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ONLINE ISSN: 1347-5460
PRINT ISSN: 0915-1559

ISIJ International Vol. 46 (2006), No. 3

  • Preface to the Special Issue on “Frontier Researches of the High Temperature Properties of Slags”

    Kazuhiro Nagata

    pp. 345-345

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    DOI:10.2355/isijinternational.46.345

  • Evaluation of Viscosity of Mold Flux by Using Neural Network Computation

    Masahito Hanao, Masayuki Kawamoto, Toshihiro Tanaka, Masashi Nakamoto

    pp. 346-351

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    DOI:10.2355/isijinternational.46.346

    Abstract

    A new estimation method of viscosity or solidification temperature of mold fluxes was proposed by applying the neural network computation. In this evaluation system, the viscosity and the solidification temperature of mold fluxes can be evaluated from the analytical compositions in multi-component systems of SiO2–Al2O3–CaO–MgO–Na2O–F–T.Fe–ZrO2–TiO2–BaO–MnO–B2O3–S–C without any conversion of S or F to sulphide or fluoride. It was found that the calculated results of the dependence of viscosity on temperature and composition agree with the experimental results more precisely than some conventional physical models for viscosity. Furthermore, viscosity of mold fluxes can be estimated precisely in the wide range of SiO2 content.

  • Viscosities of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–(R2O or RO) Melts

    Souhei Sukenaga, Noritaka Saito, Kiyoshi Kawakami, Kunihiko Nakashima

    pp. 352-358

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    DOI:10.2355/isijinternational.46.352

    Abstract

    The effect of adding R2O (R=Li, Na and K) or RO (R=Ba, Mg) on the viscosities of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3 (CaO/SiO2=0.67, 1.00 or 1.22, Al2O3=20 mass%) melts has been measured by rotating crucible viscometer. In addition, structural characterizations of these quenched vitreous samples have been investigated by 27Al and 29Si MAS-NMR spectra.
    The viscosities of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–R2O quaternary melts decreased with increasing the additive content of Li2O or Na2O. However, the viscosity of the melts increased with increasing the additive content of K2O. In the case of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–RO quaternary melts, the viscosities of the melts with CaO/SiO2=0.67 decreased with increasing the additive content of BaO or MgO, however, the viscosities of the melts with CaO/SiO2=1.00 and 1.22 increased with increasing the additive content of BaO.
    In the case of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–R2O, the analysis of 27Al MAS-NMR spectra and 29Si MAS-NMR spectra indicated that the degree of polymerization of silicate anions in the glasses decreased with the addition of Li2O or Na2O, and that the degree of polymerization of aluminosilicate anions in the glasses increased with the addition of K2O. It was estimated from the results that the increase in viscosities of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–K2O melts was dependent on increase of aluminosilicate anions in the melts with the addition of K2O.
    In the case of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–RO, the analysis of 27Al MAS-NMR spectra and 29Si MAS-NMR spectra indicated that the degree of polymerization of silicate and aluminosilicate anions in the glasses decreased with the addition of MgO. The degree of polymerization of aluminosilicate anions in the glasses increased with the addition BaO. It was estimated from the results that the increase in viscosities of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–BaO melts was dependent on increase of aluminosilicate anions in the melts with the addition of BaO.

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    2. Viscosity and surface tension measurements of RE2O3–MgO–SiO2 (RE=Y, Gd, Nd and La) melts ISIJ International Vol.46(2006), No.3
    3. Development of a Quasi-chemical Viscosity Model for Fully Liquid Slags in the Al2O3–CaO–‘FeO’–MgO–SiO2 System. Part 3. Summary of the Model Predictions for the Al2O3–CaO–MgO–SiO2 System and Its Sub-systems ISIJ International Vol.46(2006), No.3

  • Development of a Quasi-chemical Viscosity Model for Fully Liquid Slags in the Al2O3–CaO–‘FeO’–MgO–SiO2 System. Part 1. Description of the Model and Its Application to the MgO, MgO–SiO2, Al2O3–MgO and CaO–MgO Sub-systems

    Alex Kondratiev, Peter C. Hayes, Evgueni Jak

    pp. 359-367

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    DOI:10.2355/isijinternational.46.359

    Abstract

    A structurally-based quasi-chemical viscosity model for fully liquid slags in the Al2O3–CaO–‘FeO’–MgO–SiO2 system has been developed. The model links the slag viscosities to the internal structures of the melts through the concentrations of various Si0.5O, Me2/nn+O and Me1/nn+Si0.25O viscous flow structural units. The concentrations of these structural units are derived from a quasi-chemical thermodynamic model of the system. The model described in this series of papers enables the viscosities of liquid slags to be predicted within experimental uncertainties over the whole range of temperatures and compositions in the Al2O3–CaO–MgO–SiO2 system.

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    2. Modelling Viscosities of CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 Molten Slags ISIJ International Vol.52(2012), No.3
    3. An Equation for Accurate Prediction of the Viscosities of Blast Furnace Type Slags from Chemical Composition ISIJ International Vol.40(2000), No.Suppl

  • Development of a Quasi-chemical Viscosity Model for Fully Liquid Slags in the Al2O3–CaO–‘FeO’–MgO–SiO2 System. Part 2. A Review of the Experimental Data and the Model Predictions for the Al2O3–CaO–MgO, CaO–MgO–SiO2 and Al2O3–MgO–SiO2 Systems

    Alex Kondratiev, Peter C. Hayes, Evgueni Jak

    pp. 368-374

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    DOI:10.2355/isijinternational.46.368

    Abstract

    A structurally-based quasi-chemical viscosity model has been developed for the Al2O3–CaO–‘FeO’–MgO–SiO2 system. The model links the slag viscosity to the internal structure of melts through the concentrations of various anion/cation Si0.5O, Me2/nn+O and Me1/nn+Si0.25O viscous flow structural units. The concentrations of structural units are derived from the quasi-chemical thermodynamic model.
    The focus of the work described in the present paper is the analysis of experimental data and the viscosity models for fully liquid slags in the Al2O3–CaO–MgO, Al2O3–MgO–SiO2 and CaO–MgO–SiO2 systems.

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    2. Measuring and Modeling of Viscosity and Surface Properties in High Temperature Systems ISIJ International Vol.46(2006), No.3
    3. Viscosity and surface tension measurements of RE2O3–MgO–SiO2 (RE=Y, Gd, Nd and La) melts ISIJ International Vol.46(2006), No.3

  • Development of a Quasi-chemical Viscosity Model for Fully Liquid Slags in the Al2O3–CaO–‘FeO’–MgO–SiO2 System. Part 3. Summary of the Model Predictions for the Al2O3–CaO–MgO–SiO2 System and Its Sub-systems

    Alex Kondratiev, Peter C. Hayes, Evgueni Jak

    pp. 375-384

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    DOI:10.2355/isijinternational.46.375

    Abstract

    A structurally-based quasi-chemical viscosity model for fully liquid slags in the Al2O3–CaO–‘FeO’–MgO–SiO2 system has been developed. The focus of the work described in the present paper is the analysis of the experimental data and viscosity models in the quaternary system Al2O3–CaO–MgO–SiO2 and its sub-systems.
    A review of the experimental data, viscometry methods used and viscosity models available in the Al2O3–CaO–MgO–SiO2 and its sub-systems is reported. The quasi-chemical viscosity model is shown to provide good agreement between experimental data and predictions over the whole compositional range.

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    2. Measuring and Modeling of Viscosity and Surface Properties in High Temperature Systems ISIJ International Vol.46(2006), No.3
    3. Viscosity and surface tension measurements of RE2O3–MgO–SiO2 (RE=Y, Gd, Nd and La) melts ISIJ International Vol.46(2006), No.3

  • Stress Relaxation Behavior with Molten CaO–SiO2–Al2O3 Slag

    Yasushi Sasaki, Hidehiro Urata, Manabu Iguchi, Mitsutaka Hino

    pp. 385-387

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    DOI:10.2355/isijinternational.46.385

  • Viscosity and surface tension measurements of RE2O3–MgO–SiO2 (RE=Y, Gd, Nd and La) melts

    Fumiyuki Shimizu, Hirofumi Tokunaga, Noritaka Saito, Kunihiko Nakashima

    pp. 388-393

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    DOI:10.2355/isijinternational.46.388

    Abstract

    The effect of RE2O3 (RE=Y, Gd, Nd and La) on the viscosity and the surface tension of 45.2MgO–54.8SiO2 (mol%) melts have been investigated with rotating crucible viscometer and ring method, respectively. Additionally, structural characterizations of these quenched vitreous samples have been investigated with Infra-Red spectrometer.
    The viscosities of RE2O3–MgO–SiO2 melts were found to decrease with increasing the content of any rare-earth additions, which suggests that rare-earth oxide behaves as a network modifier of complex silicate anions in high temperature melts. The viscosities decreased in the order of cationic radius of rare-earth; from Y2O3, Gd2O3, Nd2O3 to La2O3.The surface tension of MgO–SiO2 binary melts were found to increase with increasing the content of any rare-earth additions. The surface tensions obviously increased in the order of cationic radius of rare-earth, which the change of with rare-earth addition is direct antithesis of that of viscosities.
    The decrease of the absorption band of RE2O3–MgO–SiO2 glasses at 1 060 cm−1 (Si4nO9n2n−) with the attendant increase of the absorption band at 930 cm−1 (Si2O76−). These variations with rare-earth oxides content means that the degree of polymerization of complex silicate anions become smaller with rare-earth oxide additions.
    The viscosity of rare-earth containing silicate melts linearly increases with cationic field strength of RE3+. The surface tension of rare-earth containing silicate melts linearly decreases with cationic field strength, except Y2O3 additives.

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  • Measuring and Modeling of Viscosity and Surface Properties in High Temperature Systems

    Lauri Holappa, Lasse Forsbacka, Zhijun Han

    pp. 394-399

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    DOI:10.2355/isijinternational.46.394

    Abstract

    In order to be able to understand and model the kinetics of heterogeneous reactions and transport phenomena it is necessary to have experimental data of physical properties like viscosity, surface energy and interfacial energy. In this study viscosity of high-melting slags containing chromium oxides were measured. Central results and observed relationships and modelling are described. The results showed that addition of chromium oxide into the slag decreases the viscosity but the influence becomes weaker at high CrOx contents. The viscosity–composition relation was evaluated by a modified Iida's model and a good agreement between the experimental and calculated results was observed.
    Interfacial phenomena between liquid metal and slag with gas bubbles entering through the metal–slag interface were investigated by X-ray transmission technique. Bubble behaviour at metal–slag interface and dispersion of metal droplets into the slag were measured as a function of interfacial tension, gas bubble size and slag viscosity. The effect of different parameters on metal entrainment is discussed.

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    2. Development of a Quasi-chemical Viscosity Model for Fully Liquid Slags in the Al2O3–CaO–‘FeO’–MgO–SiO2 System. Part 2. A Review of the Experimental Data and the Model Predictions for the Al2O3–CaO–MgO, CaO–MgO–SiO2 and Al2O3–MgO–SiO2 Systems ISIJ International Vol.46(2006), No.3
    3. Viscosity and surface tension measurements of RE2O3–MgO–SiO2 (RE=Y, Gd, Nd and La) melts ISIJ International Vol.46(2006), No.3

  • Evaluation of Surface Tension of Molten Ionic Mixtures

    Toshihiro Tanaka, Tomoko Kitamura, Ida Annika Back

    pp. 400-406

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    DOI:10.2355/isijinternational.46.400

    Abstract

    A thermodynamic model was derived to evaluate the surface tension of molten ionic mixtures by considering the ratio of the radius of cation to that of anion. The present model reproduces the following characteristics of the composition dependence of surface tension in molten alkaline–halide ionic mixtures precisely.
    • almost linear change with the composition in common cation systems:
    • large concave feature of the composition dependence in common anion systems.
    The present model can be applied to evaluate the surface tension molten ionic mixtures with complex anion such as sulfate as well as molten SiO2 based binary systems considering effective ionic radii for complex anions.

  • Influence of Slag Composition on Slag–Iron Interfacial Tension

    Haiping Sun, Kunihiko Nakashima, Katsumi Mori

    pp. 407-412

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    DOI:10.2355/isijinternational.46.407

    Abstract

    Interfacial tensions between liquid iron and slag were examined for CaO–SiO2 binary and CaO–SiO2–Al2O3 ternary slag systems. The influences of FeO, MgO, B2O3, TiO2, BaO and ZrO2 in slag on the interfacial tension were also investigated by varying these oxides from 1–30 wt% in the CaO–SiO2 binary or CaO–SiO2–Al2O3 ternary slag systems.
    The interfacial tensions were determined by the sessile drop technique under argon atmosphere at 1 853 K. An X-Ray radiographic technique was employed to image the profile of molten iron drop in a slag bath and the interfacial tensions between slag and iron were obtained from the drop shape analysis.
    In examining the effect of slag composition on the interfacial tension, the oxygen in liquid iron and its impact on the interfacial tension was taken into consideration. The interfacial tension was found slightly increased with increasing CaO/SiO2 ratio in CaO–SiO2 slag, and with increasing MgO content in the slag. A decrease of interfacial tension was found with increasing FeO in slag. Only minor changes in the interfacial tension were observed with varying the slag composition in the CaO–SiO2–Al2O3 ternary slag system and the influences of B2O3, TiO2, BaO, and ZrO2 in slag on the interfacial tension were found insignificant.

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  • Lattice and Radiation Conductivities for Mould Fluxes from the Perspective of Degree of Crystallinity

    Sumito Ozawa, Masahiro Susa, Takashi Goto, Rie Endo, K. C. Mills

    pp. 413-419

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    DOI:10.2355/isijinternational.46.413

    Abstract

    The lattice and radiation conductivities have been determined for commercial mould fluxes in glassy and partially crystalline states as functions of the degree of crystallinity to confirm whether or not more crystallisation of mould fluxes is always effective in slow cooling in continuous casting. Lattice conductivities, refractive indices and absorption/extinction coefficients were measured on glassy and partially crystallised samples from commercial mould fluxes. The lattice conductivities of mould fluxes increased with increasing the degree of crystallinity at temperatures around 773 K and more prominent increase was observed where the degree of crystallinity exceeded about 20%, which would be due to the contact between crystal grains precipitated. However, fluxes having higher degrees of crystallinity showed negative temperature coefficients in the lattice conductivities, particularly at higher temperatures, and thus there was a case where the lattice conductivities decreased with increasing the degree of crystallinity at higher temperatures. On the other hand, the radiation conductivities tended to decrease with increasing the degree of crystallinity and became almost constant where the degree of crystallinity exceeded about 15%. As a consequence of this, more crystallisation does not always lead to slow cooling in continuous casting: the degree of crystallinity should be controlled to be about 15% where the partially crystalline phase exists around 773 K.

  • Thermal Conductivity of the CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 System

    Youngjo Kang, Kazuki Morita

    pp. 420-426

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    DOI:10.2355/isijinternational.46.420

    Abstract

    Thermal conductivity of the CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 system, which is one of the most important silicate melts in iron- and steelmaking processes, was measured using non-stationary hot wire method in the range from liquidus temperature to 1 873 K. Measurements were carried out at various compositions, and iso-thermal conductivity line of the CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 system was drawn in iso-thermal sections at 1 673 K, 1 773 K, and 1 873 K. Thermal conductivity decreased with basicity increase, when CaO/SiO2 ratio is smaller than unity, whereas it showed constant value when CaO/SiO2 ratio is larger. In case Al2O3 content was varied at constant CaO/SiO2 ratio of 0.39 and 0.90, thermal conductivity showed maximum at 15–20 mass% Al2O3, suggesting that Al2O3 behaves as an amphoteric oxide. In the temperature range of interest, the thermal conductivity of each composition decreased as temperature rises. Temperature dependence showed deviation from linearity with the reciprocal of absolute temperature, which was considered to be due to the thermally-induced depolymerisation of the silicate structure at higher temperature. Also, thermal conductivity was found to conform to an exponential function of 1/T during deploymerization with the apparent activation energy.

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  • Application of Square-wave Pulse Heat Method to Thermal Properties Measurement of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3 System Fluxes

    Koki Nishioka, Takayuki Maeda, Masakata Shimizu

    pp. 427-433

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    DOI:10.2355/isijinternational.46.427

    Abstract

    The square-wave pulse heat method was improved to measure thermal properties of vitreous samples by considering radiation heat transfer between the front and back faces of the samples, and the measurement accuracy of the method was examined.
    Thermal properties of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3 samples were measured by the method. Thermal diffusivities of the crystalline 40CaO–40SiO2–20Al2O3 (mol%) sample are about 1.5–2.5 times larger than those of the vitreous sample. Specific heat of the crystalline and vitreous samples shows almost the same temperature dependency, except the highest measurement temperature due to crystallization of glass.
    Finally, we investigated the reason that the thermal conductivity values measured by the improved square-wave pulse heat method differ from those by the line source method. As a result, crystallization of glass during the measurements would cause the difference of the temperature dependencies of the values measured by the two methods.

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  • Estimation of Heat Transfer of a Front-heating Front-detection Laser Flash Method Measuring Thermal Conductivity for Silicate Melts at High Temperatures

    Hiromichi Ohta, Hiroyuki Shibata, Takeshi Kasamoto

    pp. 434-440

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    DOI:10.2355/isijinternational.46.434

    Abstract

    The thermal conductivity of silicate melts at high temperatures was determined by applying a differential three-layered laser flash method. In this method, the correction for radiative heat transfer was indispensable to obtain accurate thermal conductivity of the melts at high temperatures because, at 1 500 K, the uncorrected values are 20 to 40% larger than the corrected ones; further, the corrected values strongly depend on the absorption coefficient of silicate melts. Recently, we applied the front-heating front-detection laser flash method using a short initial time period immediately after laser pulse irradiation for silicate melts. This method was considered to be unaffected by the radiative heat transfer. However, the amount of the radiative effect on thermal conductivity was not estimated. On the basis of heat transfer theory, the temperature responses of this method were numerically calculated by considering radiative heat transfer. The result revealed that the radiative effect is less than 4.4% even at 1 743 K.

  • Crystallization of CaO–SiO2–TiO2 Slag as a Candidate for Fluorine Free Mold Flux

    Hideko Nakada, Kazuhiro Nagata

    pp. 441-449

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    DOI:10.2355/isijinternational.46.441

    Abstract

    The time-temperature-transformation diagram (TTT diagram) of CaO–SiO2–TiO2 slag has been determined by using differential thermal analysis (DTA) in order to investigate the crystallization of the slag as a candidate for fluorine free mold flux. The incubation time of CaOSiO2TiO2 in CaO–SiO2–TiO2 slag is as small as that of cuspidine (3CaO2SiO2CaF2) in commercial mold fluxes. This finding indicates that the CaOSiO2TiO2 crystallizes rapidly in the slag film between the mold and the steel in the continuous casting machine, similar to cuspidine in commercial mold fluxes. CaOSiO2TiO2 in CaO–SiO2–TiO2 slag is substituted for cuspidine in commercial mold fluxes. The thickness of the crystalline layer of CaOSiO2TiO2 is smaller than that of cuspidine. In order to improve the heat transfer control of CaO–SiO2–TiO2 slag, it is necessary to decrease the incubation time of CaOSiO2TiO2 at high temperature.

  • The Ability of Slags to Absorb Solid Oxide Inclusions

    Martin Valdez, George S. Shannon, Seetharaman Sridhar

    pp. 450-457

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    DOI:10.2355/isijinternational.46.450

    Abstract

    The capture rate of solid oxide-inclusion particles from molten steel by molten slag depends on the rate of steel film drainage (which occurs at certain particle velocities), interfacial separation, and dissolution into the slag. In this study the capture of common oxide inclusions of sizes 2.5–200 µm and with velocities ranging from their terminal velocities to 0.3 m·s−1 approaching the interface between molten iron and slags with chemistries corresponding to ladle, tundish and mold slags are investigated. Calculations, based on a model available in literature, show that film drainage (when applicable) is rapid enough to be ignored. A sensitivity analysis based on the slag properties show that the interfacial energy between slag and inclusion is the most pertinent property that could hinder interfacial separation. However, the interfacial tension needed to achieve this has to be a minimum of 0.41 N/m which is unreasonable for the case of common oxide inclusions such as Al2O3, MgO, ZrO2 and MgAl2O4. The final step of dissolution was found based on studies with Confocal Scanning Laser Microscope experiments, to be significantly slower than the other steps. For a 100 µm particle, in the slags/inclusions investigated a correlation between slag viscosity, η [Pa·s] and super saturation, ΔC [kg·m2−3] with inclusion dissolution time, τ [s] was shown to be, τ=2.04·10−2/(C/η).

  • Dynamic Oxidation of the Ti-bearing Blast Furnace Slag

    Li Zhang, Linnan Zhang, Mingyu Wang, Guangqiang Li, Zhitong Sui

    pp. 458-465

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    DOI:10.2355/isijinternational.46.458

    Abstract

    The effects of the dynamic oxidation on the physical chemical characteristics of the Ti-bearing blast furnace slag, on the selective enrichment, precipitation and growth of the Ti component and the drop of metallic Fe from the slag have been investigated. Air was blown into the molten slag as oxygen resource through a lance during the dynamic oxidation process. It was found that the TiC, TiN, (Ti2O3), Fe and (FeO) in the slag were oxidized, and the temperature of slag increased and the viscosity of slag decreased. These were not only in favour of the selective enrichment of the Ti component into the perovskite phase, but also in favour of the precipitation and growth of the perovskite phase, meanwhile promoted the coalescence, growth and drop of the metallic Fe droplets in the molten slag under an air agitation condition.
  • © 2006 The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan

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