using available thermodynamic data of phosphorus in solid and liquid irons.
Phosphorus distribution ratio strongly depends on CaO content but not so much on FetO content of the slag. It increases with an increase in CaO content when FetO content is kept constant, while it slightly decreases when total Fe content is increased from 18-24 to 55 mass% at the (mass%CaO)/(mass%SiO2) rario of around unity.
Phosphate capacities have also been estimated using activity data for FeO in this slag system, being considerably affected by CaO content of the slag. They show a good correlation with slag basicity.

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Phosphorus Distribution Ratios between CaO-SiO2-FetO Slags and Carbon-saturated Iron at 1573 K

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The Kinetics of Dissolution of Copper and Iron in Aqueous Cupric Ammine Solutions

Satoshi Uchida, Ichiro Takemura, Masanori Tokuda, K. Osseo-Asare

pp. 522-527

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.36.522

Abstract

The dissolution rate of metallic copper plate in aqueous cupric ammine solutions was studied at 0.05-1.0 mol//CuSO4 concentration, 0-3000 rpm rotation speed and temperatures between 10-90°C. The dissolution rate was mainly controlled by chemical reaction at the temperature below 30°C, and by diffusion of cupric complex at temperatures higher than 40°C. It was found that the dissolution rate of copper increases with an increase in temperature and rotation speed, while a maximum rate was observed for increasing Cu(II) concentration. The effect of different anion showed significant results on dissolution rate of copper and iron, and carbonate ion was found to prevent the corrosion of iron. The selective dissolution of copper from iron scrap was suggested.

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The Kinetics of Dissolution of Copper and Iron in Aqueous Cupric Ammine Solutions

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Thermodynamics on Control of Inclusions Composition in Ultraclean Steels

Hideaki Suito, Ryo Inoue

pp. 528-536

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.36.528

Abstract

The relations among the compositions of inclusion, steel and top slag were thermodynamically studied at 1823 K in tire cord, valve spring, ultra low carbon sheet, bearing and sulfur free-machining steels. In case of a tire cord and valve spring steels, the equilibrium among inclusion, steel and top slag was found to be established in practice with respect to Si and Mn. The contents of Si, O and Ca in an ultra low carbon sheet steel were determined as a functin of top slag composition, and the higher oxygen contents observed in practice were explained by the effect of FetO in slag. Themodynamic discussion was made for the formation of spinel inclusions in a bearing steel and the precipitation of CaS in a sulfur free-machining steel.

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Thermodynamics on Control of Inclusions Composition in Ultraclean Steels

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Effect of the Primary Oxide on the Behavior of the Oxide Precipitating during Solidification of Steel

Hiroki Goto, Ken-ichi Miyazawa, Hiroyuki Honma

pp. 537-542

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.36.537

Abstract

Effect of the primary oxide on the behavior of the oxide precipitated and grown during solidification was investigated using Mn deoxidized steel which has primary oxides and soluble oxygen before solidification of the steel. The composition and size of oxides in the continuously cast steel were observed and theoretically analyzed. The results obtained are as follows.
MnO-FeO and MnO-FeO-Al2O3 oxides were observed. The compositions of the oxides change with cooling rate of the steel and the size of oxide. The Al2O3 content in the oxide at low cooling rate is lower than that at high cooling rate. The Al2O3 content in the oxide decreases with the decrease in the size of the oxide.
As a result of the theoretical analysis of the oxide behavior during solidification on the basis of a diffusion growth model, it has been found that MnO-FeO oxide precipitates and grows regardless of primary oxide during solidification and MnO-FeO-Al2O3 oxide grows during solidification as MnO precipitates on the primary oxide which contains Al2O3.

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Effect of the Primary Oxide on the Behavior of the Oxide Precipitating during Solidification of Steel

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Physical and Mathematical Modeling of Steel Flow and Heat Transfer in Tundishes under Non-isothermal and Non-adiabatic Conditions

J. de J. S. Barreto, M. A. BarrÓn Meza, R. D. Morales

pp. 543-552

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.36.543

Abstract

Steel flow and heat transfer in tundishes under non-isothermal and non-adiabatic conditions are physically and mathematically modeled. For this purpose thermal step inputs in both types of models are applied and temperature measurements as well as computations of flow and heat transfer at unsteady state are carried out.
Experimental measurements of output responses to thermal step inputs fed in the tundish model and the transient solution of the three dimensional Navier-Stoke's equations keep a very good agreement.
Isothermal lines of water model and those belonging to the prototype under non-adabatic conditions are not equivalent for the same thermal step input and this promotes different velocity fields of water in the model and liquied steel in the prototype.
As velocity fields have a direct influence on inclusions removal from steel to the covering tundish slag it is recommended to have caution on the employment of non-isothermal water models to interpret the actual behavior of steel flow and inclusions dynamics in industrial tundishes.

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Physical and Mathematical Modeling of Steel Flow and Heat Transfer in Tundishes under Non-isothermal and Non-adiabatic Conditions

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Modeling and Simulation of Hydraulic Gap Control System in a Hot Strip Mill

Prodip Bhowal, S. K. Mukherjee

pp. 553-562

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.36.553

Abstract

Hot strips are presently being rolled out with considerable thickness accuracy. This has been made possible due to superordinated control system comprising of adaptive setup model, monitor thickness control, automatic gauge control, tension and looper control, hydraulic gap control etc.
The present work is, however, confined to modeling and simulation studies of hydraulic gap control system in the last stand of the finishig mill of a typical hot strip mill (HSM). The simulation results based on the model show that the system operates effectively to provide high thickness accuracy and good response behavior.

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Modeling and Simulation of Hydraulic Gap Control System in a Hot Strip Mill

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Effect of Hot Band Annealing Temperature on the Magnetic Properties of Low-carbon Electrical Steels

Chun-Kan Hou

pp. 563-571

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.36.563

Abstract

The effect of hot band annealing temperature, range from 700-1000°C, on the magnetic properties of low-carbon electrical steels measured at 10, 15 and 17 kG inductions have been investigated. The grain microstructures of hot bands were changed by annealing at various temperature. Small grains are observed in the as hot-rolled band and hot band annealed at 700°C. Large columnar grains are observed in the hot band annealed at 800°C. Duplex structure with fine grains at the central portion of the plate and large columnar grains near the surface are observed in the hot band annealed at 900°C. Uniform medium size grains are observed in the hot band annealed at 1000°C. In addition, the size of manganese sulfide inclusions in the hot bands increased with increasing annealing temperature. After final annealing at 820°C for 1 min, grain size of low-carbon electrical steels increased with increasing hot band annealing temperature. After final annealing, low-carbon electrical steel with hot band annealing at 800°C developed favorable texture for magnetic properties. At three different inductions, ac core loss and hysteresis loss decreased with increasing hot band annealing temperature in 700-900°C. At 10 kG induction, ac and dc permeability increased with increasing hot band annealing temperature. Low-carbon electrical steel with hot band annealing at 800°C exhibited maximum ac and dc permeability under 15 kG induction. However, the steel with hot band annealing at 900°C obtained maximum ac and dc permeability and maximum magnetic flux density under 17 kG induction. Magnetic properties of the steel were improved when hot bands were annealed at temperature higher than 800°C, when it was compared with the as hot-rolled steel.

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Effect of Hot Band Annealing Temperature on the Magnetic Properties of Low-carbon Electrical Steels

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Reduce Rolling Characteristics of Hollow Piece by Rotary Rolling Mill

Kazuyuki Nakasuji, Kouichi Kuroda, Chihiro Hayashi

pp. 572-578

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.36.572

Abstract

Extra-thick-walled tubes, hollow rods, in which wall thickness to outside diameter ratio is 25% or more, are produced at steel rod rolling mills at large, as they cannot be manufactured into seamless tubes at any existing mill plant. They are currently produced by a process in which a square billet with an inserted mandrel of manganese steel is passed through a bar mill. Then, the hollow billet is finished to the desired diameter and wall thickness. After that, the mandrel is removed from the hollow billet. The unit tool requirement of this process is costly and uneconomical, and the dimensionally accuracy is low.
In this paper, the reduce rolling characteristics of hollow piece by rotary rolling mill have been studied in detail. This process, in which a rotary rolling mill with three rolls has been used for reducing the outside diameter of hollow piece, makes it possible both to obtain hollow rods with high dimensional accuracy and to produce hollow rods efficiently. This rotary rolling makes it possible to reduce the outside diameter of hollow pieces and to control the wall thickness of hollow pieces with no internal sizing tool by only setting rotary rolling mill conditions. Hollow pieces having the desired dimensions can be produced with high accuracy.

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Reduce Rolling Characteristics of Hollow Piece by Rotary Rolling Mill

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Texture Formation of TiN Films Deposited on (011) [100] Single Crystal of Silicon Steel

Yukio Inokuti

pp. 579-583

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.36.579

Abstract

In order to clarify the texture of TiN diposited onto (011) [100] single crystals of silicon steel, TiN ceramic coating by the HCD method was done on the surface of polished silicon steel samples. Pole figures of the TiN films and related silicon steel samples were measured simultaneously using an SSD auto pole figure apparatus.
(111)TiN pole figure of the TiN film showed the dominant texture of (111) [110] orientation, and (100)Si-steel pole figure of the (011) [100] single crystal of silicon steel showed the dominant texture of (011) [100] orientation. The orientation relationship between the TiN films and a single crystal of silicon steel is considered to be (111)TiN//(011)Si-steel, [110]TiN//[100]Si-steel.
It should be noted that the dominant texture of TiN with (111) [110] orientation was formed preferentially on the surface of (011) [100] single crystal of silicon steel, and the orientation relationship between the TiN films and a single crystal of silicon steel was very good misfit within several percent.

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Texture Formation of TiN Films Deposited on (011) [100] Single Crystal of Silicon Steel

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Morphology and Crystallography of Hcp Zn Crystals Electrodeposited on Bcc Fe-3%Si Single Crystal Substrates

Tadashi Furuhara, Norihiko Sugita, Tadashi Maki

pp. 584-591

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.36.584

Abstract

The morphology and crystallography of Zn crystals electrodeposited on Fe-3mass%Si ferrite single crystal substrates were examined for various substrate orientations. The epitaxy between the Zn crystals and the ferrite substrates exists on both polycrystalline and single crystal substrates. Zn crystals deposited on the (100)b, (110)b and (111)b substrates have four, one and three variants of the habit plane, respectively. Zn crystals on the (510)b substrate exhibit more than two variants of the habit plane. Zn crystals deposited on the (110)b substrate have the Burgers orientation relationship with the substrate. The morphology and crystallography of Zn crystals can be explained by the formation of invariant lines on the microscopic {110}b facets of each pits formed prior to the deposition.

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Morphology and Crystallography of Hcp Zn Crystals Electrodeposited on Bcc Fe-3%Si Single Crystal Substrates

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The Self-accommodation and Plastic Accommodation Effects during the Formation of {259}f Lenticular Martensite

Xiaoyan Song, Nanju Gu

pp. 592-594

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.36.592

Abstract

From the crystallographic analysis on the micro-structure of the {259}f lenticular martensite observed by using the electron microscope, twins and dislocations in a martensitic plate are closely related to each other and they play important role in the self-accommodation and the plastic accommodation effects in the formation and growth of the {259}f lenticular martensite.

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The Self-accommodation and Plastic Accommodation Effects during the Formation of {259}f Lenticular Martensite

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Effects of Boride Former Elements on Recovery and Recrystallization of Reverse-transformed Austenite in Fe-19%Ni Alloy

Takuya Yasuno, Akio Koganei, Kazuhiko Kuribayashi, Tadashi Hasegawa, Ryo Horiuchi

pp. 595-602

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.36.595

Abstract

Effects of various boride former elements (Ta, W, Nb, Ti, Mo) and/or B on recovery and recrystallization of reverse-transformed austenite were examined in carbon-free Fe-19mass%Ni alloys. The combined addition of Nb and B was found to be the most effective in suppressing them; the recrystallization temperature of the reverse-transformed austenite rose up to 1200 K which is ∼100 K higher than that of alloys with single addition of boride former element or B. TEM observation of extraction replicas indicated that the retardation of recovery and recrystallization was due to very fine precipitates of Nb-boride. It was made clear from the theoretical analysis on the solubility product of several MB2-type borides (M=Cr, Mn, Nb, Ti, Mo) that NbB2 was the most stable over a wide range of temperature (773-1173 K). This may be the reason why recovery and recrystallization do not occur up to the highest temperature in case of the combined addition of Nb and B.

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Effects of Boride Former Elements on Recovery and Recrystallization of Reverse-transformed Austenite in Fe-19%Ni Alloy

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Ferrite Grain Refinement by Large Reduction per Pass in Non-recrystallization Temperature Region of Austenite

Akihiko Kojima, Yoshiyuki Watanabe, Yoshio Terada, Atsuhiko Yoshie, Hiroshi Tamehiro

pp. 603-610

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.36.603

Abstract

In order to clarify the effects of reduction per pass in non-recrystallization temperature region of austenite (γ ) on ferrite (α) grain size of low carbon steels, isothermal hot compression tests have been performed. The hot deformations have been carried out by the constant reduction per pass of 10, 20 or 30% under the cumulative reduction of 30 or 50% in the non-recrystallization region. The α grain size is decreased about 15% with increasing the reduction per pass from 10 to 30% under the cumulative reduction of 50%. At this time, the α nucleaton site density, which is defined as the number of γ grain boundaries, deformation bands and annealing twin boundaries per unit length of deformation direction, is increased about 30%. It is estimated that the increase in the α nucleation site density is caused by the increase in deformation bands. Furthermore, the number of α nuclei per unit length of γ grain boundaries is increased about 10% with increasing the reduction per pass from 10 to 30% under the cumulative reduction of 30%. It has been clarified by the calculation that the α grain refinement by the large reduction per pass is mainly caused by the increase in the α nucleation site density, which is led by the increase in deformation bands.

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Ferrite Grain Refinement by Large Reduction per Pass in Non-recrystallization Temperature Region of Austenite

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Prediction of Crack-sensitivity of Continuously Cast Slabs of AISI 430 Ferritic Stainless Steel

Santanu Kumar Ray, Bireswar Mukhopadhyay, Subir Kumar Bhattacharyya

pp. 611-612

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.36.611

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Prediction of Crack-sensitivity of Continuously Cast Slabs of AISI 430 Ferritic Stainless Steel

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