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QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY
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QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY Vol. 33 (2015), No. 2

  • Improvement mechanism of fatigue strength of weld joints by hammer peening on base metal

    Yasushi MORIKAGE, Katsuyoshi NAKANISHI, Satoshi IGI, Takashi NAKANO, Hajime TOMO

    pp. 111-117

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    DOI:10.2207/qjjws.33.111

    Abstract

    New peening technology is proposed to improve the fatigue strength of welded joints. By using this technology, compressive residual stress is introduced at weld toe by the developed peening procedure which plastic deformation is only applied to the base material near the weld toe. In this study, improvement mechanism of fatigue strength of weld joints by hammer peening on base metal was clarified by FEA. It was clarified that increasing of stress at weld toe is controlled by depression formed near the weld toe. Not only compressive residual stress at weld toe but also decreasing stress concentration at weld toe by plastic deformation on base metal was indicated as the factor of improving fatigue strength of weld joints.

  • Analysis of dynamic plasma behaviors in gas metal arc welding by imaging spectroscopy

    Masaya SHIGETA, Shota NAKANISHI, Manabu TANAKA, Anthony B. MURPHY

    pp. 118-125

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    DOI:10.2207/qjjws.33.118

    Abstract

    For gas metal arc welding, the effect of CO2 mixture in a shielding gas on a metal transfer process was investigated through the observation of the plasma characteristics and dynamic behavior at the droplet's growth-separation-transfer by the temperature measurement methods which were suitable respectively to the argon plasma region and the metal plasma region. At the present experimental conditions, the metal transfer process was a spray transfer type with 100%Ar shielding gas. On the other hand, with 85%Ar+15%CO2 shielding gas, the metal transfer process was a globular transfer type in which the arc length was shorter, the width was narrower, and the time interval of the droplet separation was longer. For both shielding gases, the metal plasma region near the arc central axis exhibited 6500-7500 K which was lower than the argon plasma region. With 85%Ar+15%CO2 shielding gas, when the metal droplet grew below the electrode wire, the region below the droplet has a high plasma temperature and a high concentration of iron vapor which surrounded the droplet. The region also exhibited a remarkably high electron number density. At the spray transfer process, the argon plasma region had the electron number density twice higher than the metal plasma region. Meanwhile, at the globular transfer process, the metal plasma region had a higher electron number density than the argon plasma region, which corresponded to a higher electrical conductivity near the arc axis. This means that the electric current goes through the arc axis easier than the spray transfer process. This condition increases the temperature below the droplet. The thermal expansion increases the force preventing the droplet from falling down. In consequence, the metal transfer takes the globular transfer type.

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  • Development of Laser Welding Technology for Fully Austenitic Stainless Steel

    Katsutoshi TAKANO, Norikiyo KOIZUMI, Hisashi SERIZAWA, Shuho TSUBOTA, Yoshinobu MAKINO

    pp. 126-132

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    DOI:10.2207/qjjws.33.126

    Abstract

    The radial stainless steel plates (RPs) used for Toroidal field (TF) coil in ITER are 13 m long, 9 m wide and 10 cm thick, which are quite large. Even though they are very large structures, high manufacturing tolerances and high mechanical strength at 4 K are required. It is also required that each RP should be fabricated every three weeks. Therefore, the authors intend to develop efficient manufacturing methods for ITER TF coil RP. The laser welding is then selected as a welding method for RP. Especially, the development of high technology laser welding is necessary to prevent hot cracking in the material used for the RP, namely, fully austenitic stainless steel with high nitrogen content. The authors carried out trial laser welding experiments aiming at its application to RP. As a result, it was effective to make the angle of back inclination of the weld head at the uniform welding speed. It also seemed that the sensitivity of hot cracking could be reduced by optimizing the chemical compositions of material used for RP. The base material and the welded joints satisfied mechanical properties in 4K. The application of the laser welding technology to the fully austenitic stainless steel was therefore demonstrated.

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  • Dependence of strength and fracture behavior on chemical compositions in spot-welded L-type joints

    Seiji FURUSAKO, Yasunobu MIYAZAKI, Hideki HAMATANI, Yoshiaki AKINIWA

    pp. 133-143

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    DOI:10.2207/qjjws.33.133

    Abstract

    In order to achieve lighter and stronger car bodies by applying high strength steel sheets, one of key technologies is enhancement of joints strength. In this study, we investigated dependence of strength and fracture behavior on chemical compositions of the steels in spot-welded L-type joints in detail. Consequently, the following experimental results were obtained: 1) Maximum load of the joint decreased with increase of carbon (C) and phosphorous (P). The maximum load was decreased by 0.4 to 0.7kN with increase of 0.1% in C, with C content ranging from 0.03% to 0.5%, and 0.5kN with increase of 0.01% in P, with P content ranging from 0% to 0.03%, 2) Fracture portion changed from the outside to the inside of weld metal with increase of C and P. 3) Fracture path was estimated to accord with solidification segregation site in the weld metal, in case of a steel of 0.2%C-0.03%P. 4) By implementation of an appropriate post heat during spot welding process for the steel of 0.2%C-0.03%P, the degree of solidification segregation was clearly reduced and the maximum load of the joins was improved by 70%.

  • Static strength of hot-stamped spot welded joints

    Hiroki FUJIMOTO, Masanori YASUYAMA, Hideki UEDA, Rintaro UEJI, Hidetoshi FUJII

    pp. 144-152

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    DOI:10.2207/qjjws.33.144

    Abstract

    Hot stamping spot welding tailored blank technology is a process to produce spot welded automotive body parts by the following process: Spot welding steel sheets in lap configuration → Hot stamping (Heating to about 900°C → Quenching and forming in water-cooled die→ Shot blasting to remove scale). This process has the advantage of producing high strength lap welded automotive body parts without increasing the number of forming dies. In this study, the mechanical properties of the hot stamped spot weld (spot welding →hot stamping) and conventional spot weld (hot stamping →spot welding) of the 1500MPa class uncoated boron steel sheets were compared. The obtained results are as follows. The tensile shear strength (TSS) of the hot stamped spot weld and conventional spot weld were comparable and the fracture modes were the same. On the other hand, the cross tension strength (CTS) of hot stamped spot weld was significantly higher than that of the conventional spot weld. The fracture position of the hot stamped spot weld was outside the nugget and conventional spot weld was inside the nugget. The high CTS of the hot stamped spot welds might be caused by the improvement of the fracture toughness of the nugget, which was caused by reduction of the solidification segregation of the phosphorus. It is assumed that the heating process after spot welding leads to the reduction of the solidification segregation. For the tension test, because there was no HAZ softening in the hot stamped spot weld, no fracture was observed in HAZ and a higher elongation was obtained.

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  • Influence of shot peening and thermal aging treatment on resistance to intergranular corrosion in shielded metal arc weld metal for type 600 nickel base alloy

    Satoru NISHIKAWA, Koichi OOI, Makoto TAKAHASHI, Takashi FURUKAWA

    pp. 153-159

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    DOI:10.2207/qjjws.33.153

    Abstract

    Shielded metal arc weld metal for type 600 nickel base alloy (alloy 182) is used for weld components in nuclear power plants. To evaluate the intergranular corrosion resistance of alloy 182 after application of shot peening and subsequent thermal aging treatment at 593-793 K, we conducted the corrosion test (immersed in boiled 16% sulfuric acid + 5.7% copper sulfate aqueous solution at 57.6 ks) using specimens of alloy 182. The results show that the intergranular corrosion resistance of alloy 182 subjected to heat treatment at 893 K for 72 ks was improved by shot peening. Also, the intergranular corrosion resistance was not changed by thermal aging treatment at 593-793 K subsequent to shot peening. Because remaining chromium depletion layers along grain boundaries were still observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) after shot peening, disappearance of chromium depletion layers cannot be a factor in the improvement of the intergranular corrosion resistance. The results of measurement of surface residual stress by the X-ray diffraction method show that the compressive residual stress introduced by shot peening still remained on the surface of the specimens. Based on these observations, we assumed that chromium depletion layers along grain boundaries near the surface were dissolved by the environment of the corrosion test, the dissolved regions were closed by the compressive residual stress on the surface, and then the remaining chromium depletion layers were protected from the corrosive environment. This assumption explains why the intergranular corrosion resistance was improved although chromium depletion layers remained.

  • Consideration of decision guidelines for welding condition by analytic solution of heat conduction equation

    Seiji FURUSAKO, Yasunobu MIYAZAKI, Hideki HAMATANI, Yoshiaki AKINIWA

    pp. 160-170

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    DOI:10.2207/qjjws.33.160

    Abstract

    Application of advanced high strength steel sheet (AHSS) to car bodies is expanding to achieve lighter and stronger bodies. However, it sometimes becomes a problem that spot welded joints of AHSS exhibit low CTS (= Cross tension strength). Therefore some studies have been made on enhancement of CTS for AHSS. Welding with post heat of a short time is one of effective methods for improving CTS. In this study, we experimentally clarified appropriate welding conditions using hot-stamped steel sheets of 1470MPa grade first. And then we tried temperature estimation and phenomenon analysis by analytic solution of heat conduction equation, in order to derive decision guidelines for welding condition. Consequently, the following results were obtained: 1) Improvement of CTS by over 30% in comparison with that without post heat was obtained when appropriate 1st cooling time; tc1 and post heat time; th2 were chosen depending on the sheet thickness, and also current ratio (= current in post heat; Ih2 / current in 1st welding; Ih1) was around 0.9. 2) By means of the analytic solution, equations of temperature estimation for four steps (1st welding, 1st cooling, post heat and final cooling) were gained. 3) The phenomenon analysis with the temperature estimation led to each recommended condition for parameters such as tc1, th2 and Ih2/Ih1 on each sheet thickness. 4) These conditions analytically recommended showed a good accordance with them experimentally clarified.

  • Heat dissipative Pb-free Bonding Technology Using Al-rich Zn/Al/Zn Clad Solder

    Takuto YAMAGUCHI, Tomotake TOHEI, Osamu IKEDA, Shohei HATA, Yuichi ODA, Kazuma KUROKI, Hiromitsu KURODA, Akio HIROSE

    pp. 171-179

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    DOI:10.2207/qjjws.33.171

    Abstract

    Al-rich Zn/Al/Zn clad solder were developed as Pb-free solder for a die-attachment. The Zn/Al/Zn clad solder was produced by clad rolling of Zn and Al strips in order to prevent Al from oxidation and improve wettability. The Zn/Al/Zn clad solder melted at 382°C after solid-state interdiffusion of the Zn and Al layers. Bonding was successfully achieved with bonding pressure of a few kPa. Thermal cycle life of Invar-to-Cu substrate joint using the Zn/Al/Zn clad solder was longer than that of Pb-Sn-Ag solder. No kirken-dall voids were observed in the vicinity of the bonded interface after aging at 250°C for 1000 h.

  • A Stochastic method to estimate fracture toughness scatter of inhomogeneous materials based on the weakest-link assumption

    Shuhei YOSHIZU, Hiroaki NAKAI, Kazuki SHIBANUMA, Shuji AIHARA

    pp. 180-186

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    DOI:10.2207/qjjws.33.180

    Abstract

    Scatter of fracture toughness of welds is significantly large due to intrinsic nature of cleavage fracture and stochastic nature of fatigue-crack sampling of a local brittle zone. Under such circumstance, it is often desired to predict a distribution of fracture toughness of the local brittle zone, only. The present paper proposes a method of predicting critical CTOD distribution of a specific microstructure, e.g. coarse-grained HAZ, from weld HAZ CTOD tests. The method is based on the weakest-link assumption and uses a likelihood function which is defined by considering critical CTOD values, as well as crack initiation sites. The proposed method was examined by Monte-Carlo simulations.

  • Dissimilar Spot Welding of Aluminum Alloy and Hot Dip Galvanized Steel by Metal Flow

    Masaru SAKAMURA, Kaoru OHISHI, Kohei OTA, Yoshihiro TAKEYASU, Shigeyuki MIZUNARI, Hidetoshi FUJII

    pp. 187-193

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    DOI:10.2207/qjjws.33.187

    Abstract

    Lap joints of an upper Al alloy (1.0-mm-thick A5052) and lower hot dip galvanized steel (1.2-mm-thick GI steel) were welded by a novel spot welding process for dissimilar metal lap joints using a new tool with the tip made of spherical ceramics, i.e., "Friction Anchor Welding." As a result, the rotating tool was plunged only to 1.3-1.4 mm from the Al alloy surface, and accordingly, a steel projection was not formed in the Al alloy sheet. Further, the Al alloy near the rotating tool was removed. However, near this removed area, the Zn layer on the GI steel melted and was removed by friction heat, and consequently, the GI steel and the Al alloy were welded. Thus, the tensile shear strength reached about 2.6 kN/point.

  • A Study on The Angular Distortion in Tee Type Full Penetrated Welded Joint Fabricated by The Laser-arc Hybrid Welding

    Shuichi TSUMURA, Koji MURAKAMI, Koji GOTOH

    pp. 194-201

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    DOI:10.2207/qjjws.33.194

    Abstract

    The reducing effect of the angular distortion in Tee type full penetrated welded joint fabricated by the laser-arc hybrid welding was investigated. The Angular distortion caused by the laser-arc hybrid welding were measured and compared with one caused by the CO2 gas shielded arc welding. As a result, the amount of angular distortion by the laser-arc hybrid welding was the same level as one in case of forming the leg size of F1 grade regulated by Common Structural Rules for Bulk Carriers (CSR-B) by applying arc welding. In addition, numerical analysis of the welding deformation was carried out by the thermal elastic-plastic finite element analysis and these results were generally consistent with the measured results. Moreover the effect on FE result of the penetrated shape was discussed.

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  • An Estimation of Factors Influencing Residual Stress Characteristics of Fillet Welded Lap Joints

    Takuya NAGAI, Ryu KASAI, Reiichi SUZUKI, Masahito MOCHIZUKI, Tetsuo SUGA

    pp. 202-210

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    DOI:10.2207/qjjws.33.202

    Abstract

    The residual stress behaviors in fillet welded lap joints of sheet metal have been researched in the systematic testing procedure with varied steel types, steel thicknesses, and welding wires having different transformation points. Consequently, under the simulated fabrication welding conditions (with a constant amount of deposited metal), the transverse residual stress at the weld toe, which is deemed critical in fatigue strength, has been found almost invariable to a change in steel type and thickness, but it has been clarified to become compressive to a greater extent as the wire's transformation point is lower. Moreover, as for the residual stress inside the weld metal, the compressive residual stress area has been found to expand as the welding wire's transformation point reduces, from the results of the thermo-elastic-plastic analysis.
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