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ISIJ International Vol. 41 (2001), No. 3

ISIJ International
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ONLINE ISSN: 1347-5460
PRINT ISSN: 0915-1559
Publisher: The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan

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ISIJ International Vol. 41 (2001), No. 3

The Effect of the Liquid Fe–C Phase on the Kinetics in the Carburization of Iron by CO at 1523 K

Yasushi Sasaki, Rei Asano, Kuniyoshi Ishii

pp. 209-215

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.41.209

Abstract

In order to evaluate the effect of liquid Fe–C alloy produced during the carburization on the kinetics of iron carburization, the rates of carburization of iron by CO–Ar gas mixtures have been measured gravimetrically at 1523 K and the growing rates of the liquid Fe–C layer thickness are also measured. The measurements were made under conditions for which the gas phase mass transfer was negligible. It is found that the weight gains due to the carburization reaction are almost proportional to t 2/3 within experimental scatters. For all runs except that of 1% CO, the liquid phase is observed after the carburization time of 300 s. The liquid phase thickness is found to be almost constant for the first 3.6 ks. After 3.6 ks, the liquid phase thickness starts to increase almost linearly with time. The mechanism to maintain the constant thickness is briefly discussed. The carburization reaction rate is calculated based on the well established decarburization rates and is reasonably agreed with the experimental carburization rate. Compared the experimental results with the calculated liquid phase diffusion rates and the chemical reaction rates, it is confirmed that the ratecontrolling step of the carburization reaction of iron with CO gas at 1523 K is the chemical reaction CO + Oad→CO2 at the surface after the liquid Fe–C phase is produced.

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The Effect of the Liquid Fe–C Phase on the Kinetics in the Carburization of Iron by CO at 1523 K

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Reaction Kinetics of Desulfurization of Molten Pig Iron Using CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–Na2O Slag Systems

Ja-Yong Choi, Dae-Jung Kim, Hae-Geon Lee

pp. 216-224

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.41.216

Abstract

Desulfurization kinetics of molten pig iron were studied using CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–Na2O quaternary slag sys-tems at 1 350°C. The concentration of Na2O in slag decreases with time due to evaporation. The rate of desulfurization increases by increasing the Na2O content in slag, decreasing Al2O3 content, increasing the slag basicity, i.e., the ratio of CaO to SiO2, and increasing the temperature. A mathematical model has been developed which enables the effect of decrease in Na2O content over time to be taken into consideration. The model provides a rate equation that can represent all conceivable rate controlling steps, such as interfacial chemical reaction, mass transport in the metal phase, and in the slag phase. The apparent rate coefficient—a parameter employed in the model—was dependent on temperature and slag composition, especially Na2O content. An equation is suggested which relates the coefficient to the sulfide capacity of slag. The activation energy of the apparent rate coefficient was found to be 127 kJ mol-1 . It was concluded that the desulfurization of molten pig iron using the present slag system is controlled either by the interfacial chemical reaction or slag phase mass transfer.

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Reaction Kinetics of Desulfurization of Molten Pig Iron Using CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–Na2O Slag Systems

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A Volume of Fluid (VOF) Method for the Simulation of Metallurgical Flows

Petar Liovic, Jong-Leng Liow, Murray Rudman

pp. 225-233

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.41.225

Abstract

A finite difference numerical method, based on the VOF approach for tracking interface distortions, is presented. It is capable of accurately simulating the fluid flow of multiple immiscible fluids for metallurgical applications. This volume tracking method is based on piecewise linear reconstructions of interfaces, density distributions based on a shifted grid approach, and a fully kernel-based CSF method for surface force modelling. Second order temporal and spatial accuracy are achieved using improved Euler time-stepping enhancement of a two-step projection algorithm, supported by a multigrid-preconditioned GMRES solver that enabled large density ratios (1 : 30000) between the fluids and fine scale flow phenomena to be resolved. The code was used to simulate the rise of an air bubble in water and in liquid pig iron and was able to capture the time dependent oscillation of the bubble. The bubble velocity varied with the instantaneous shape of the bubble. The averaged terminal velocity of the gas bubble in water was in good agreement with published experimental data. Splash formation from a top submerged gas injection lance was simulated to illustrate the capability of the code in resolving the break up and fragmentation of liquid drops for possible use in the study of bath smelting processes.

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A Volume of Fluid (VOF) Method for the Simulation of Metallurgical Flows

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Gas Dispersion Phenomena and Mixing Characteristics under Gas Injection through Slot Nozzle Submerged in Water

Keiji Okumura, Masamichi Sano

pp. 234-238

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.41.234

Abstract

Bubble dispersion and mixing behaviour in a bath with gas injection through a slot nozzle was studied by a cold model. A high speed video recording system was used to measure the bubble diameter and the size of plume cross sectional area. The mixing time was measured by using an electrical conductivity method. Measurements were conducted under various gas flow rates and bath depths. Comparison of mixing time was examined between a slot nozzle and a single circular nozzle. The results were discussed in terms of specific power of injected gas.
At lower gas flow rates, the bubble size distribution was not changed with the vertical distance. At higher gas flow rates, the bubbles detached at the nozzle coalesced immediately and became large. It was found that the slot nozzle led to an increase in plume cross sectional area as compared with a single circular nozzle. The mixing time for the slot nozzle was smaller than that for the single circular nozzle. The plume cross sectional area for the slot nozzle was larger than that for the single circular nozzle. The increase in the plume cross sectional area was connected with the decrease in the mixing time. Effects of the experimental variables on the mixing time were quantitatively examined.

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Gas Dispersion Phenomena and Mixing Characteristics under Gas Injection through Slot Nozzle Submerged in Water

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Nitride Capacities of CaO–Al2O3–CaF2 Melts at 1 773 K

Woo-Yong Shin, Hae-Geon Lee

pp. 239-246

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.41.239

Abstract

The nitrogen solubility of CaO–Al2O3–CaF2 was studied at 1773 K. It was found that nitride capacity increased with increasing CaO content for a given CaF2/Al2O3 ratio, decreased with increasing Al2O3content for a given CaO/CaF2 ratio, and increases with increasing CaF2content when the CaO/Al2O3 molar ratio was less than about 2, but became unaffected by CaF2 content when the ratio exceeded about 2. These observations were interpreted that CaO depolymerized the Al2O3 network, allowing for nitrogen to exist as both free and non-bridging nitrides, and that CaF2 assisted in depolymerization and hence increased nitrogen solubility, provided that there was a sufficient amount of network to be depolymerized. A diagram of iso-nitride capacity was drawn for the CaO–Al2O3–CaF2 ternary system at 1 773 K, and the nitride capacity was related to the optical basicity of the melt to obtain the following correlation equation:
logCN = 7.442Λ - 19.05

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Nitride Capacities of CaO–Al2O3–CaF2 Melts at 1 773 K

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Inclusion Particle Growth during Solidification of Stainless Steel

Mikio Suzuki, Ryuji Yamaguchi, Katsuhiko Murakami, Masayuki Nakada

pp. 247-256

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.41.247

Abstract

Inclusion particles in stainless steel were investigated in continuously cast slabs in a full scale caster and ingots cast in several kinds of molds under laboratory conditions. Under such conditions particle size near slab surfaces was seen to be smaller. However, it was increasing with increasing depth going into the slab interior. In order to understand the mechanism of inclusion particle growth we applied four different mathematical models to predict the size distribution of particles. Of the four, the Ostwald ripening model, usually only applied to aqueous colloid phenomena, provided the best correlation with experimental results. This suggests that particles formed during solidification grow by "diffusion coalescence" due to the difference in solubility of neighboring particles which in turn is dependent on particle size.

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Inclusion Particle Growth during Solidification of Stainless Steel

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Effect of Thermomechanical Processing on the Microstructure and Properties of a Low Carbon Copper Bearing Steel

M. K. Banerjee, P. S. Banerjee, S. Datta

pp. 257-261

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.41.257

Abstract

A boron treated copper bearing HSLA steel containing austenite formers like manganese and nickel, somewhat lower in amount than that in HSLA 100 variety of steel is chosen for the study. The role of thermomechanical processing on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the above steel has been investigated. Differential scanning calorimetric study is carried out for understanding the precipitation behaviour of copper in HSLA steel under the influence of boron. The microstructure of the experimental steel is found to consist of laths of martensites and bainite. MA constituents of ribbon like morphology are observed at the lath boundaries. Higher strength properties of the steel are attributed to the presence of finely distributed precipitates of copper and microalloy carbides.

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Effect of Thermomechanical Processing on the Microstructure and Properties of a Low Carbon Copper Bearing Steel

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Effects of Nitrogen, Niobium and Molybdenum on Strengthening of Austenitic Stainless Steel Produced by Thermo-Mechanical Control Process

Masayuki Tendo, Yutaka Tadokoro, Kazuhiro Suetsugu, Takanori Nakazawa

pp. 262-267

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.41.262

Abstract

Thermo-mechanical control process (TMCP) applied to high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels could produce high-strength thick plates with a 0.2% proof stress of higher than 600 MPa. The effects of nitrogen, niobium and molybdenum on the strengthening have been examined by hot compression tests around 1223 K. The hardness of the compressed specimens linearly increased with increasing the nitrogen content, and the increment in hardness was larger than that of the specimens in a recrystallized state. This could be explained in terms of enhanced work-hardening by nitrogen addition during hot compression. In fact, the flow stress linearly increased with increasing the nitrogen content. The planar dislocation structure observed in the specimens with high nitrogen contents also gave evidence that nitrogen affected the workhardening behavior. Although it was not clear that nitrogen affected dislocation glide or dynamic recovery, it could be predicted that nitrogen addition was effective in increasing the dislocation density. Since niobium (0.1 mass%) had a marked effect on retarding the static recrystallization, probably owing to the fine precipitates of NbN, niobium addition is an effective way to prevent softening before accelerated cooling in TMCP.

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Effects of Nitrogen, Niobium and Molybdenum on Strengthening of Austenitic Stainless Steel Produced by Thermo-Mechanical Control Process

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Optimization of Hot Free Forging Condition for the Uniformity of Forged Shape by Three Dimensional Rigid-plastic Finite Element Analysis

Kenji Tamura, Jumpei Tajima

pp. 268-274

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.41.268

Abstract

Focusing on the rough forging stage of the hot free forging process, the influence of the operational conditions on the occurrence of concave defects was first numerically analyzed using a three dimensional rigidplastic finite element method. The validity of the analysis was examined by laboratory experiments using lead billets and the analytical results are in good agreement with experimental results. As a result, the mechanism through which the concave defects appear was clarified, and it was revealed that by applying only a small curvature to a plane surface of an anvil, the concave defects is enormously improved. Moreover, it was found that the new anvil geometry makes it possible to increase the productivity.

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Optimization of Hot Free Forging Condition for the Uniformity of Forged Shape by Three Dimensional Rigid-plastic Finite Element Analysis

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Quantitative Analyses of Crystalline Compositions of Iron Rust on Automobiles under Service Conditions

Sakae Fujita, Hiroshi Kajiyama

pp. 275-280

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.41.275

Abstract

Quantitative analyses of the crystalline composition of rust that formed on automobiles under service conditions was carried out to investigate the corrosion mechanism of zinc-coated steel panels. The composition of the rust was quantitatively analyzed by X-ray diffraction using the internal-standard technique. The rust compositions in the crevice and on the surface of the outer panels were located within each characteristic region in the α-FeOOH/(γ-FeOOH + Fe3O4)/remainder ternary diagram that we proposed in the present study. The rust in crevices contained more (γ-FeOOH + Fe3O4) than that on the surface. The largest amount of amorphous iron rust formed in the crevices of galvanized steel panels under zinc corrosion products during the initial stage of steel corrosion. Crystalline β-FeOOH then appeared until the amount reached a maximum content of 13%. The composition of iron rust on zinc-coated steel sheets progresses towards that of the ungalvanized regions. It was found that the production of crystalline iron rust was retarded when zinc corrosion product formed in the crevice of lapped areas.

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Quantitative Analyses of Crystalline Compositions of Iron Rust on Automobiles under Service Conditions

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Effect of Mo and W on the Phase Stability of Precipitates in Low Cr Heat Resistant Steels

Kaori Miyata, Yoshiatsu Sawaragi

pp. 281-289

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.41.281

Abstract

Effects of Mo and W on creep strength of low Cr heat resistant steels have been investigated from the stand points of the phase stability of precipitates during long-term exposure at the elevated temperatures. The study on 2.25%Cr–Mo–V–Nb (Mo-steel) and 2.25%Cr–W–V–Nb (W-steel) with a same amount of Mo-equivalent has shown that the substituting W for Mo retards the evolution of microstructure, and thus remarkably improves the creep rupture strength. TEM observations have suggested that the most important precipitates strongly affecting the stability of microstructure are M 6 C type carbide and MC type carbide in both Mo-steel and W-steel. It is found that the M6C carbide precipitates with concentration of Mo and W during long-term aging. Therefore, the amounts of solute Mo and W supersaturated in matrix have reduced to the thermal equilibrium levels with changing the substructure from bainite lath structure to sub-grain liked structure. The kinetics of Mo- and W-partitioning between matrix and M6C carbide has been successfully expressed by a Johnson-Mehl-Avrami type equation and estimated the activation energy for diffusion of solutes; 125 kJ/mol in Mo-steel and 219 kJ/mol in W-steel. Thus the diffusion rate of W is suggested to be definitely lower than that of Mo. Furthermore, Mo-and W-partitioning to MC carbides have also been confirmed to affect the coherency and the growth rate of MC carbides. TEM observations on the strain image have shown that the MC carbide in Mo-steel has already lost the coherency with matrix. On the other hand, the finer MC carbide in W-steel has kept the coherent relationship with matrix even after long-term aging. It is concluded that W-steel is superior to Mo-steel in the stabilization of bainite lath structure and precipitates at elevated temperatures, resulting in the higher creep strength.

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Effect of Mo and W on the Phase Stability of Precipitates in Low Cr Heat Resistant Steels

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Effects of Alloying Elements on Mechanical Properties and Phase Transformation of Cold Rolled TRIP Steel Sheets

Seung Chul Baik, Seongju Kim, Young Sool Jin, Ohjoon Kwon

pp. 290-297

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.41.290

Abstract

Tensile and dilatation tests were conducted in order to study the effects of Mn, Si and Nb on the transformation behavior in the 0.14C–(2.12.4)Mn–(0.51.0)Si–(0.000.02)Nb TRIP steels. All the specimens for dilation tests were annealed under the condition to form the same austenite fraction, followed by cooling to the austempering temperature. The volume fraction of bainite transformed during austempering, ΔVB, and the martensite start temperature, Ms, were measured. ΔVB was dependent on the austempering temperature and a minimum in ΔVB was obtained at 450°C for all the examined steels. The Ms temperature was linearly decreased as ΔVB was increased. The decreasing rate of Ms to ΔVB was not dependent on the steel composition, but on the austempering temperature, exhibiting the maximum value when the austempering temperature was 450°C. It was also observed that volume fraction of retained austenite was linearly increased with the decrease of Ms for the steels austempered at various conditions. The highest elongation was obtained when the rate of Ms to ΔVB was the maximum. Ms was increased when the amount of Mn was increased from 2.1 % to 2.4 %. It was because Mn retarded the ferrite transformation rate, so that the soluble C diffused from the ferrite to the austenite was decreased. The addition of Si decreased Ms because it activated the diffusion of C to austenite during the cooling to the austempering temperature. The addition of Nb was observed to give little influence on ΔVB and the Ms .

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Effects of Alloying Elements on Mechanical Properties and Phase Transformation of Cold Rolled TRIP Steel Sheets

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Influence of Microstructural Morphology and Prestraining on Short Fatigue Crack Propagation in Dual-phase Steels

Katsumi Nakajima, Toshiaki Urabe, Yoshihiro Hosoya, Susumu Kamiishi, Takashi Miyata, Nobuo Takeda

pp. 298-305

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.41.298

Abstract

The ferrite–martensite dual phase (DP) steels offer a better combination of strength and ductility than other conventional steels with equivalent static strength which are generally used in the automobile industry. The continuous martensite phase in DP steels seems to play an important role in determining fatigue properties and be a key factor to gain a higher resistance to fatigue. Additionally it is very important from a practical point of view to improve the fatigue properties after prestraining or cold working. The effects of microstructural morphology and prestraining on the propagation behavior of short fatigue cracks in DP steels were investigated by the in-situ observation in a scanning electron microscope. The material with martensites continuously surrounding individual ferrites exhibited a higher fatigue strength and longer fatigue life than those of the material with martensite phase dispersed in the ferrite matrix. Cold rolling prior to fatigue testing resulted in a decrease of fatigue life for both materials, especially an extreme decrease for the martensite-dispersed material. It was found that the fatigue crack propagation was sensitive to microstructural morphology and prestraining only in the small crack within a range of approximately 250μm and the propagation life of this region governed the total fatigue life.

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Influence of Microstructural Morphology and Prestraining on Short Fatigue Crack Propagation in Dual-phase Steels

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The Force Acting on a Sphere Moving towards a Solidification Front due to an Interfacial Energy Gradient at the Sphere/Liquid Interface

George Kaptay, Katalin K. Kelemen

pp. 305-307

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.41.305
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The Force Acting on a Sphere Moving towards a Solidification Front due to an Interfacial Energy Gradient at the Sphere/Liquid Interface

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Reply to the Paper Named "The Force Acting on a Sphere Moving towards a Solidification Front due to an Interfacial Energy Gradient at the Sphere/Liquid Interface"

Kusuhiro Mukai, Zhe Wang, Wei Lin

pp. 308-310

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.41.308
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Reply to the Paper Named "The Force Acting on a Sphere Moving towards a Solidification Front due to an Interfacial Energy Gradient at the Sphere/Liquid Interface"

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A Simple Estimation Method for Shell Thickness at the Mold Exit in the Continuous Casting of Steel

Carlos Cicutti, Roberto Boeri

pp. 311-313

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.41.311
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A Simple Estimation Method for Shell Thickness at the Mold Exit in the Continuous Casting of Steel

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Remarkable Improvement in Steam Oxidation Resistance Due to the Presence of Sulfur in High Cr Ferrtic Steels

Masahiko Morinaga, Yoshinori Murata, Ryokichi Hashizume, Yoshiatsu Sawaragi

pp. 314-316

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.41.314
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Remarkable Improvement in Steam Oxidation Resistance Due to the Presence of Sulfur in High Cr Ferrtic Steels

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