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QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY Vol. 41 (2023), No. 1

ISIJ International
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ONLINE ISSN:
PRINT ISSN: 0288-4771
Publisher: JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY

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QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY Vol. 41 (2023), No. 1

Development of resistance spot welding technology applying multi-stage adaptive control for narrow pitch spot welding of high strength steel sheets

Chikaumi SAWANISHI, Hiroshi MATSUDA, Yasuaki OKITA, Rinsei IKEDA

pp. 1-10

DOI:

10.2207/qjjws.41.1

Abstract

In order to expand the application of high strength steel sheets to automotive bodies, stabilizing nugget diameter of resistance spot welds is required in the presence of several industrial disturbances. This study aims to ensure the nugget diameter of high strength steel sheets regardless weld spacing by utilizing adaptive control technology based on real-time feedback of heat quantity. Short weld spacing leads to expulsion from the sheet surface applying conventional adaptive control welding for mild steel sheets, whereas decrease in nugget diameter due to reduction of effective welding current for high strength steel sheets. On the other hand, 2-stage adaptive control method enables to ensure nugget diameter regardless of steel strength even with 10mm weld spacing, in which heat quantity was controlled independently in each stage of welding. The mechanism of these phenomena was revealed by verifying the influence of physical properties of steel and welding current pattern on the shunting phenomena using numerical simulation.

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Development of resistance spot welding technology applying multi-stage adaptive control for narrow pitch spot welding of high strength steel sheets

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Effect of Plate Deformation Around the Nugget during Tensile Test on Tensile Shear Strength of Resistance Spot Welded Lap Joints

Takanori KITAMURA, Tetsuya AKIYAMA, Mitsuhiro IMAMURA, Tomoya KAWABATA, Atsuro UEMURA, Chinatsu MIHARA, Koki IWATANI

pp. 11-17

DOI:

10.2207/qjjws.41.11

Abstract

Resistance spot welding is used in automobile body assembly. Tensile shear test is one of the strength evaluation methods for welded joints. Generally, in tensile shear tests of lap joints, rotational deformation occurs in the joint due to offset of the load axis. In this paper, the effect of rotational deformation of resistance spot welded lap joints on tensile shear strength was investigated. A high-strength steel plate HT590 was used. First, tensile shear tests were conducted using only resistance spot welding (Normal) and a specimen in which the welded joint part was sandwiched between two steel blocks to suppress rotational deformation. For the specimens sandwiched between steel blocks, a specimen was prepared with a constrained point parallel (P) to the tensile direction and a specimen with a constrained point vertical (V) to the tensile direction. And the length of the steel blocks was varied in five ways for the tensile shear test. The results showed that the tensile shear strength increased as the length of the steel block increased. However, the suppression of rotational deformation didn’t have a significant effect on tensile shear strength. In tensile shear tests of lap joints, opening of the lap plates occurs in addition to rotational deformation. Therefore, tensile shear tests were conducted using a specimen with two steel blocks sandwiched at the edge of the lap to suppress the opening of the plates. The experiment was reproduced and investigated by FEM analysis. The results showed that the tensile shear strength increased in the deformation-suppressed specimens compared to Normal specimens. In other words, it is clear that the suppression of plate opening has an effect on the increase in tensile shear strength. The above results indicate that suppression of plate opening is effective in increasing tensile shear strength.

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Effect of Plate Deformation Around the Nugget during Tensile Test on Tensile Shear Strength of Resistance Spot Welded Lap Joints

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FEM analysis of cross tension test (CTS) that allows slips between jig and test piece

Yuta TONBE, Takumi NAGANO, Hiroshi OKADA

pp. 18-25

DOI:

10.2207/qjjws.41.18

Abstract

In the present investigation, the constraint conditions of the cross tension test specimen for the strength evaluations of resistance spot welded joint by the jig during the test are investigated. Finite element analyses were performed for the processes of tightening the specimen and the jig by the bolts and nuts and for the cross tension test. Contact stress between the specimen and jig are examined. The force-displacement relationship and the contact stress distribution suggest that slips between the specimen and jig occurred. It is also indicated by the results of the analyses that the load carrying mechanism change from the contact between the specimen and the jig to that between the specimen and the bolt. The change is considered to influence the load displacement relationship measured during the test.

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FEM analysis of cross tension test (CTS) that allows slips between jig and test piece

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Effect of Arm Length on Tensile Strength of Resistance Spot Welded L-type Joints

Takanori KITAMURA, Tetsuya AKIYAMA, Hibiki HIRAYAMA, Shintaro HAMASAKI, Ken CHIKANO, Daisuke KAWANO

pp. 26-35

DOI:

10.2207/qjjws.41.26

Abstract

In this paper, effect of arm length on tensile strength for resistance spot welded L-type joints was clarified based on comparing deformation of L-type joints with different arm length. 590 MPa grade cold-rolled steel (HT590) with a thickness of 1.6 mm was used. Tensile tests were conducted using L-type joints with six different arm lengths. FEM analysis was performed on specimens to simulate the experiments. To quantitatively evaluate specimen deformation, opening angle of specimen at failure was measured. Length from nugget edge to tensile axis, which is length of moment arm acting on nugget edge, was measured. The smaller arm length, the smaller opening angle. And, length from nugget edge to tensile axis became smaller. As a result, higher joint strength was obtained. Comparison of plastic strain in the vicinity of nugget showed that L-type joint with a small arm length had a narrower range of plastic deformation in direction of plate width at nugget edge. It was also confirmed that stress concentration at nugget edge was small. Therefore, high joint strength was obtained. It was found that strength of L-type joints is determined by opening angle and length from nugget edge to tensile axis. It was also clarified that a small range of plastic deformation in plate width direction at nugget edge reduces stress concentration at nugget edge as one of factors that improve joint strength of L-type joints.

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Effect of Arm Length on Tensile Strength of Resistance Spot Welded L-type Joints

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Practical Method for Estimation of Fatigue Strength of Spot Welded Joint

Hidekazu MURAKAWA

pp. 36-41

DOI:

10.2207/qjjws.41.36

Abstract

It is natural to see the edge of the nugget in spot weld joint as a sharp notch or a crack. In this sense, the driving force for fatigue crack growth can be estimated using fracture parameter such as the range of stress intensity factor ΔK. In this research, Equivalent Stress Intensity Factor Range ΔKeq defined through integration of stress field is employed as a parameter. The primary advantage of ΔKeq is its simplicity in computation. It is known that fatigue strengths of spot welded joints are influenced by various factors, such as plate thickness, nugget diameter, number of spot welds and their arrangement, geometry of welded component, combined loading condition and welding residual stress. The effects of these factors can be estimated in a consistent manner using the proposed method which is based on ΔKeq and the master curve identified from experimental data. Its potential usefulness for fatigue design is demonstrated through typical examples.

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Practical Method for Estimation of Fatigue Strength of Spot Welded Joint

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Numerical Model of Intermetallic Compound Formation in Resistance Spot Welding of Steel-Aluminum

Satoshi YAMANE, Chisa SEKINE, Naoaki NUNEMURA, Koichi TANIGUCHI, Hiroshi MATSUDA, Satoshi IGI

pp. 42-51

DOI:

10.2207/qjjws.41.42

Abstract

Spot welding has stable quality, easy operation, and excellent productivity. Therefore, it is often used in vehicles and electrical products that use several thin sheets. The bonding principle is based on the nugget formed using joule heating. Furthermore, in recent years, the welding of steel and aluminum alloy has been used to improve the fuel efficiency of vehicles. The blowhole may occur in the bonding area. Moreover, as Fe2Al5 thickens, the interface likely becomes brittle. The growth of an intermetallic compound (IMC) depends on the temperature during joining. Considering that heat is generated by joule heating, the current density and other factors also affect the formation of IMCs. Another factor affecting IMC formation is the generation of the blowholes at the interface. If the contact pressure between the steel and the aluminum alloy is high, then the generation of blowholes may be suppressed. In investigating the effects of the electrode shape on IMC formation, numerical simulations of spot welding were performed using the DR6 electrode with a tip curvature of R40, hereafter referred to as DR6 (R40), and the DR12 electrode with a tip curvature of R400, hereafter referred to as DR12 (R400). During spot welding of steel and aluminum alloy, the blowholes were observed when melting the aluminum using DR6 (R40) and DR12 (R400) electrodes, and the coarse blowholes were observed in the central part of the electrode during the experiment using the DR12 (R400) electrode. The normal stress acting at the interface of the joint was also investigated using numerical simulations to examine the occurrence of the blowholes caused by the difference in electrodes.

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Numerical Model of Intermetallic Compound Formation in Resistance Spot Welding of Steel-Aluminum

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Development of numerical model in ring mash welding

Yasuo KADOYA, Yuki OSHINO, Hironobu NISHIMURA, Fumiaki TOYAMA, Satoshi YAMANE

pp. 52-61

DOI:

10.2207/qjjws.41.52

Abstract

Welding is an essential and fundamental technology for manufacturing. When metals are joined by welding, the strength and other qualities of the products vary greatly depending on the welding conditions. In this paper, authors focus on ring mash welding used for powertrain components that transmit engine drive. This welding is required to be strong enough to withstand large loads. However, it is difficult to find appropriate welding conditions because there are many welding parameters, such as the welding current, applied force and shapes to be welded. Moreover, since the welding point is inside the base metal, it is difficult to understand the phenomena and the deformation process during welding. As its deformation is finished in several tens of milliseconds, visualization of the phenomena is difficult. Therefore, it takes much time to determine welding conditions through repeated experiments and to develop and improve the welding process. The numerical simulation is useful to understand these phenomena. If welding phenomena can be analyzed by a numerical model, it is possible to predict the results by trying different welding conditions and shapes of base metal on the numerical analysis, and it is easy to select more appropriate ones. Since the numerical analysis of welding phenomena is supported by theoretical analysis and plays an important role in quality assurance of welded products, the authors tried to make the numerical model using the fundamental experimental results. In this study, the visualization of the phenomena and the relationship between the welding current and the applied force made clear using the numerical simulation. The effect of welding conditions on the welding results when they are varied.

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Development of numerical model in ring mash welding

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Pressure-controlled linear friction welding of galvanized steel sheets

Masatoshi UOZUMI, Yoshiaki MORISADA, Kei AMEYAMA, Hidetoshi FUJII

pp. 62-70

DOI:

10.2207/qjjws.41.62

Abstract

The galvanized steel sheet has been used widely in various fields. However, zinc, which has a low melting temperature, evaporates and penetrates into the joint during the conventional welding process, thus a low temperature welding process is required. Linear Friction Welding (LFW) is a solid-state joining process, which uses the friction heat generated at the interface when the materials are butted together. Recent studies reported that the welding temperature is lower at a higher applied pressure during the LFW. Therefore, this welding process is expected to suppress the evaporation of zinc. In this study, a galvanized steel sheet was welded by LFW at various pressures. The effect of the galvanization on the LFW process depends on whether the welding temperature is above or below the melting temperature of the zinc layer. The non-uniformity of the flash increased welding time, and zinc embrittlement cracking occur above the melting temperature. However, a high applied pressure prevents the melting of the zinc layer. As a result, zinc is discharged to the outside of the joint while remaining on the surface, and joints without defects can be successfully obtained.

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Pressure-controlled linear friction welding of galvanized steel sheets

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Double-sided simultaneous joining of medium carbon steel by center drive linear friction welding

Tetsuro ITO, Masayoshi KAMAI, Takuya MIURA, Yoshiaki MORISADA, Hidetoshi FUJII

pp. 71-78

DOI:

10.2207/qjjws.41.71

Abstract

In general, two materials are welded by conventional linear friction wedding (LFW). On the other hand, we developed a center drive double-sided linear friction welding method in which an insert material was sandwiched between two materials to be joined and the insert material was vibrated while the three materials were pressed. In this study, three medium carbon steel S45C plates were welded simultaneously by this novel LFW method. After the welding experiment, the mechanical properties and joining interface structure of the obtained joints were investigated.

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Double-sided simultaneous joining of medium carbon steel by center drive linear friction welding

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Friction stir lap welding between A6061/SPC270 thin sheets using welding tool with scroll shoulder

LIU Yuheng, Toshiaki YASUI, Toshiaki FUKUHARA, Shuhei YAMAGUCHI, Katashi HIROSAWA, Tatsuya MORI

pp. 79-89

DOI:

10.2207/qjjws.41.79

Abstract

Dissimilar materials welding between A6061 and SPC270 thin sheets was performed through friction stir lap welding and the effects of welding tool shape and clearance were investigated. The welding process was carried out on the 3-axis vertical machining center without tilt angle, using welding tools with flat or scroll shoulder surfaces. The highest tensile shear strength of 208.2 MPa using the flat shoulder was achieved under tool rotation speed of 2000 rpm and welding speed of 500 mm/min. Groove-like defects were found at the advancing side of this welding joint, which was thought to be caused by the deficiency of plastic material flow. Scroll shoulder improved the plastic material flow of aluminum alloys and weld surface without defects. However, cavities were formed in joints welding with a clearance of 0.1 mm near the interface between A6061 and SPC270. Reduction of clearance suppressed the formation of cavities and tensile shear strength of 217.9 MPa was achieved with the clearance of 0 mm. The welding interface was observed by SEM and TEM for microstructure investigation. Welding interface temperature during FSLW was measured and the factors for welding strength variation were also discussed in this paper.

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Friction stir lap welding between A6061/SPC270 thin sheets using welding tool with scroll shoulder

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Microstructure of the interface between Aluminum Alloy and Galvannealed Steel Plates Jointed by FSSW Multi-Step Loading Process

Iori KOJIMA, Chihiro IWAMOTO, Yuka SHIMIZU, Tomoki MATSUDA, Akio HIROSE

pp. 90-97

DOI:

10.2207/qjjws.41.90

Abstract

When joining between GA980 and A6061 plates by the FSSW, brittle intermetallic compounds and Zn-contained region are formed at the joint interface. These local reaction products determine the strength of the joint. Therefore, the bonding interface microstructure analysis is crucial to control the process and improve strength. This study performed microstructural analysis near the joint interface on GA980/A6061 joints bonded by the FSSW. The detailed variation of the IMC thickness along with the bonded interface and the microstructure of the Zn-contained region in A6061 plate was clarified. In the A6061 plate, a simple shear texture was observed with the Al <110> direction in the tool rotational direction and the Al {111} plane perpendicular to the direction of the elongated grains. In elongated Al grains surrounded by high-angle grain boundaries, the grains were divided by the low-angle grain boundaries.

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Microstructure of the interface between Aluminum Alloy and Galvannealed Steel Plates Jointed by FSSW Multi-Step Loading Process

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Mechanical Clinching for Aluminum Alloy Die-Casting and High Strength Steel Sheet

Yohei ABE, REN Xiaolong, Kazuki KAMEI, Ken-ichiro MORI

pp. 98-106

DOI:

10.2207/qjjws.41.98

Abstract

The joinabilities of mechanical clinching of a thick aluminum alloy casting and three thin steel sheets (tensile strengths : 590, 780, and 980 MPa) were experimentally investigated. The effects of the sheet combination and the die shape on the joining range were shown. In addition, the joint load was measured. By mechanical clinching, the upper 4 mm thickness of aluminum alloy casting and the lower 1.2 mm thickness of steel sheet under 780 MPa steel were joined without defects in a suitable die shape, although the interlock was formed with the cracks occurred on the bottom corner of the lower sheet for 980 MPa steel sheet. The upper high-strength steel sheet and the lower aluminum alloy casting were joined without defects in an appropriate die shape with the 590 MPa steel sheet. By using the heated steel sheet, the cracks was prevented, and the joinabilities were improved. In the tension-shearing test, the fracture occurred around the minimum wall thickness part in both the upper aluminum alloy casting and steel sheet.

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Mechanical Clinching for Aluminum Alloy Die-Casting and High Strength Steel Sheet

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Effects of Annealing on the Interfacial Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Explosively Welded AZ80 Magnesium Alloy and A6005C Aluminum Alloy

Mami MIHARA-NARITA, Konosuke ASAI, Hisashi MORI, Naobumi SAITO, Yasumasa CHINO, Hisashi SATO, Yoshimi WATANABE

pp. 107-115

DOI:

10.2207/qjjws.41.107

Abstract

In this study, the effects of annealing on the interfacial microstructure, mechanical properties and residual stress of explosively welded AZ80 magnesium alloy and A6005C aluminum alloy cladding plate were investigated. After explosive welding, thin interlayer composed by intermetallic compound, i.e., γ-Mg17Al12 phase, was formed at the interface of the cladding plate. After annealing at both 373 K and 473 K, the thickness of the interlayer increased. With annealing at 473 K, the interlayer changed from a one-layer structure consisting of γ-Mg17Al12 phase to a two-layer structure consisting of γ-Mg17Al12 phas and β-Al3Mg2 phase, resulting in the decrease in shear strength. As a result of nanoindentation measurement at the interface, the hardness was remarkably large in the β-Al3Mg2 phase. It was suggested that this phase became the crack initiation site for brittle fracture and the shear strength decreased. Measurements of the residual stress using synchrotron radiation X-rays at the interface of cladding plate revealed the tendency of the generation of tensile residual stress on AZ80 magnesium alloy side and compressive residual stress on A6005C aluminum alloy side. After annealing at 473 K, residual stresses in AZ80 magnesium alloy side and A6005C aluminum alloy side changed to compressive and tensile stress, respectively, and the stress values became smaller in both cases. On the other hands, after annealing at 373 K, compressive residual stress was observed in both AZ80 magnesium alloy side and A6005C aluminum alloy side.

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Effects of Annealing on the Interfacial Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Explosively Welded AZ80 Magnesium Alloy and A6005C Aluminum Alloy

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High-speed Hot-wire laser Brazing Technology for Steel/Aluminum alloy Dissimilar Joint using Twin Beam Irradiation

Tamaki ITO, CHOI Jeong-Won, Motomichi YAMAMOTO, Koichi TANIGUCHI, Yasuaki OKITA, Hiroshi MATSUDA

pp. 116-123

DOI:

10.2207/qjjws.41.116

Abstract

The demand for steel / aluminum alloy dissimilar joints has increased for light-weighting the automobile body. However, it is well known that joining both metals by conventional welding methods, the brittle intermetallic compound (IMC) is generated at the interface, and it significantly deteriorates the joint strength. In this paper, the hot-wire laser brazing process using the twin-spot irradiation was proposed and its conditions were optimized to achieve the high brazing speed and the high joint strength on a lap-fillet joint of the steel / aluminum alloy dissimilar combination. The twin spots of a circle (φ5) and rectangular (5×11) laser beams aligned at spot ends achieved the high brazing speed up to 6 m/min, stable brazing phenomena and sound bead appearance. The joints fabricated using the optimized conditions realized the very thin IMC thickness under 2 μm and high joint strength over the yield strength of the base steel sheet.

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High-speed Hot-wire laser Brazing Technology for Steel/Aluminum alloy Dissimilar Joint using Twin Beam Irradiation

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Study on Tensile Shear Strength of Dissimilar Lap Joints for Multi-Material Structures

Hisashi SERIZAWA, Kotaro INOSE, Ryoji OHASHI, Yukihiro SUGIMOTO, Tadashi MINODA, Toshio MURAKAMI

pp. 124-132

DOI:

10.2207/qjjws.41.124

Abstract

In order to design a future multi-material car body, both an appropriate selection of the advanced materials and a suitable assignment of joining methods are essential technologies, where the data-base of the advanced multi-material joint performance has to be prepared. In this research various advanced multi-material dissimilar lap joints were fabricated and the tensile shear strength of those joints was evaluated. The materials used were an ultra-high strength steel (UHHS), a carbon fiber reinforced thermo-plastic (CFRTP) and an aluminum alloy of A5083P-O. The resistance spot welding (RSW) and refill friction stir spot welding (RFSSW) were employed for joining UHHS and A5083P-O, while UHHS & CFRTP and A5083P-O & CFRTP lap joints were fabricated by the friction stir spot welding (FSSW) and laser irradiation assistance plastic welding (LIAPW). The tensile shear strength of UHHS & A5083P-O joint joined by RFSSW was found to be almost two times of that produced by RSW, and this difference seems to be mainly caused by the difference of joint area. The difference of joint area also affects the tensile shear strength of UHHS & CFRTP or A5083P-O &CFRTP lap joints made by FSSW and LIAPW, and the joint strength of LIAPW was larger than that of FSSW. Moreover, all the tensile shear tests suggest that the total heat input during joining process might not influence the tensile shear strength proportionally and the relationship between the joining conditions and tensile shear strength has be evaluated by using the artificial intelligence technologies in order to contribute the data-base of the advanced multi-material joint performance.

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Study on Tensile Shear Strength of Dissimilar Lap Joints for Multi-Material Structures

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Study on Shear Fatigue Properties of Dissimilar Lap Joints for Multi-Material Structures

Hisashi SERIZAWA, Kotaro INOSE, Ryoji OHASHI, Yukihiro SUGIMOTO, Tadashi MINODA, Toshio MURAKAMI

pp. 133-140

DOI:

10.2207/qjjws.41.133

Abstract

A data-base of the advanced multi-material joint performance has to be prepared for designing a future multi-material car body in order to select both the advanced materials and the joining methods appropriately. In this research, as one of the most important joint performances, the tensile fatigue properties of dissimilar lap joints were studied. Various advanced multi-material dissimilar lap joint using an ultra-high strength steel (UHHS), a carbon fiber reinforced thermo-plastic (CFRTP) and an aluminum alloy of A5083P-O were fabricated by the resistance spot welding (RSW), refill friction stir spot welding (RFSSW), friction stir spot welding (FSSW) and laser irradiation assistance plastic welding (LIAPW). Regardless of the types of dissimilar materials, it is found that the number of cycle achieving to the fracture decreases almost monotonically with increasing the applied load. In addition, the shear fatigue properties of UHHS & A5083P-O joint joined by RFSSW is found to be similar to that of aluminum alloy joint joined by RSW. Moreover, the fatigue properties of UHHS & CFRTP and A5083P-O & CFRTP joints made by FSSW are revealed to be governed by the interfacial strength between the metals and CFRTP and to be predicted by the tensile shear strength of the dissimilar lap joint.

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Study on Shear Fatigue Properties of Dissimilar Lap Joints for Multi-Material Structures

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Study on Blowhole Detection in Fillet Welded Sheet of Lap Joint by Laser Ultrasonic Technique

Kazufumi NOMURA, Taketo MATSUIDA, Keiji KADOTA, Tetsuo ERA, Satoru ASAI

pp. 141-149

DOI:

10.2207/qjjws.41.141

Abstract

We developed a blowhole detection method using laser ultrasonic in this study. The blowholes are a problem in fillet welded lap joints using galvanized steel sheets often used in automobile manufacturing. Fillet welded lap joint composed of 2.3 mm or 1.6 mm thickness plates were used as a specimen, and measurement was performed on the sections without or with defects whose positions were identified in advance by RT (radiographical test). It was difficult to detect the directly reflected ultrasonic from the defect by setting the detection position on the upper plate side. However, measuring the attenuation of transmitted waves due to defects on the lower plate side was usable in determining the presence or absence of defects. In addition, an automatic judgment algorithm was developed and evaluated. The algorithm uses the normalized RMS slope as a judgment value after extracting the ultrasonic part where the attenuation was seen. The blowhole positions at RT and the position where the judgment value is －0.05 or less corresponded partially. They were in good agreement, especially under the conditions of 1.6 mm thickness and 0.5 m/min scanning speed. Although it is necessary to study further the adjustment of measurement conditions and the clarification of the applicable range, it can be said that high-speed non-contact measurement of blowholes was possible by the proposed method using laser ultrasonic.

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Study on Blowhole Detection in Fillet Welded Sheet of Lap Joint by Laser Ultrasonic Technique

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Evaluation of Solidification Cracking Susceptibility Factors in Carbon Steel and Availability of Ti Addition Based on Theoretical Analysis

Naoki SAHARA, Shotaro YAMASHITA, Kazuhiko ONO, Kazuyoshi SAIDA

pp. 150-158

DOI:

10.2207/qjjws.41.150

Abstract

This study conducted a basic investigation to improve the solidification cracking susceptibility of carbon steel. BTR is one of the susceptibilities to solidification cracking, and it is said that solidification cracking susceptibility is reduced when BTR is smaller. BTR of three commercial filler metals was evaluated by using Trans-Varestraint test. EPMA and EDS analysis of the weld metal microstructure revealed two compounds. The white structure was composed of silicon, manganese, and sulfur, and the black structure was Ti-based compound. Theoretical analysis of BTR was conducted by applying a two-phase peritectic solidification model in FA mode and considering MnS crystallization during solidification segregation. The analysis results indicated that BTR of carbon steel is attributed to the difference in solidification completion temperatures, and carbon is the most deleterious element. Also, MX compound (Ti, C, N) crystallized in addition to MnS at the end of solidification. Theoretical analysis was conducted for Ti virtual addition materials because MX compound (Ti, C, N) crystallization by Ti addition may lead to BTR reduction by trapping C in the liquid phase. The results showed that Ti addition reduced BTR. The amount of C in the residual liquid phase was reduced by an increase in MX compound (Ti, C, N) crystallization due to Ti addition. Based on theoretical considerations, it can be concluded that Ti addition to carbon steel is effective in reducing BTR.

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Evaluation of Solidification Cracking Susceptibility Factors in Carbon Steel and Availability of Ti Addition Based on Theoretical Analysis

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Direct bonding of Ni nanoparticles to a semiconductor Al electrode in air and its form

Yasunori TANAKA, Keiko KOSHIBA, Tomonori IIZUKA, Mayumi ITO, Koichi HIGASHIMINE, Kohei TATSUMI

pp. 159-167

DOI:

10.2207/qjjws.41.159

Abstract

This research group evaluated the bondability of sinter bonding using Ni nanoparticles, which have a high melting point and excellent corrosion resistance, as a new metal nanoparticle bonding material, and found that bonding is possible at bonding temperatures below 400 °C when the particle size is less than 100 nm. Furthermore it was found that Ni nanoparticles can be directly bonded to Al, which is considered difficult to bond directly with solder materials containing tin (Sn) or lead (Pb), and that high bonding strength can be obtained. In addition, the bonding strength of Ni nanoparticles to Al was higher when bonded in air than in a reduction atmosphere of N2+H2 (3 %), indicating that there were differences in bonding properties depending on the bonding atmosphere. In this study, we compared the bonding properties to Al in different bonding atmospheres. In the N2+H2 (3 %) reducing atmosphere, the bonding strength was not increased even when the bonding temperature was increased. On the other hand, the bonding strength was significantly increased with increasing bonding temperature over 330 °C in air. The failure mode was also rupture in the bonding layer, and good bonding was achieved at the Ni/Al bonding interface. Observation of the bonding interface between Ni nanoparticles and Al using Transmission electron microscope (TEM) showed the presence of an interlayer of oxide film at both bonding interfaces in air and in the N2+H2 (3 %) reduction atmosphere. And the oxide layer at the interface bonded in air was thicker, indicating that the structure at the interface between the Ni layer, the oxide layer and the Al layer has changed. It was suggested that the difference in oxide film formation behavior, structure, and thickness affects the bondability due to the difference in the bonding atmosphere.

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Direct bonding of Ni nanoparticles to a semiconductor Al electrode in air and its form

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巻頭言 「軽構造接合加工特集号」に寄せて　（軽構造接合加工特集号p.1-149）

藤井 英俊

pp. i-i

DOI:

10.2207/qjjws.41.i

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巻頭言 「軽構造接合加工特集号」に寄せて　（軽構造接合加工特集号p.1-149）

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