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ISIJ International Vol. 45 (2005), No. 3

ISIJ International
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ONLINE ISSN: 1347-5460
PRINT ISSN: 0915-1559
Publisher: The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan

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ISIJ International Vol. 45 (2005), No. 3

Mathematical Model of Over-micron and Nano-scale Powders Accumulation in a Coke Fixed-Bed Filter

Morgana de AVILA RIBAS, Hiroshi NOGAMI, Reijiro TAKAHASHI, Jun-ichiro YAGI

pp. 303-311

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.45.303

Abstract

The advances in Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) dust treatment have been slowed down by high treatment costs and the large amount of residue to be processed and disposed. A process of direct separation and recovery of iron and zinc is now under development, which adds environmental and economical perspectives to the EAF dust treatment process. In this process, a coke bed filter can be directly connected to an EAF, collecting metallic iron and slag components, whereas the gas containing zinc and lead vapors flows to a zinc condenser. It results in zero amount of dust liberated to the environment. A two dimensional, axisymmetric and steady state mathematical model describing a coke fixed-bed filter is developed. The model solves coupled equations for gas-powder flow and is specifically applied in the investigation of over-micron and nano-scale powders (similar to EAF dust particle size) collection behavior. The theoretical model results are compared with the cold model experimental results, in which both injection of glass (over-micron) and silica (nano-scale) powders are considered. Microscopic observations and analysis are performed in order to describe better the injected powder behavior through the filter. EAF dust samples morphology is characterized as agglomerates of small particles. Its particle size distribution is obtained by the combination of leaching treatment and image analysis. Calculated results show that the powders particle size distribution has a direct effect in the static hold up. The model has been validated by its enough agreement for static hold up and pressure drop with experimental data from cold model experiments.

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Mathematical Model of Over-micron and Nano-scale Powders Accumulation in a Coke Fixed-Bed Filter

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Density of Liquid IF Steel Containing Ti

Liangcai ZHONG, Masafumi ZEZE, Kusuhiro MUKAI

pp. 312-315

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.45.312

Abstract

Density of liquid IF Steel containing Ti was measured with the modified sessile drop method at a temperature range from 1530 to 1610°C. Densities of pure molten Fe measured at a temperature range between 1550°C and 1600°C were quite close to those obtained by Saito et al., but a little lower than their results at temperature higher than 1600°C. Thermal expansion coefficient of molten IF steel containing Ti increased linearly with an increase in titanium content. The density of the liquid IF steel was described as a function of the temperature and Ti content as follows:
ρ=7.05-4.73×10-2[%Ti]-(1.05+0.66[%Ti])×10-3(T-1530)

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Density of Liquid IF Steel Containing Ti

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Improvement in Blast Furnace Reaction Efficiency through the Use of Highly Reactive Calcium Rich Coke

Seiji NOMURA, Hiroyuki AYUKAWA, Hisatsugu KITAGUCHI, Toshihide TAHARA, Shinroku MATSUZAKI, Masaaki NAITO, Satoshi KOIZUMI, Yoshikuni OGATA, Takeshi NAKAYAMA, Tetsuya ABE

pp. 316-324

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.45.316

Abstract

A method to produce coke in ‘lump’ form with high strength and reactivity through the addition of a catalyst was investigated in order to improve blast furnace reaction efficiency. The addition of Ca compounds to coal before carbonization was found to considerably increase the reactivity of the coke at a low temperature range in the thermal reserve zone of a blast furnace. Furthermore it was proved that strong, highly reactive ‘lump’ form coke could be produced by adding a Ca-rich non-caking coal and adjusting the coal blend composition. Based on this fundamental study, the Ca-rich coke was successfully produced in coke ovens on a commercial scale, both at Kimitsu and Muroran works. The use of the Ca-rich coke in the Muroran No. 2 blast furnace was found to cause a decrease in the reducing agent rate by 10 kg/t-p. This technology, producing coke of high reactivity and strength through catalyst addition, is promising as a means of improving the reaction efficiency of a blast furnace.

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Improvement in Blast Furnace Reaction Efficiency through the Use of Highly Reactive Calcium Rich Coke

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Comparison between Standard and Renormalization Group k-ε Models in Numerical Simulation of Swirling Flow Tundish

Qinfu HOU, Zongshu ZOU

pp. 325-330

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.45.325

Abstract

Because of the introduction of a cylindrical swirling chamber into a neotype tundish, the Swirling Flow Tundish (SFT), the numerical simulation becomes difficult for this kind of tundish by the standard two-equation k-ε turbulence model. So another kind of k-ε turbulence model, the Renormalization Group (RNG) k-ε turbulence model derived from the theory of renormalization group, was adopted and compared with the standard one. Both of these two kinds of turbulence models were used to simulate the flow patterns in SFT on staggered grid systems based on Finite Volume Method (FVM) with SIMPLER algorithm for steady 3D and incompressible Newtonian turbulent flows. The comparison of simulation results from these two models shows that the RNG k-ε turbulence model for SFT leads quicker convergence than the standard one. Unsymmetrical flow patterns were obtained and the grid independence of this mathematical model for SFT was also discussed. The theoretical analyses of forces on particle, turbulent kinetic energy distribution and lower flow velocity behind dam and weir show that there will be a good effect for non-metal inclusion aggregation and separation with the swirling chamber.

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Comparison between Standard and Renormalization Group k-ε Models in Numerical Simulation of Swirling Flow Tundish

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Mathematical Model for Growth and Removal of Inclusion in a Multi-tuyere Ladle during Gas-stirring

Li Tao WANG, Qiao Ying ZHANG, Shi Heng PENG, Zheng Bang LI

pp. 331-337

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.45.331

Abstract

A three-dimensional mathematical model has been developed to predict the growth and removal of inclusions during gas stirring in a multi-tuyere ladle. In the model, the efficiency of inclusions removal have been investigated under three different collision mechanisms of Brownian collision, turbulent collision and Stokes collision. Importance of the three approaches of wall adhesion, Stokes flotation and bubbles adhesion to remove inclusions has been analyzed. The results indicated that inclusions growth resulting from turbulent collision is most important and that effect of Stokes collision is remarkable as size of inclusions and difference in size of two particles increase, while inclusion growth resulting from Brown collision is negligible. Removal by Stokes flotation is main manner for large inclusions, while inclusion removal by wall adhesion is negligible. The smaller bubbles contribute the higher efficiency of inclusion removal.

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Mathematical Model for Growth and Removal of Inclusion in a Multi-tuyere Ladle during Gas-stirring

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Effects of Dynamic Recrystallization on γ Grain Refinement and Improvement of Micro Segregation of As Cast Austenite in 9% Ni Steel

S. HOTTA, T. MURAKAMI, T. NARUSHIMA, Y. IGUCHI, C. OUCHI

pp. 338-346

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.45.338

Abstract

Effects of dynamic recrystallization on γ grain refinement and improvement in micro segregation of elements such as Ni and Mn of as cast austenite in 9% Ni steel were investigated by two kinds of experimental methods. The first one was a hot compression test using the specimens prepared from the strand cast slab and the hot rolled plate of 9% Ni steel, and the other was a hot tensile straining test in the austenitic region after levitation melting and solidification. In the hot compression test, variations in onset strain and flow stress of steady state flow of dynamic recrystallization with hot deformation conditions were investigated. The onset strain was found to decrease below 0.25 at the temperatures above 1523 K and the strain rate below 1×10-2s-1. The activation energy value obtained from steady state flow stress was 421 kJ/mol. Dynamically recrystallized γ grain size in as cast austenite of this steel was controlled simply by Z value with no dependence on the initial γ grain size. This beneficial feature of dynamic recrystallization was confirmed by the experiment of tensile straining in austenite formed after levitation melting and solidification, where extremely coarse initial γ grain size of around 1.9 mm was markedly refined down to 140 μm by straining such a small strain as 0.40. Micro segregation ratio of Ni and Mn in the strand cast 9% Ni steel examined by EPMA analysis was 1.20 and 1.36, respectively. These values were found to decrease continuously with reduction in strain rate in hot deformation of austenite. That is, dynamic recrystallization in austenite taken place at lower strain rate deformation is much more effective for homogenization of segregated elements compared with high strain rate deformation.

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Effects of Dynamic Recrystallization on γ Grain Refinement and Improvement of Micro Segregation of As Cast Austenite in 9% Ni Steel

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Application of Sequential Quadratic Programming Method to Temperature Distribution Control in Reactor Furnace

Kazuhito ISHIMARU, Masami KONISHI, Jun IMAI, Tatsushi NISHI

pp. 347-355

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.45.347

Abstract

Recently, various studies have been undertaken to examine the inner furnace phenomena of a blast furnace. These studies are limited, however, to the evaluation of furnace performance while a designed method of furnace control remains unfulfilled. This paper proposes a method of estimating temperature distribution in a reactor furnace using boundary data in order to control inner target furnace temperature distribution. Initially, a simplified furnace simulation program for the calculation of inner furnace gas flow, pressure and temperature distribution is developed. Following that, the simulator is used to estimate and control inner furnace temperature distribution. In the estimation, boundary data such as temperature and pressure, measured near a furnace wall, are used in the furnace simulation. Then, for the control of inner furnace temperature distribution, necessary values for gas blowing at the bottom of the furnace and the burden supply at the top of the furnace are used. Both for the estimation and the control of the inner furnace temperature distribution, a sequential quadratic programming method, a method of the iterative optimization, is applied. In our method, an estimation of inner furnace temperature distribution is done as preparation for the determination of furnace control variables. Through numerical experiments, the validity of our method is demonstrated, showing that the temperature distribution in a furnace can be regulated to the desired one after iterative control operations.

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Application of Sequential Quadratic Programming Method to Temperature Distribution Control in Reactor Furnace

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Analysis of Water Cooling Mechanism by Impinging Jet for Hot Rolled Wire Rod

Seong-Kyu SEE, Hwan-Mun CHUNG, Choong-Won LEE

pp. 356-365

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.45.356

Abstract

The pre-cooling system used in the cooling process of the hot rolled wire rod is a system that sprays cooling water at high pressure to cool the fast-moving wire rod to a required temperature when the rod passes through the cooling nozzle of the cooling box. The influence of the flow phenomenon of this cooling nozzle affecting the rod temperature and the factors affecting the cooling efficiency were examined through experiments and numerical analysis. The confined-type cooling nozzle showed a phenomenon where secondary flow or vortex was produced on the flow depending on the existence of chambers and variations in the Reynolds number, and the production of such vortex affected the rod cooling efficiency phenomenon. The wire rod cooling efficiency can be said to be most effective at a point where the wire rod and water jet impinge due to flow increase, viz, the Reynolds number increase. It is believed that the optimal conditions featuring excellent cooling efficiency can be deduced in the future by analyzing the flow conditions and design conditions.

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Analysis of Water Cooling Mechanism by Impinging Jet for Hot Rolled Wire Rod

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Improvement in Surface Brightness and Prediction of Spangle Formation Time in a Continuous Galvanising Line through Heat Balance

M. DUTTA, S. GANGULY, G. JHA, A. K. SINGH, S. CHAKRABARTI, N. RAJESH

pp. 366-372

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.45.366

Abstract

Galvanised spangle products from the continuous galvanising line-2 (CGL-2) at Tata Steel used to exhibit significantly lower ratio of bright to dull spangles, compared to CGL-1 products. The solute enriched surfaces of dull areas are more susceptible to premature darkening on external exposure. An effort was made here to understand this problem and improve the surface quality of spangle products from CGL-2, as well as to predict the end of zinc solidification i.e. the spangle formation time on steel sheets through heat balance study.
Attention was paid on a few parameters such as strip temperature before entry to zinc bath, bath temperature and line speed. A comparative heat balance calculation for zinc solidification revealed that the total heat required to be removed was more in case of CGL-2, whereas the amount of cooling after galvanising was less as compared to CGL-1. This results in extended solidification in CGL-2 during which more solute rejection may occur producing more dull areas. Based on these observations plant trials were carried out at lower temperature of zinc bath, and the bright areas from coil samples were measured. An improvement in bright areas from 25-30% to 35-40% was observed. The surface brightness improved up to 56% at lower line speed. The heat balance calculation also predicted the approximate positions of the formation of spangles at the end of zinc solidification, which were close with actual observations in the plant.

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Improvement in Surface Brightness and Prediction of Spangle Formation Time in a Continuous Galvanising Line through Heat Balance

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Accelerated Corrosion Behavior due to Alternating Dry-Wet Conditions for LP Steam Turbine Materials of Fossil Power Plants

Masayoshi HIRANO, Satoshi ITABA, Toshio SAKURADA, Yukio IMAIZUMI, Takao MINAMI, Li-Bin NIU, Hiroshi TAKAKU

pp. 373-379

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.45.373

Abstract

The materials of the attachment near the last stage of low-pressure steam turbines in power plants will be exposed to a severe corrosion condition due to the concentration of corrosive chemicals produced by the alternating dry and wet environment, a phenomenon caused by the frequent shutdown and the load change of power plants. The corrosion behavior of typical low-pressure steam turbine materials is evaluated mainly by tests under dry-wet conditions. An increase in the concentration of sulfate ion and chloride ion in waters enhanced the general corrosion particularly for the 3.5NiCrMoV rotor steel. As for 12Cr blade steel, the coexistence of sulfate ion and chloride ion accelerated the general corrosion. An alternating dry-wet condition increased the maximum corrosion pit depth of 3.5NiCrMoV steel remarkably with the application of stress. The pitting corrosion potential of 3.5NiCrMoV steel showed almost the same values in all water qualities tested. However, the coexistence of Cl- and DO (dissolved oxygen) lowered the pitting corrosion potentials of 12Cr steel. From the consideration between the corrosion and the Cr content in corrosion films, it is clearly evident that the Cr content in the films controls the corrosion resistance.

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Accelerated Corrosion Behavior due to Alternating Dry-Wet Conditions for LP Steam Turbine Materials of Fossil Power Plants

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Ferrite/Pearlite Band Prevention in Dual Phase and TRIP Steels: Model Development

W. XU, P.E.J. RIVERA-DÍAZ-DEL-CASTILLO, S. van der ZWAAG

pp. 380-387

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.45.380

Abstract

A model for predicting the conditions for ferrite/pearlite band prevention in dual phase and TRIP steels has been developed. The competition between processing parameters such as the austenitisation time and temperature, the transformation temperature and microchemical segregation wavelength is explored. The effects of alloy composition in the tendency to form ferrite/pearlite bands are quantified. A simple formula combining processing parameters and compositions for describing band formation is presented. The calculations show that the most prominent factor for preventing banding is the control of the microchemical wavelength. In addition to C and Mn, Al and Si concentrations have shown to play a smaller but significant role in band formation behaviour.

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Ferrite/Pearlite Band Prevention in Dual Phase and TRIP Steels: Model Development

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Role of Pre-deformation in Age Hardening of a Niobium-microalloyed Steel

Z.-X. YUAN, S.-H. SONG, J. LIU, L.-Q. WENG

pp. 388-391

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.45.388

Abstract

The effect of pre-deformation on the age hardening of a niobium-microalloyed steel is investigated by virtue of mechanical testing in conjunction with microstructural observations. The steel is aged at three temperatures 600°C, 640°C and 680°C, respectively, after solution-treated at 1200°C. The precipitation of Nb(C,N) is markedly accelerated by a pre-deformation of 15% prior to ageing, resulting in very fine particles being formed and a considerable increase in the strength of the steel with no large decrease in the ductility. Compared with the hot-rolled state, the yield strength of the deformed steel increases by about 280 MPa while that of the undeformed steel only by about 60 MPa after peak-aged at 640°C. Overall, the yield strength of the deformed steel may reach about 710 MPa with an elongation of about 19%.

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Role of Pre-deformation in Age Hardening of a Niobium-microalloyed Steel

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Ultra-fine (α+θ) Duplex Structure Formed by Cold Rolling and Annealing of Pearlite

T. FURUHARA, T. MIZOGUCHI, T. MAKI

pp. 392-398

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.45.392

Abstract

The ferrite (α)+cementite (θ) microduplex structure formed by heavy cold rolling and annealing of pearlite was studied in an Fe-1.4Cr-1.0C (mass%) alloy. Cold-rolled pearlite structure is inhomogeneous consisting of three components; (1) irregularly bent lamellae (IBL), (2) coarse lamellae with shear band (CLS) and (3) fine lamellae (FL) as was previously reported by the present authors. Misorientation in α is large in the IBL and near the shear band in the CLS. As rolling reduction increases, the proportion of FL increases. By annealing at 973K after heavy cold rolling, the (α+θ) microduplex structure with α and θ grain sizes less than 0.5 μm is formed. This structure consists of a coarse grain region (dα∼0.4 μm) containing high-angle α boundaries and a fine grain region (dα∼0.2 μm) with low-angle α boundaries by inheriting local orientation distribution in the deformed α structure. The coarse grain region is formed at the deformed region where local misorientation in α is large essentially by recovery under pinning by θ particles. As the annealing is prolonged, the fraction of the coarse grain region increases. The cold-rolled and annealed pearlite exhibits a wide range of strength-ductility balance.

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Ultra-fine (α+θ) Duplex Structure Formed by Cold Rolling and Annealing of Pearlite

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Effect of Microstructure on Strain-hardening Behaviour of a Ti-IF Steel Grade

Pascal ANTOINE, Sven VANDEPUTTE, Jean-Bernard VOGT

pp. 399-404

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.45.399

Abstract

Thermomechanical processing parameters were adjusted during the processing of Ti-IF steel sheet to obtain microstructures with different grain sizes and precipitation states. The grain size and precipitation state were fully characterized for each specimen in order to investigate the effect of each on mechanical properties. Uniaxial tensile tests were performed at a strain rate of 2 · 10-3s-1 at room temperature. Relationships between strain-hardening coefficient, n, and mechanical properties were analysed. Differences in measured n-values between the different specimens are associated to a change in yield strength resulting from hardening effects of precipitates and grain size at the beginning of plastic deformation. The role of grain size and precipitation state on strain-hardening behaviour is discussed in terms of their effect on dislocation structure evolution. A strain transition exists where dislocation tangles evolve towards well-defined dislocation cells. It is shown in the present study that the entangled dislocation density is very sensitive to the microstructure for the Ti-IF steel studied while the dislocation cell size appears to be insensitive to the microstructure.

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Effect of Microstructure on Strain-hardening Behaviour of a Ti-IF Steel Grade

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Effect of Zirconium and Lanthanides on the Recovery in 2618 Base Aluminum Alloys

Nada JAUKOVIC, Milisav LALOVIC

pp. 405-407

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.45.405

Abstract

Influence of zirconium and lanthanides on structure and properties of 2618 base aluminum alloys, used at elevated temperatures, are presented in this work. The recovery was determined through the change in the microhardness with time and temperature on different zirconium and lanthanides contents. It was used for evaluation of creep-resistance of the alloys. It is possible to predict the optimal chemical composition of alloy to provide good mechanical properties at elevated temperatures.
Zirconium exhibited to retard the recovery at lower temperature, 150-250°C, whereas lanthanides do higher temperature 300-350°C.

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Effect of Zirconium and Lanthanides on the Recovery in 2618 Base Aluminum Alloys

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