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ISIJ International Vol. 49 (2009), No. 2

ISIJ International
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ONLINE ISSN: 1347-5460
PRINT ISSN: 0915-1559
Publisher: The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan

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ISIJ International Vol. 49 (2009), No. 2

Deoxidation Equilibrium of Vanadium in the Iron–Nickel Melts

V. Ya. Dashevskii, A. A. Aleksandrov, A. G. Kanevskii, M. A. Makarov

pp. 149-155

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.49.149

Abstract

Thermodynamic analysis of oxygen solutions in the Fe–Ni melts with vanadium has been carried out. The deoxidizing ability of vanadium decreases slightly with the nickel content up to 20% but it considerably rises with a further increase in its concentration. The oxygen solubility curves pass through a minimum, which shifts to the lower vanadium concentrations with a rise in the nickel content, i.e., from 2.32% for pure iron to 0.77% for pure nickel. The further vanadium addition causers an increase in the oxygen concentration in melt. For pure nickel or alloys with the nickel concentration higher than 60%, the deoxidizing ability of vanadium is lower in comparison with that of manganese and is close to the deoxidizing ability of chromium. This can be explained by the fact that although the bond strength of oxygen with nickel is appreciably weaker as compared to that with iron (γ°O(Fe)=0.0105; γ°O(Ni)=0.357), but the vanadium bond strength with nickel is much stronger than that with iron (γ°V(Fe)=0.1; γ°V(Ni)=0.011). The deoxidation of iron–nickel melts with vanadium was experimentally studied by the example of the Fe–40%Ni alloy.

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Deoxidation Equilibrium of Vanadium in the Iron–Nickel Melts

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Sulphide Capacities of CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–MgO–MnO Slags in the Temperature Range 1673–1773K

Yoshinori Taniguchi, Nobuo Sano, Seshadri Seetharaman

pp. 156-163

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.49.156

Abstract

With a view to estimate the sulphide capacities of slags used in hot metal pretreatment processes, the sulphide capacities of CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–MgO, CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–MnO and CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–MgO–MnO slags in low SiO2 concentration region were measured in the temperature range 1673–1773 K. The gas–slag equilibrium technique has been used for these measurements.
From the results obtained, it was found that the MgO and MnO increased the sulphide capacity values of slag. A new empirical model based on optical basicity for sulphide capacity prediction of these slags was developed using the measured values of the present work and literature.

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Sulphide Capacities of CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–MgO–MnO Slags in the Temperature Range 1673–1773K

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Reduction Extraction Kinetics of Titania and Iron from an Ilmenite by H2–Ar Gas Mixtures

Yuming Wang, Zhangfu Yuan, Hiroyuki Matsuura, Fumitaka Tsukihashi

pp. 164-170

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.49.164

Abstract

Reduction of an ilmenite concentrate as a natural concentration containing 49.78 mass% TiO2 and 27.96 mass% total Fe by H2–Ar gas mixtures was investigated from 1073 to 1273 K. Both the reduction degree and reduction rate increased with the increase of temperature and hydrogen content. The reduction degree of the ilmenite decreased due to the presence of impurities including manganese and silicon oxides in the ilmenite concentrate. During the reduction, the formation of manganese and silicon oxide-enriched zones prevented complete reduction of Fe2+. The reduction products were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electronic microscope with energy disperse spectroscopy and optical microscopy analysis, respectively. The main phases in reduced products were reduced iron, rutile, reduced rutiles, pseudobrookite and Ti3O5. The reduction reaction proceeded topochemically and the reduction kinetics was discussed. It was found that the rate controlling step was the diffusion of hydrogen gas in the reduced layer.

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Reduction Extraction Kinetics of Titania and Iron from an Ilmenite by H2–Ar Gas Mixtures

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Thermodynamics of Copper Dissolution into MnO–SiO2–MnS Inclusion System

Jin Gyun Park, Joo Hyun Park, Young Seok Lee, Sung Mo Jung, Dong Joon Min

pp. 171-177

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.49.171

Abstract

Recently, a new process has been introduced to control α–γ transformation of steels using cuprous sulfide precipitates on the MnO bearing oxide inclusion as well as MnS. In order to optimize the composition of inclusions, the solubility of copper into MnO–SiO2–MnS system were measured at 1523 K and a dissolution mechanism of copper into an oxy-sulfide melts and cuprous sulfide capacity has been proposed. The solubility of copper increased with an increase in MnO/(MnO+SiO2) ratio and showed a maximum solubility at MnO and MnS doubly saturated composition, which was consistent with the maximum precipitation ratio of CuS. Deliberating an oxy-sulfide melts saturated with MnS, MnO, and SiO2 at 1523 K, the phase diagram for the MnO–SiO2–MnS system indicated that the activity coefficient of cuprous sulfide in an oxy-sulfide melts was dependent on the activity of MnO and the activity coefficient of MnS. The dissolution mechanism of copper into a MnO–MnS inclusion system was confirmed and cuprous sulfide capacity was also defined from the reaction mechanism. Cuprous sulfide capacity for the MnO–MnS bearing inclusion strongly depends on stability of sulfide and basicity. The experimental results revealed that the optimized composition for inclusion to dissolve copper was (mass%MnO)=43.6, (mass%SiO2)=1.8 and (mass%MnS)=54.6. Consequently, it could be proposed that the harmlessness of copper in scrap and dispersion strengthening could be possible by using the non-metallic inclusion technique.

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Thermodynamics of Copper Dissolution into MnO–SiO2–MnS Inclusion System

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Simulation of the Impingement of a Liquid Jet on a Molten Iron Bath by Using a Particle Method

Masahito Asai, Hiroki Nijo, Kimihisa Ito

pp. 178-181

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.49.178

Abstract

For the development of a kinetic model of the reactions occurring during refining processes, the MPS method that can easily calculate the large deformations in free surfaces and interfaces was used as a simulation tool for a high temperature fluid flow. A two-dimensional simulation of the impingement of a liquid jet on a liquid bath was performed for a slag–metal system, and the interfacial area between a slag and a metal was estimated. The possibilities and problems encountered in the application of the MPS method to the simulation of practical steelmaking processes are discussed.

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Simulation of the Impingement of a Liquid Jet on a Molten Iron Bath by Using a Particle Method

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Water Model Experiments on the Effect of an Argon Bubble on the Meniscus Near the Immersion Nozzle

Tsuyoshi Watanabe, Manabu Iguchi

pp. 182-188

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.49.182

Abstract

Water model experiments have been carried out to understand the behavior of the meniscus of molten steel near the immersion nozzle. The meniscus is disturbed by a large argon bubble rising along the immersion nozzle. Water, silicone oil, and air are used as models for molten steel, mold powder, and argon, respectively. A cylindrical rod is used as a model for the immersion nozzle. The contact angle of a water droplet on the rod is adjusted to become nearly the same as that of a molten steel droplet on the immersion nozzle by coating repellent on the rod surface. A single air bubble of a predetermined volume is released from a cap-shaped container to attach to the bottom of the rod. The behavior of the bubble passing across the interface between water and silicone oil is observed with a high-speed video camera to make clear the entrapment of silicone oil droplets into the water bath.

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Water Model Experiments on the Effect of an Argon Bubble on the Meniscus Near the Immersion Nozzle

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Flooding Diagram for Multi-phase Flow in a Moving Bed

X. F. Dong, T. Pham, A. B. Yu, P. Zulli

pp. 189-194

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.49.189

Abstract

Flooding phenomena typically represent liquid overflow and unstable flow behaviour in a gas–liquid counter-current flow within a fixed bed. Understanding the flooding phenomena in a multi-phase flow system is important to process design and optimization. This paper presents a study of the flooding phenomena in two systems: gas–liquid flow and gas–liquid–powder flow in moving beds. Experiments are conducted in a one-dimensional column involving upward gas and powder flow and downward solids and liquid flow. Based on the experimental findings, a correlation is formulated which considers the effects of particle moving and the presence of powder phase. The correlation can be used to generate flooding diagrams to depict flooding and non-flooding regions for multi-phase flow in a moving bed.

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Flooding Diagram for Multi-phase Flow in a Moving Bed

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The Influence of Fuel Reactivity on Iron Ore Sintering

Roy R. Lovel, Keith R. Vining, Mark Dell 'amico

pp. 195-202

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.49.195

Abstract

An experimental program conducted at CSIRO showed that flame front speed (ffs) and sinter productivity increased with fuel reactivity (r) while sinter strength and fuel utilisation fell. The following relationship modelled flame front speed for a JSM style sinter mix over a fuel reactivity range of 1×10−5 g/g/s to 4×10−3 g/g/s:
ffs=0.2014·ln(r)+4.039 , R2=0.997
where ffs is flame front speed (cm/min) and r is fuel reactivity (g/g/s).
The CSIRO research concluded that rapid heating of the lower bulk density green granules and endothermic fuel gasification preceding the flame front are dominant factors that contribute to changes in flame front speed. While productivity was significantly increased, less time at temperature reduced sinter strength and gasification contributed to poor fuel utilisation under the standard sintering conditions used for the experiments. A range of changes to sinter mixes and sintering conditions are proposed to overcome the negative aspects of increased fuel reactivity while continuing to exploit the positives.

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The Influence of Fuel Reactivity on Iron Ore Sintering

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Assessment of the State of the Blast Furnace High Temperature Region by Tuyere Core Drilling

Mikko Helle, Henrik Saxén, Olavi Kerkkonen

pp. 203-209

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.49.203

Abstract

Tuyere core drillings give a unique opportunity to probe the blast furnace and detect changes in both physical and chemical conditions of its high-temperature region. In this paper the findings from drill cores taken from a blast furnace are used to characterize the internal state of the furnace hearth, quantified by an erosion model estimating the available hearth volume. The complex relation is studied by entertaining neural network models using different combinations of inputs consisting of the extent of the distinct tuyere-level zones (raceway, bird's nest, dead man, etc.) of the core samples. The resulting model can be used to gain knowledge of the relation between tuyere level conditions and hearth states, and to classify the findings from future core drillings. The results also throw light on possible reasons for thermal cycles observed in the hearth of the furnace studied.

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Assessment of the State of the Blast Furnace High Temperature Region by Tuyere Core Drilling

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Development of Fluxed Iron Oxide Pellets Strengthened by CO2 Treatment for Use in Basic Oxygen Steel Making

Jagannath Pal, Satadal Ghorai, Manik Ch. Goswami, Sukomal Ghosh, Dinabandhu Ghosh, Debajyoti Bandyopadhyay

pp. 210-219

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.49.210

Abstract

Lump lime is presently being used as a fluxed material in basic oxygen steel making process. However, problems are often encountered in operation due to its high melting point, poor dissolution property, fines generation and hygroscopic property. Binary CaO–Fe2O3 has a eutectic point (1200°C) with 22% CaO. An agglomerate of lime and iron oxide under BOF condition would thus generate low melting oxidizing slag at the beginning of blow and would facilitate refining process. In this study, lime fluxed iron oxide pellet has been prepared using waste iron oxides and its strength was developed by CO2/CO2 containing gas treatment at room temperature, while no separate binders has been used. Industrial waste gases, say, blast furnace gas (BFG) may suitably be used as CO2 source. The pellet making process parameters such as composition of pellets, grain size of iron ore fines, treatment conditions etc. have been optimized through physical characterization like cold compressive strength, drop strength, abrasive resistance etc. Up to around 30 kg/pellet cold compressive strength, around 150 drop strength and excellent abrasive property have been achieved.

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Development of Fluxed Iron Oxide Pellets Strengthened by CO2 Treatment for Use in Basic Oxygen Steel Making

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Thermal Analysis of the Formation of Chunky Graphite during Solidification of Heavy-section Spheroidal Graphite Iron Parts

Jon Sertucha, Ramón Suárez, Iker Asenjo, Peio Larrañaga, Jacques Lacaze, Iñaki Ferrer, Susana Armendariz

pp. 220-228

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.49.220

Abstract

Analysis of cooling curves recorded at the centre of large blocks cast with near-eutectic spheroidal graphite cast irons prone to give chunky graphite has been checked against microstructure observations. It has been observed that solidification proceeds totally at temperatures lower than the stable eutectic temperature and the following solidification sequence could be proposed: 1) nucleation of primary graphite in the liquid; 2) initial eutectic reaction processing by growth of austenite-like dendrites encapsulating the primary nodules; 3) bulk eutectic reaction related to nucleation and then growth of CHG cells and of secondary nodules, these latter giving spheroidal graphite eutectic cells. It was found that the maximum recalescence during the eutectic reaction first increases with the volume of the block affected by chunky graphite, and then decreases when most of the material is affected. Interestingly enough, a relationship between the volume of the blocks affected by CHG and the recalescence measured on TA cups has been observed.

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Thermal Analysis of the Formation of Chunky Graphite during Solidification of Heavy-section Spheroidal Graphite Iron Parts

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Nitride Precipitation on Particles in Fe–10mass%Ni Alloy Deoxidized with Ti, M (M=Mg, Zr and Ce) and Ti/M

Andrey V. Karasev, Hideaki Suito

pp. 229-238

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.49.229

Abstract

The precipitation of nitrides on deoxidation particles in an Fe–10mass%Ni alloy containing 30~130 ppm O and 14~22 ppm N has been studied in the experiments where an alloy was deoxidized with Ti, M (M=Mg, Zr and Ce) and Ti/M at 1600°C and then cooled to 1200°C, followed by holding for 0 and 60 min before quenching. The total number of particles above 0.1 μm remains almost constant except in Ti deoxidation, but the proportion of cubic particles which correspond to nitrides and oxide-nitrides increases during holding at 1200°C in Ti, Zr, Ti/Mg and Ti/Zr deoxidations. In 0.05% (initial amount) Ti deoxidation, the number of TiN and TiN+TiOx particles increases during holding. In 0.03%Ti/0.1%Mg deoxidation, the number of TiOx–TiN particles decreases and the number of MgO–TiN and MgO–Ti(O, N) particles increases during holding due to the reduction of TiOx with soluble Mg. In 0.03%Ti/0.04%Zr deoxidation, the number of ZrO2 particles significantly decreases during holding due to the precipitation of TiN and ZrN on Zr oxides and formation of Zr(O, N)–Ti(O, N) particles. In the cases of Ti/0.08%Zr and Ti/0.12%Ce deoxidations, most of particles at 0 and 60 min of holding are ZrO2 and Zr(O, N) and Ce2O3 oxides, respectively, because the FeO–TiOx oxide in particles is reduced completely by dissolved Zr and Ce.

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Nitride Precipitation on Particles in Fe–10mass%Ni Alloy Deoxidized with Ti, M (M=Mg, Zr and Ce) and Ti/M

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Outflow Characteristics of a Pressure Medium during Sheet Hydroforming

Takayuki Hama, Ken Kurisu, Keita Matsushima, Hitoshi Fujimoto, Hirohiko Takuda

pp. 239-246

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.49.239

Abstract

The outflow characteristics of a pressure medium during a sheet hydroforming process have been studied experimentally by directly measuring the hydraulic pressure distribution. Initial measurements of the outflow of the pressure medium though the gap between two clamped dies were carried out in order to verify the method for measuring the hydraulic pressure distribution employed in this study and to investigate the basic properties of the outflow. The upward forces were calculated by integrating the measured hydraulic pressure during the outflow and found to be in satisfactory balance with the clamping forces, which demonstrates the validity of this measurement method. Furthermore, we suggest that the critical outflow pressure can be predicted by considering the force equilibrium. An experimental investigation of a square-cup sheet-hydroforming process was then carried out. The upward forces were calculated by integrating the measured hydraulic pressure and again found to be in satisfactory balance with the forming forces at the beginning of the process, which shows that the critical outflow pressure can also be predicted for square-cup deep-drawing processes. The hydraulic pressure distributions in the flange area and the chamber change significantly as the sheet conforms to the die shoulder, and the friction loss of hydraulic pressure at the die shoulder becomes large. These results indicate that the magnitude of the fluid-lubrication effect on the drawability of the sheet can vary with the stage of sheet deformation.

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Outflow Characteristics of a Pressure Medium during Sheet Hydroforming

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Possibility of Applying Superplastic Forging to the Microforming of SUS304

Masahito Katoh, Yasunori Torisaka

pp. 247-250

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.49.247

Abstract

The microforming of SUS304 stainless steel with fine grain structures is carried out utilizing superplastic phenomenon. The configurations of superplastic-formed structures are studied, and possibility of superplastic microforming with SUS304 stainless steel is discussed. The microforming utilizing superplastic phenomenon successfully achieved the formation of pyramid-shaped projection with 50 μm base and 10 μm height on SUS304 specimen with ultra-fine grain structure averaging to 250 nm. It is believed that the surface roughness of the micronsized structure, obtained in this experiment, may have reached below the Rayleigh limit for light with wavelength of at least 2 μm where the surface becomes smooth enough for infra-red (IR) device applications.

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Possibility of Applying Superplastic Forging to the Microforming of SUS304

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Pulsed Current Gas Metal Arc Welding under Different Shielding and Pulse Parameters; Part 1: Arc Characteristics

P. K. Ghosh, Lutz Dorn, K. Devakumaran, F. Hofmann

pp. 251-260

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.49.251

Abstract

The variation of arc characteristics with respect to its profile under Ar+2%CO2, Ar+18%CO2 and argon gas shielding and the stability of gas shielding with variation in pulse parameters have been studied by video-graphy of arc environment during P-GMA weld deposition using mild steel filler wire. The effect of pulse parameters has been studied by considering their hypothetically proposed summarized influence defined by a dimensionless factor, φ=[(Ib/Ip)ftb], mean current and arc voltage. The measured root diameter, projected diameter and length have been measured and correlated to the P-GMA welding parameters under different gas shielding. It has been observed that the arc characteristics with respect to its shape and spreading over the weld significantly vary with φ, mean current and arc voltage giving due consideration to the shielding environment. The use of Ar+2%CO2 gas shielding appreciably reduces the DR but enhances the DP and L with respect to that observed under Ar+18%CO2 and argon gas shielding.

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Pulsed Current Gas Metal Arc Welding under Different Shielding and Pulse Parameters; Part 1: Arc Characteristics

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Pulsed Current Gas Metal Arc Welding under Different Shielding and Pulse Parameters; Part 2: Behaviour of Metal Transfer

P. K. Ghosh, Lutz. Dorn, K. Devakumaran, F. Hofmann

pp. 261-269

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.49.261

Abstract

The behaviour of metal transfer and arc stiffness understood in terms of arc pressure (Pa) of pulsed current gas metal arc welding (P-GMAW) using mild steel filler wire have been studied with respect to change in pulse parameters under different gas shieldings of Ar+2%CO2 and Ar+18%CO2. The arc environment revealing the droplet transfer from electrode to weld pool in bead on plate weld deposition has been studied by high speed video graphy. Effect of pulse parameters has been considered by their hypothetically proposed summarized influence defined by a dimensionless factor φ, mean current (Im) and arc voltage. The droplet diameter and velocity of droplet at the time of detachment are found to vary significantly with the variation of φ. At a given φ the experimentally measured behaviour of metal transfer is found well in agreement to their corresponding theoretical estimates. The average droplet diameter transferred per pulse predominantly reduces but, the velocity of metal transfer at the time of detachment enhances with the increase of φ under both the shielding gases. In general a higher values of φ, Im and arc voltage enhances the Pa depending upon type of gas shielding. The use of Ar+2%CO2 shielding gas reduces the droplet diameter and enhances the arc pressure than that observed under Ar+18%CO2 gas shielding.

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Pulsed Current Gas Metal Arc Welding under Different Shielding and Pulse Parameters; Part 2: Behaviour of Metal Transfer

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Hot Cracking of Metal Inert Gas Arc Welded Magnesium Alloy AZ91D

De Xin Sun, Da Qian Sun, Xiao Yan Gu, Zhao Zhi Xuan

pp. 270-274

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.49.270

Abstract

The microstructure and cracking characteristics of MIG welded magnesium alloy (AZ91D) joint, and the effect of welding speed on cracking susceptibility have been investigated. The welded joint consists of primary α-Mg and divorced phases (eutectic α-Mg+eutectic β-Mg17Al12), the latter mainly distributing along the α-Mg grain boundaries. Solidification cracking often occurred in the crater and was also observed at weld center line when welding speed was 300 mm/min, which are associated with segregation of Mn, Al and Zn and high tensile stresses in the welds. Liquation cracking appeared in HAZ immediately adjacent to the fusion line when low welding speed was used (300 mm/min). It is mainly related to the low welding speed resulting in increasing heat input and tensile stresses in the HAZ. It is favorable to decrease heat input for improving the susceptibility of hot cracking during MIG welding of magnesium alloys.

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Hot Cracking of Metal Inert Gas Arc Welded Magnesium Alloy AZ91D

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Formulation of a Nondestructive Technique for Evaluating Steel Corrosion in Concrete Structures

Young-Chul Lim, Takafumi Noguchi, Sung-Woo Shin

pp. 275-283

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.49.275

Abstract

This paper reports on a fundamental study on the formulation of a corrosion evaluation system for reinforced concrete structures based on a completely nondestructive technique. This is a method of evaluating the polarization resistance produced at the boundary between concrete and steel, without destroying the concrete surface, to estimate the resulting corrosion current density. A method of estimating the resistivity distribution within concrete to examine the steel corrosion environment is also proposed. This system consists of an equivalent circuit, a resistivity model for examining the effect of concrete, i.e., the measurement medium, and an actual measurement system. The equivalent circuit takes account of the electrode arrangement for resistivity measurement, and the impedance within concrete. This technique was verified by tests using specimens with controlled corrosion losses and was proven to express corrosion deterioration within concrete well. Evaluation by this technique was thus found feasible.

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Formulation of a Nondestructive Technique for Evaluating Steel Corrosion in Concrete Structures

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Thermomechanical Processing of Pipeline Steels with a Reduced Mn Content

Thomas Schambron, Andrew W. Phillips, David M. O'brien, Joshua Burg, Elena V. Pereloma, Chris C. Killmore, Jim A. Williams

pp. 284-292

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.49.284

Abstract

Lowering the Mn content of hot rolled pipeline steel can economise the steel making process by eliminating costly desulphurisation and at the same time improve product properties, particularly toughness, by reducing the formation of MnS inclusions. Lower Mn contents, however, have significant implications for austenite recrystallization and austenite (γ) to ferrite (α) transformation behaviour. This study compares the recrystallization start (Tnr) and γ to α transformation (Ar3) temperatures of two low Mn steels to those of a commercial steel with a conventional Mn content. Simulations of thermomechanical processing were carried out using a Gleeble 3500 testing machine. The Tnr for the low Mn alloy design were found to be ~25°C higher than for the high Mn steel, while the Ar3 of the low Mn steel were some 50°C higher. The higher Ar3 promotes the formation of coarse ferrite grains, thus reducing the strengthening and toughening benefits of a fine grain size. However, this could largely be overcome by maximising the degree of deformation performed between Tnr and Ar3 and maintaining a combination of high cooling rates and low stop cooling temperatures below Ar3, thus providing a high density of nucleation sites and promoting high nucleation rates. Production trials validated the results from the Gleeble tests.

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Thermomechanical Processing of Pipeline Steels with a Reduced Mn Content

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Fine Grained Austenitic Stainless Steels: The Role of Strain Induced α′ Martensite and the Reversion Mechanism Limitations

Angeline Poulon, Stéphanie Brochet, Jean-Bernard Vogt, Jean-Christophe Glez, Jean-Denis Mithieux

pp. 293-301

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.49.293

Abstract

The effect of the α′-strain induced martensite on the austenitic stainless steel grain size reduction is analyzed. Rolling with a 80% reduction factor at 200°C and at 20°C resulted respectively in a heavily deformed austenite and a mixed deformed austenite with α′-martensite bands. Further annealing treatments were carried out in the range of 20–880°C. Fine grains of about 1 μm can be obtained in the metastable austenitic stainless steel by a repetitive cold rolling and annealing thermomechanical process. In this case, reversion mechanism from deformation induced martensite α′ to austenite γ is responsible for grain refining. Non-conventional warm rolling and annealing process can also lead to fine grains of 2 μm without a reversion stage and as a result of recrystallization process of the strain-hardened austenite. The cold rolling route gives rise to a bimodal grain size distribution with a “lamellar” structure resembling to a “composite” material.

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Fine Grained Austenitic Stainless Steels: The Role of Strain Induced α′ Martensite and the Reversion Mechanism Limitations

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Design of Composition in (Al/Si)-alloyed TRIP Steels

Manuel Gomez, C. Isaac Garcia, Dennis M. Haezebrouck, Anthony J. Deardo

pp. 302-311

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.49.302

Abstract

There is an increasing interest in the progressive substitution of Si by Al in TRIP steels in order to obtain alloys with excellent mechanical properties and improved coatability. In this paper, thermodynamic calculations have been carried out with the help of JMatProTM software in order to assess and compare the effects that Si and Al additions exert on the phase transformation, carbon enrichment and alloying element content of phases during continuous galvanizing of multiphase steels. These simulations have provided important implications regarding the optimal combination of Si and Al. It has been found that Al causes a more pronounced increase of A3 temperature and a wider extension of the intercritical range than Si. For a constant volume fraction of phases, the carbon content in austenite is similar for Al and Si-alloyed steels. However, ferrite in Al-alloyed is richer in carbon and consequently an increase in its strength could be expected. The hardenability of intercritically annealed austenite has been estimated for alloys with different combinations of Mn, Al and Si. Finally, simulated CCT diagrams predict for Al-alloyed steels a higher amount of new ferrite formed during cooling from intercritical annealing and the need of shorter isothermal holding times at 460°C. However, Si-TRIP steels would need faster cooling rates to prevent pearlite formation and longer isothermal holding times to complete the bainitic transformation and to obtain a microstructure with high retained austenite.

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Design of Composition in (Al/Si)-alloyed TRIP Steels

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Evolution of Dislocation Structure and Fatigue Crack Behavior in Fe–Si Alloys during Cyclic Bending Test

Kohsaku Ushioda, Shoji Goto, Yoshinari Komatsu, Akinori Hoshino, Shigeto Takebayashi

pp. 312-321

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.49.312

Abstract

The evolution of dislocation structures was investigated by TEM in Fe–Si alloys with 0, 0.5 and 1.0 mass% Si during a cyclic bending test in conjunction with fatigue crack behavior. The addition of Si increased the fatigue strength. The evolution of dislocation structures was significantly influenced by the Si addition. Namely, in the steel without Si the dislocation cell structure develops, whereas in the steel with 1 mass% Si the vein structure develops, which is considered to lead to increased fatigue strength. The dislocation cell structure observed in the steel without Si is postulated to be caused by the easy cross slip of dislocations during cyclic deformation, whereas the vein structure that developed in the steels with Si is inferred to be caused by the difficulty in cross slip due to the decrease in stacking fault energy. Furthermore, the Si added steel shows a characteristic structure in a manner such that the dislocations are free in approximately 0.5 μm zones along grain boundaries. The examinations of the fatigue fracture surface revealed that transgranular fracture takes place in steel without Si, whereas in steel with 1 mass% Si many intergranular cracks were observed just beneath the top surface. The intergranular cracks in the 1 mass% Si steel were thought to be caused by the fact that a) strains are dispersed within grains owing to the vein structure and b) micro cracks are initiated and propagated along grain boundaries due to the dislocation free zones.

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Evolution of Dislocation Structure and Fatigue Crack Behavior in Fe–Si Alloys during Cyclic Bending Test

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