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QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY Vol. 34 (2016), No. 4

ISIJ International
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ONLINE ISSN:
PRINT ISSN: 0288-4771
Publisher: JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY

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QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY Vol. 34 (2016), No. 4

Effect of Toughness Distribution in the Thickness Direction on Long Brittle Crack Propagation/Arrest Behavior of Heavy Gauge Shipbuilding Steel

Tsunehisa HANDA, Satoshi IGI, Kenji OI, Kimihiro NISHIMURA, Hisakazu TAJIKA, Tetsuya TAGAWA, Seishi TSUYAMA

pp. 211-217

DOI:

10.2207/qjjws.34.211

Abstract

Brittle crack arrestability of the heavy gauge steel plates for shipbuilding is now an important issue for the recent mega container ships. In the present work, the brittle crack arrestability of the steel plate with different toughness distributions in thickness is examined in ultra-wide duplex ESSO tests. It is examined whether a running long brittle crack arrests or not in flat temperature condition in ultra-wide duplex ESSO test that are harder mechanical conditions similar to an actual ship hull condition. Test temperatures are selected at which arrest toughness, Kca evaluated by temperature gradient type standard ESSO test are the same for two test plates. The steel plate with higher toughness in mid-thickness (t/2) than that in quarter thickness (t/4) could arrest a running long brittle crack although the plate with lower toughness in mid-thickness than that in quarter thickness could not arrest it. The typical split nail shape appeared at the arrested crack front in the plate with higher toughness in mid-thickness than that in quarter thickness. The numerical analyses also demonstrate that the local stress intensity factor at the arrested crack tip is changing sensitively to the crack front shape. It suggests that the higher brittle crack arrestability appears due to the split nail shape of the arrested crack front enhanced by the inhomogeneous toughness in thickness.

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Effect of Toughness Distribution in the Thickness Direction on Long Brittle Crack Propagation/Arrest Behavior of Heavy Gauge Shipbuilding Steel

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Evaluation of Friction Stir Welding Tool using Wettability

Yoshiaki MORISADA, Hidetoshi FUJII, Kazutaka KANDA, Kazuyuki KUBOTA, Masakazu ISAKA

pp. 218-222

DOI:

10.2207/qjjws.34.218

Abstract

Recently, friction stir welding (FSW) has been widely used in various fields. However, the tool wear and adhesion of the workpiece on the tool surface are serious problems. In the field of cutting tools, hard thin films were coated on the tool surface to improve the life and cutting performance of the tool. To address the problem of FSW, hard thin films such as TiN, TiAlN, TiSiN, TiBON, CrN, CrSiN and AlCrSiN were coated on the welding tools. And the relation between the wettability of these films and the process torque during FSW and quality of the finished surface was examined.
The wettability of pure iron and hard thin films was determined using a sessile drop method by focusing on the contact angle. The process torque during FSW was measured through the joining of low carbon steels. The process torque was significantly different depending on the type of the hard thin film. A clear correlation was observed between the wettability and the process torque. The result suggested that the tool performance for FSW can be evaluated by the wettability.

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Evaluation of Friction Stir Welding Tool using Wettability

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Numerical simulation of new welding process with duplex current feeding

shinichi TASHIRO, Masaru SETO, Atsuhito AOKI, Manabu TANAKA

pp. 223-230

DOI:

10.2207/qjjws.34.223

Abstract

GMA welding under pure argon shielding gas atmosphere (pure argon-GMA welding) is suitable to obtain a high-strength and high toughness welded joint. However, it is difficult to apply pure argon-GMA welding practically to welding structure because of arc instability. In order to perform stable pure argon-GMA welding, duplex current feeding GMA welding has been developed. The duplex current feeding GMA welding consists of primary GMA welding current by constant-voltage power source and secondary current by constant-current power resource. In previous experimental study, it was found that the temperature of a droplet by duplex current feeding GMA welding was higher than the conventional GMA welding. In this study, mechanism and basic characteristics of duplex current feeding GMA welding are investigated by numerical simulation with a simplified duplex current feeding GMA welding model. As a result, it was found that total welding current was largely increased by conducting the secondary current in addition to the primary GMA welding current under the same arc voltage and wire feed speed. Furthermore, the droplet temperature was also increased due to the increase in total welding current.

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Numerical simulation of new welding process with duplex current feeding

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Abrasion phenomena of the contact tip in consumable electrode arc welding

Hitoshi MATSUI, Taiji HATTORI

pp. 231-238

DOI:

10.2207/qjjws.34.231

Abstract

In GMA welding presently fluctuation of the tip of welding wire has been able to restrain precisely and metal transfer also has been able to regulate periodically, that is stable arc like TIG welding has been realized. Then at this stage reduction of contact tip abrasion is the most important subject to maintain arc stability for long time. In this investigation many factors are evaluated with abrasion amount and new material of contact tip is recommended. Results obtained are as follows. Using uncoated welding wire increases contact tip abrasion rapidly as to Cu coated welding wire. On the contrary other welding conditions concerning contact point have almost no influence. Under the same current the abrasion of contact tip is reduced according as welding wire feeding rate becomes higher. Therefore the abrasion is accelerated violently at the time of arc ignition because of heat accumulation at the contact point by wire stopping and high current which is needed for arc ignition. That is the welding wire which is induced to contact point with room temperature has considerable influence to cool the contact point. As a measure to reduce the abrasion at arc ignition shortening period of high current is effective.
To cool the contact point positively thermo-electromotive force was applied. Constantan (Cu-455Ni) has low thermo-electromotive force and high melting point than Fe. So Cu-Ni alloy (Cu-43.3%Ni-0.92%Mn) was selected and examined as the contact tip material. The abrasion of Cu-Ni alloy contact tip becomes less than about two tenth of the abrasion of Cu-Cr contact tip. As the conclusion, the best mixed measures which are effective to reduce the contact tip abrasion are using Cu coated welding wire, wire retract type arc ignition and Cu-Ni alloy contact tip.

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Abrasion phenomena of the contact tip in consumable electrode arc welding

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Relationship between melt flows based on three-dimensional X-ray transmission in-situ observation and spatter reduction by angle of incidence and defocusing distance in high-power laser welding of stainless steel

Yousuke KAWAHITO, Kouki NAKADA, Yousuke UEMURA, Masami MIZUTANI, Kouji NISHIMOTO, Hiroshi KAWAKAMI, Seiji KATAYAMA

pp. 239-248

DOI:

10.2207/qjjws.34.239

Abstract

The objective of this research is to reveal relationship between melt flows and spatter reduction by angle of incidence and defocusing distance in partial-penetration welding of a SUS304 stainless steel plate with a 6-kW power laser beam. In welding speeds from 50 mm/s to 250 mm/s, underfilled weld beads with spatters were obtained more than 150 mm/s. Accoriding to three-dimensional X-ray transmission in-situ observation of melt flows at 150 mm/s in welding speed with tungsten carbide (WC) tracers, the melt flews achieved approximately 2.3 m/s in speed and made convex molten-pool surface behind a keyhole inlet grow higher, resulting in spattering over 0.1 mm in the diameter. A 2-mm inner defocusing distance or a 20-degrees angle of advance decreased the number of spatter over 0.1 mm in the diameter by half or one third in comparison with that at focal point and zero angles. The X-ray transmission images demonstrate that the appropriate defocusing distance and angle of incidence made the speed of the melt flow decrease and the melt flow behind a keyhole inlet circulate, which led to not only suppressing the convex surface but also improving the frequency that the convex surface went back to the molten pool.

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Relationship between melt flows based on three-dimensional X-ray transmission in-situ observation and spatter reduction by angle of incidence and defocusing distance in high-power laser welding of stainless steel

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Thickness Effect on Fatigue Strength of Welded Joint Improved by HFMI

Toshiaki IWATA, Toshio NIWA, Yoshihisa TANAKA, Takahiro ANDO, Yosuke ANAI

pp. 249-259

DOI:

10.2207/qjjws.34.249

Abstract

Fatigue strength decreases by thickness effect, therefore the improvement treatments of the fatigue strength are important as the structure consisting of the thick material. Post weld treatments are one of useful method to improve fatigue strength. However, the thickness effect on welded joint improved by post weld treatments is not clear because the experimental data is insufficient for quantitative evaluation.
The object of this study is to evaluate thickness effect on the fatigue strength which is improved by post weld treatments to reflect it in fatigue design guideline; therefore in transverse no-load carrying cruciform joint which is one of the main welded joints of the ship structure, the improvement effect of the fatigue strength by post weld treatments is evaluated. In this report, the result of HFMI (High Frequency Mechanical Impact treatment) and Shot peening are evaluated with the result of the as-welded condition and conventional Burr grinding by nominal stress approach. In addition, the fatigue strength is evaluated using the equivalent stress approach by the modified MIL-HDBK-5 method that both the stress concentration of weld toe and the weld residual stress are separated from nominal stress.
Good correlation between the fatigue test results was achieved using modified version of the equivalent stress approach defined in MIL-HDBK-5. With the equivalent stress that was adopted in this study, both the stress range and the effect of maximum stress including the residual stress are considered. It is considered that both number of cycles to crack initiation and that to failure are evaluated by equivalent stress approach integrally.

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Thickness Effect on Fatigue Strength of Welded Joint Improved by HFMI

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Suggestion of welding procedure for compressive residual stress induction by using low transformation temperature welding materials.

Junji YAMAMOTO, Kazuo HIRAOKA, Masahito MOCHIZUKI

pp. 260-266

DOI:

10.2207/qjjws.34.260

Abstract

To understand the cause of compressive residual stress in welded joints, we analyzed by numerical analysis the effect of welding pass sequence using Low Transformation Temperature (LTT) welding materials, on residual stress around the weld toe of boxing fillet welded joints.
It was determined by numerical analysis that the produced compressive residual stress and the influence of the stiffeners are reduced in the equivalent position of the weld toe in a fillet welded joint because of the influence on behavior of the stiffener in the weld being due to residual stress distribution around the weld toe.
The residual stress reduction method of extending the length of the welded bead and releasing the weld toe from the stiffener, similar to the concept of discarding a bead to reduce tensile residual stress, was effective in fillet welded joints.
Numerical analysis of the relationship between residual stress around the weld toe and width of the weld bead in the bead-on-plate welding model, clarified that compressive residual stress can be introduced around the weld toe by having a wide width weld bead. In addition, a fully penetrated welded joint was very effective for causing compressive residual stress around the weld toe.

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Suggestion of welding procedure for compressive residual stress induction by using low transformation temperature welding materials.

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Dissimilar materials joining of metal / carbon fiber reinforced plastic by resistance spot welding

Kimiaki NAGATSUKA, Bolyu XIAO, Lihui WU, Kazuhiro NATATA, Shuhei SAEKI, Yamato KITAMOTO, Yoshiaki IWAMOTO

pp. 267-273

DOI:

10.2207/qjjws.34.267

Abstract

Dissimilar materials joining of metal to carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP), which consisted of PA6, modified polypropylene (PP) or polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) as matrix polymer with short carbon fiber, was performed using series resistance spot welding (series-RSW). The metal plate was placed on CFRP plate as the lap joint, and electrodes of series-RSW were pressed only on the metal plate side. The metal around the electrode was heated by electrical resistance heating, and the thermoplastic near the interface was slightly melted by the heat conduction from heated metal. The objectives of this research are to confirm the possibility of directly joining CFRP and metal, and to investigate the effects of the heat input during series-RSW, silane coupling treatment and chemical structure of matrix plastics on the joint properties.
The direct joint formations of SUS304 to CFRP (PA6) and CFRP (PP) were accomplished, and to CFRP (PPS) was not. The joining area, which corresponding to the melted area of CFRP, enlarged with increasing the welding current and welding time, therefore, the tensile shear fracture load also increased. The silane coupling treatment for metal surface was highly effective to increase the joining strength. The maximum tensile shear strength of about 13 MPa was obtained for SUS304/CFRP (PA6) joint.

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Dissimilar materials joining of metal / carbon fiber reinforced plastic by resistance spot welding

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Simulation of Local Melting Zone Formation in Cu/Al Explosive Welded Joint.

Junto NISHIWAKI, Shinji KUMAI

pp. 274-284

DOI:

10.2207/qjjws.34.274

Abstract

Mechanical and physical properties of the explosive welded joint are often decreased by an intermediate layer (IML) formed at the joint interface. Local melting due to the local temperature increase at the joint interface is one of the possible reasons of the IML formation. However, it is difficult to investigate experimentally the temperature change at the joint interface directly during the explosive welding. In the present study, the explosive welded Cu/Al joint, which is prone to form IML at the joint interface, was selected for the research. Wavy interface formation, temperature change at and near the joint interface and melting temperature change by high pressure collision were examined by using SPH simulation. The simulation results were compared to the interface microstructure of the explosive welded Cu/Al joint. The large and rapid temperature increase was observed at the joint interface, in particular, at the vortex zone with the wavy interface formation. The temperature increase was localized near the joint interface, and no temperature increase was observed in the region 500μm away from the joint interface. The simulation results found that temperature increase near the joint interface was mainly due to the thermodynamics work occurred by compression at the collision point. The melting temperature near the collision point increased by high pressure in compression, but its duration was very short (a few μs). It is indicated that local melting occurred at the vortex zone and near the joint interface, in which Cu and Al were mixed and the temperature exceeded the melting temperature of both Cu and Al. The shape and location of local melting zone predicted by simulation was in good agreement with the experimentally observed IML.

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Simulation of Local Melting Zone Formation in Cu/Al Explosive Welded Joint.

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Effects of HAZ softening on the strength and elongation of resistance spot-welded joints in high-strength steel sheet in an in-plane tensile test

Hiroki FUJIMOTO, Kouichi HAMADA, Toru OKADA, Hidetoshi FUJII

pp. 285-294

DOI:

10.2207/qjjws.34.285

Abstract

In this study, we investigated the effects of HAZ softening on the strength and elongation of resistance spot-welded joints in high-strength steel sheet in an in-plane tensile test. The fracture in the softened HAZ had a little effect on the maximum stress of the resistance spot-welded specimen; however, the fracture elongation decreased. The nugget diameter and HAZ softened width had little effect on the fracture elongation of the resistance spot-welded specimen. Also, the fracture elongation decreased slightly with the decrease in the sheet thickness. The major factor affecting the fracture elongation was the HAZ hardness ratio (= Softened HAZ /Base metal × 100%). For the resistance spot-welded specimen with a thickness of 1.6mm, when the HAZ hardness ratio decreased to less than 80%, the fracture position changed from the base metal to the softened HAZ and the fracture elongation decreased sharply. In addition, with a decrease in the hardness ratio, the fracture elongation decreased.

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Effects of HAZ softening on the strength and elongation of resistance spot-welded joints in high-strength steel sheet in an in-plane tensile test

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