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QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY
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PRINT ISSN: 0288-4771

QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY Vol. 38 (2020), No. 2

  • Investigation of relationship between resistance spot welding condition and nugget shape by utilizing machine learning based technique

    Houichi KITANO , Akira SATO , Muneyoshi IYOTA , Terumi NAKAMURA

    pp. 53-59

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    DOI:10.2207/qjjws.38.53

    Abstract

    In this study, the effects of resistance spot welding conditions on the nugget diameter, which was one of the major influencing factors of resistance spot weld joint strength, was modeled by a machine learning method which had been proposed by the authors in recent years. Then, the applicability of constructed model and the effect of resistance spot welding conditions on the nugget diameters were discussed. The feature of the machine learning method used in this study was that the relationship between input and output could be derived as an easy-to-understand mathematical expression. A resistance spot welding condition-nugget diameter database was created through experiments using 590MPa class steel plates, and a nugget diameter prediction model was constructed to reproduce the database appropriately. As a result, it was indicated that the nugget diameter prediction model can predict the nugget diameter under welding conditions used for model construction and those not used precisely. Furthermore, it was found that the nugget diameter prediction model was composed of two terms that were presumed to reflect the spread of material melting due to heat input and the phenomenon at the beginning of energization.

  • Fundamental plasma diagnostic study for guiding TIG arc phenomenon by laser beam irradiation

    Hiroyuki OKUDA , Kazufumi NOMURA , Satoru ASAI , Shohei IWATA , Yasushi KITANI , Kenji OI

    pp. 60-67

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    DOI:10.2207/qjjws.38.60

    Abstract

    Laser-arc hybrid welding is divided into laser-based and arc-based welding. In the arc-based welding, the laser beam irradiation provides the guiding effect of the arc plasma. Some studies have reported that an unstable arc plasma becomes stable due to this guiding effect. This is considered as the influence of metal vapor generation by laser beam irradiation, however, there are few reports on the measurement of metal vapor and arc plasma state during the guiding process. Therefore, the mechanism has been still not fully understood. In this study, the fundamental study of the guiding arc phenomenon was conducted in TIG arc welding (60A) with laser beam irradiation (170W) under relatively low power condition. When the base metal was stainless steel, the guiding arc by the laser beam irradiation was observed unlike the mild steel. Spectroscopic measurement for the guiding arc phenomenon in stainless steel showed that the metal vapor was composed of manganese and chromium, and was widely distributed near the irradiation point, but not concentrated. We also observed the decrement of plasma temperature, which is considered to be caused by distributed metal vapor and the resultant decrement of the current density.

  • Prediction of solidification cracking during arc welding of 310S stainless steel in U-type hot cracking test

    Jae-Hyeong LEE , Yu ITASAKA , Shotaro YAMASHITA , Tomo OGURA , Kazuyoshi SAIDA

    pp. 68-75

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    DOI:10.2207/qjjws.38.68

    Abstract

    Solidification cracking can be explained by the intersection between the high temperature ductility curve and thermal strain curves; thus, to predict the location and length of solidification cracking during arc welding, these two curves were calculated. The critical strain rate (εCSR) of the high temperature ductility curve was measured by an in-situ observation technique. The solidification initiation and completion temperature were calculated by the Kurz-Giovanola-Trivedi (KGT) and solidification segregation models respectively. The thermal strain curve was calculated using a finite element simulation model. The solidification cracking occurrence in the actual U-type hot cracking test during the arc welding corresponded with the prediction results estimated from the metallurgical and thermal elastic-plastic analysis models.

  • Hot Cracking Susceptibility and Solidification Segregation Analysis by Computer Simulation in Duplex Stainless Steels

    Dong Cho KIM , Tomo OGURA , Yoshihiro TANABE , Shotaro YAMASHITA , Kazuyoshi SAIDA

    pp. 76-84

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    DOI:10.2207/qjjws.38.76

    Abstract

    Solidification cracking susceptibility in arc & laser welding of DSSs (duplex stainless steels) was quantitatively evaluated and the numerical simulation of solidification cracking susceptibility has clarified the affecting factors. The BTRs (Brittle temperature range) of standard, lean and super DSSs in GTAW were 58K, 60K and 76K, respectively. The solidification cracking susceptibilities of DSSs were lower than those of austenitic SSs with A mode solidification modes. The BTRs of standard, lean and super DSSs in LBW were 40K, 45K and 56K in LBW, respectively. The BTRs in LBW were reduced by 15-20K compared to those in GTAW. These results suggested that DSSs had a significantly low risk of solidification cracking in LBW as well as GTAW. In order to clarify the affecting factors of solidification cracking, numerical simulation of solidification cracking susceptibility was carried out. The segregated concentrations of P, S and C in LBW were slightly lower than those in GTAW, suggesting that the solidification cracking susceptibility in LBW was reduced to GTAW attributed to the inhibition of solidification segregation because of the rapid solidification in LBW. In addition, we discussed that there is a difference in the hot cracking susceptibility compared with the austenitic stainless steel having the A mode. To explain this phenomenon, the segregation amounts of S and P by arc, laser and solidification modes were investigated. The segregation of Standard DSS was lower than that of Type310S when using same amount of P and S. This clearly indicates that F mode solidification was less segregated than A mode solidification. This is because the equilibrium partition coefficient and the diffusion coefficient of the standard DSS are larger than that of Type 310S.

  • Prediction of ductile crack growth resistance using mechanical properties of material

    Takehisa YAMADA , Mitsuru OHATA

    pp. 85-94

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    DOI:10.2207/qjjws.38.85

    Abstract

    The aim of this study is to propose the prediction approach of ductile crack growth resistance of cracked component with steels, based on ductile crack growth simulation using only mechanical properties of material obtained from tensile test for a round-bar specimen. Ductile crack growth was simulated in accordance with nonlinear damage accumulation model with stress triaxiality dependency of critical strain derived from void growth analyses of unit cell. In terms of simplicity, the prediction formula of the stress triaxiality dependency of critical strain using mechanical properties of material was proposed in this paper. In order to confirm the applicability of proposed prediction approach, ductile crack growth simulations were performed with elasto-plastic finite element analyses implementing nonlinear damage accumulation model using tensile test result for a round-bar specimen. As a result, it was found that ductile crack growth resistance could be predicted with high accuracy by the proposed approach. In addition, it was confirmed that the proposed approach was also applicable to steels with different mechanical properties and could reproduce the effect of plastic constraint related to specimen dimension to ductile crack growth resistance.

  • Effect of weld line shape on laser welded joint strength of automotive high strength steel sheets

    Asato HARA , Yasushi KITANI

    pp. 95-102

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    DOI:10.2207/qjjws.38.95

    Abstract

    The optimum weld line shape for the remote laser welding were investigated to improve shear strength and peel strength of the lap joints of 980 and 1180MPa grade automotive high tensile strength steel sheets. Lap joints were prepared with two kinds of weld line shapes that were linear line and circle. These lap joints were exposed to three different tensile tests of tensile shear test, cross tension test and L-form tension test. In tensile shear test, weld line shapes didn’t affect on tensile shear strength (TSS), and TSS was proportional to weld line length. In cross tension test, weld line shapes much affected on cross tension strength (CTS). CTS of the circle weld line shape joints was much higher than that of the linear weld line shape joints. In L-form tension test, the weld line shapes also much affected on L-form tension strength (LTS). LTS of continuous linear line weld joints was much higher than that of circle shape weld joints. The factors which controlled TSS, CTS and LTS were discussed by conducting FEA of the tensile tests from a viewpoint of local stress concentration considering the loading types of shear stress and tensile stress.

  • Study on welding phenomena observation method based on arc and moltenpool light emission characteristics in visible and infrared wavelength region

    Kazuki KASANO , Yosuke OGINO , Satoshi FUKUMOTO , Satoru ASAI

    pp. 103-113

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    DOI:10.2207/qjjws.38.103

    Abstract

    Arc welding is important technology for manufacturing that is directly linked to quality and productivity. Especially GMAW with Ar or CO2 shielding gas is widely used in various industries because of its high productivity. To achieve high quality and productivity, in-process welding quality control technology will be required. In this study, the authors studies the welding phenomena observing technology for online detection of welding defects by using image sensing method. By selecting the transmission wavelength of band-path filter 1320nm, which is in the wavelength range where the brightness of arc light is weak and the brightness of moltenpool light is high, welding phenomena just near arc and moltenpool can be observed clearly.

  • In-process monitoring of weld quality in thin plate lap welding by using image sensing

    Seiya NITTA , Yosuke OGINO , Satoru ASAI

    pp. 114-124

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    DOI:10.2207/qjjws.38.114

    Abstract

    Automated welding process is expected to realize a high-quality and high-productive welding process without skill of welders. It is sometimes difficult to obtain demanded welding quality because of any disturbance such as variation of the assembly accuracy in welding object. One of the solutions to overcome the problem is in-process monitoring of welding phenomena using various sensors. In this research, we focus on the visual sensor. The weld pool shape during the welding process is obtained by a compact CMOS camera and the relationship between the weld pool shape and weld quality is discussed. The monitoring technique is applied to CO2 welding on thin plate lap joint. In the experiment, deviation of the target position and the gap between the upper and lower plates are changed as disturbance. The correlation between them and the welding quality are determined from the cross-section shape. The weld quality depends on the target position, the gap conditions. From the obtained images by a CMOS camera, it’s confirmed that the molten pool tended to tilt toward the lower plate as the target position changes from the lower plate side to the upper plate side. Therefore, we developed an image processing program to extract the molten pool right and left area ratio (RR, RL) that indicates the inclination of the molten pool. Relationship between the average value of them during welding time and target position deviation, and the gap size are correlated respectively. As a result, the target position deviation and gap size can detect from the image of the weld pool. Moreover, the relationship between welding quality and RL/RR is discussed. There’s the correlation between RL and welding quality. This result shows that in-process monitoring of weld quality is possible by calculating RL.
  • © 2020 JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY

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