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MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS Vol. 60 (2019), No. 12

ISIJ International
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ONLINE ISSN: 1347-5320
PRINT ISSN: 1345-9678
Publisher: The Japan Institute of Metals and Materials

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MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS Vol. 60 (2019), No. 12

Fabrication, Mechanical and Physical Properties, and Its Application of Lotus-Type Porous Metals

Hideo Nakajima

pp. 2481-2489

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.MT-M2019182

Abstract

This paper reviews recent development of fabrication methods, various mechanical and physical properties of lotus-type porous metals and its application. The porous metals are fabricated by unidirectional solidification in pressurized gas atmosphere such as hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. The elongated pores are evolved from insoluble gas when the melt dissolving gas is solidified. Three fabrication techniques — mold casting, continuous zone melting and continuous casting techniques — are introduced. The latter two techniques can control the solidification velocity and the last one possesses a merit of mass production. Anisotropy observed in mechanical and physical properties is resulted from anisotropic pore morphology. The anisotropic behavior of tensile, compressive and fatigue strength is explained in terms of stress concentration depending upon pore orientation, while that of thermal and electrical conductivities is interpreted by anisotropic electron scattering. The porous metals exhibit good sound absorption and vibration-damping properties. Several possible applications of heat sinks, golf putters, machine tools and dental implants are introduced. This Paper was Originally Published in Japanese in Materia Japan 58 (2019) 252–260.

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Fabrication, Mechanical and Physical Properties, and Its Application of Lotus-Type Porous Metals

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Thermoelectric Properties of Quasicrystalline Approximant in Al–Cu–Ir System

Koichi Kitahara, Yoshiki Takagiwa, Kaoru Kimura

pp. 2490-2498

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.M2019073

Abstract

The thermoelectric properties of a cubic quasicrystalline approximant in the Al–Cu–Ir system were investigated experimentally and theoretically. A homogeneous sample with no secondary phase was synthesised by arc melting and spark plasma sintering followed by a heat treatment at 1173 K, and its thermoelectric properties were measured at temperatures between 373 K and 1023 K. Theoretical calculations of the thermoelectric properties were performed under three different approximations, i.e., constant-relaxation-time, constant-mean-free-path and constant-diffusion-coefficient approximations, for the energy dependence of the relaxation time of electrons. The experimental Seebeck coefficient was consistently reproduced, and a physically acceptable lattice thermal conductivity was estimated only under the constant-diffusion-coefficient approximation. The thermoelectric figure of merit zT of the present sample was lower than 0.1, and the maximum value of zT ≈ 0.3 achievable by electron doping was predicted by theoretical calculation under the rigid-band approximation. This Paper was Originally Published in Japanese in J. Japan Inst. Met. Mater. 82 (2018) 188–196.

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Thermoelectric Properties of Quasicrystalline Approximant in Al–Cu–Ir System

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Influence of Cellulose Nanoparticles on Structure and Electrophysical Properties of Ferroelectrics

Bich Dung Mai, Hoai Thuong Nguyen, Duc-Quang Hoang

pp. 2499-2505

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.MT-M2019189

Abstract

In present work, a comparative study on electrophysical properties of two ferroelectric nanocomposites based on cellulose nanoparticles (CNP) mixed with Rochelle salt (RS) and sodium nitrite (NaNO2) at different composition mass ratios was conducted to clarify the influence of cellulose on dielectric properties of primitive ferroelectrics. The composites were carefully characterized XRD and FTIR techniques. The experiments were carried out in a wide temperature range under a weak electric field with an amplitude of 2 V/cm at 1 kHz. The obtained results revealed that at relatively high cellulose content, the phase transition temperature of Rochelle salt in the composite increased, while for sodium nitrite – decreased as compared to those of volume ferroelectrics. Besides, the higher the cellulose content was, the stronger the shift of phase transition point was observed. At small cellulose content, the Curie point characteristic for volume ferroelectrics occurred. The intermolecular hydrogen bonds and size effects were supposed to be responsible for the observed anomalies.

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Influence of Cellulose Nanoparticles on Structure and Electrophysical Properties of Ferroelectrics

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Friction Stir Welding of High Tensile Strength Steel Plate Using SiAlON Tool

Ryoichi Furushima, Koji Shimojima, Hiroyuki Hosokawa, Ryo Suzuki

pp. 2506-2515

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.MT-M2019197

Abstract

Friction stir welding (FSW) of high tensile strength steel plate formed by cold-rolling (SPFC980) was conducted by using SiAlON tools. Characteristics of SPFC980 work-pieces after FSW tests and durability of the SiAlON tools were evaluated. FSW tests were done under various tool rotation speed (VR) and traveling one (VT) to search appropriate FSW conditions. Sound joint conditions were found when temperature measured at the shoulder part of the tool ranged from 686 to 1080°C. The durability of SiAlON tools was strongly influenced by the measured shoulder temperatures. The wear of the shoulder progressed rapidly with increasing travel distance when the measured shoulder temperature reached more than 1080°C. On the other hand, the wear progress was hardly observed in the case when the average measured shoulder temperature was less than 700°C. The most likely mechanism of the tool wear was elimination of grain clusters due to softening of glass phases contained in the SiAlON tool at high temperatures. It was concluded that the measured shoulder temperatures ranging from 680 to 800°C were effective for SiAlON tools to be used for FSW of SPFC980.

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Friction Stir Welding of High Tensile Strength Steel Plate Using SiAlON Tool

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Synthesis of 30 vol%TiB2 Containing Fe–5Ti Matrix Composites with High Thermal Conductivity and Hardness

Yujiao Ke, Kazuhiro Matsugi, Zhefeng Xu, Yu He, Yongbum Choi, Mingzhi Wang, Jinku Yu

pp. 2516-2524

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.MT-M2019168

Abstract

TiB2 doped Fe system alloys composites as a new generation of novel materials in sustainable society show the great potential in hot work tool steels usage. Compared with SKD61, the new generation materials are focused on improving both thermal conductivity and hardness. For the suppression of TiB2 decomposition and Fe2B formation, monophase BCC structured Fe–5Ti alloy powders were fabricated by mechanical allying method. The TiB2 addition with 30 vol% was selected for the control of hardness. The compacts sintered at 1323 and 1373 K for 0.6 ks consisted of α-Fe and TiB2 with almost 30 vol%, which meant no decomposition of TiB2 occurred during sintering. The result agreed with the achievement of thermal stability of TiB2 in Fe–5Ti during spark sintering synthesis. The thermal conductivity and Vickers hardness of compacts sintered at 1323 and 1373 K for 0.6 ks were 48.0 W/(m·K), 684.7 HV and 53.5 W/(m·K), 717.5 HV, respectively, which were 2.0, 1.3 and 2.2, 1.4 folds than those (24.0 W/(m·K), 516.0 HV) of SKD61. In addition, the compression strength of two compacts sintered at 1323 and 1373 K were measured to be 1698 and 2591 MPa, respectively. The compact sintered at higher temperature showed better mechanical properties and higher thermal conductivity due to the improvement of densification and interface bonding between Fe–5Ti and TiB2 as proved by the fracture modes in compression tests and the crack propagations in hardness tests. Hence, this work provides a new method for fabricating Fe2B free Fe–TiB2 composites by powder metallurgy with both improvement of thermal conductivity and hardness in the usage of hot work tool steels.

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Synthesis of 30 vol%TiB2 Containing Fe–5Ti Matrix Composites with High Thermal Conductivity and Hardness

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Solid Solution Hardening in Supersaturated Al–Mg–Si Alloy

Ken Takata, Kohsaku Ushioda, Kenji Kaneko, Ryutaro Akiyoshi, Ken-ichi Ikeda, Satoshi Hata, Hideharu Nakashima

pp. 2525-2529

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.MT-M2019190

Abstract

The yield strength and work hardening of Al–Mg–Si alloys are related to the concentration of solute atoms. This study was carried out to clarify the effect of two kinds of solute atoms on these properties in terms of a linear combination of contributions from a solid solution. Tensile tests were conducted with Al and with Al–0.62Mg–0.32Si, Al–0.65Mg–0.81Si, Al–2.4Mg, and Al–4.4Mg (mass%) alloys in solid solution. Work hardening was analyzed using the Kocks–Mecking model, yielding two parameters which indicate the storage and recovery of dislocations in the material. The yield strength could not be expressed as a linear combination of solute atom concentrations, but the amount of dislocation storage and dynamic recovery could be expressed as such linear combinations. In the high-strain region, the Kocks–Mecking model no longer applies, and the maximum stress at which the model failed increased with increasing concentrations of solute atoms. It is generally known that an interaction between strain fields around solute atoms and quenched-in vacancies can affect the yield strength owing to dislocation motion and that these atoms can retard the development of microstructures in high-strain regions. A linear combination of contributions from solid solutions is possible only for the storage and recovery of dislocations in the low-strain region. This Paper was Originally Published in Japanese in J. Japan Inst. Met. Mater. 82 (2018) 314–318.

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Solid Solution Hardening in Supersaturated Al–Mg–Si Alloy

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Nonaqueous Solvents for Leaching CaCl2 Flux from Calcium-Reduced Titanium Powder

Takahiro Inoue, Tetsuya Uda

pp. 2530-2536

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.MT-M2019162

Abstract

Deoxidation of titanium by a calcium reductant is a promising process for the recycling of titanium scrap. Molten calcium chloride (CaCl2) is typically used as a flux for calcium oxide (CaO) formed as a by-product of deoxidation. At present, removal of CaCl2–CaO can only be achieved by aqueous leaching. However, when CaCl2 hydrate is heated, a pyrohydrolysis reaction occurs, making it difficult to reuse the CaCl2. Therefore, in this study, we examined organic solvents as alternatives to aqueous leaching. Formamide, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and ethylenediamine were selected as candidate organic solvents. The solubility of CaCl2 in DMSO was found to be 9.2 g per 100 g-solvent at 69°C and that in formamide was 25.9 g per 100 g-solvent at 47°C.Vacuum distillation and crystallization separation were examined as separation methods for the solvent and solute after leaching. A low temperature vacuum distillation, i.e., less than around 200°C for DMSO, is required to prevent thermal decomposition. However, the rate of the vacuum distillation at low temperatures was slow. We therefore devised a process combining a nonpolar solvent-induced precipitation with vacuum distillation to reduce the amount of solvent requiring distillation. Benzene was selected as a nonpolar solvent to induce precipitation from DMSO. After the precipitation, DMSO-solvated CaCl2 was obtained and distilled under vacuum.

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Nonaqueous Solvents for Leaching CaCl2 Flux from Calcium-Reduced Titanium Powder

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Effect of Cr/C Value on Behavior of Continuous Cooling Transformation in Plain High Chromium Cast Iron

Nobuya Sasaguri, Kaoru Yamamoto, Yuzo Yokomizo, Yasuhiro Matsubara

pp. 2537-2541

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.F-M2019849

Abstract

Continuous cooling transformation of plain high chromium cast irons with Cr/C value from 2 to 15 was investigated using a transformation measuring apparatus with subzero function, and the transformation behavior was clarified. Both AC1 and nose temperature of pearlite transformation (TP-n) rose slightly and its nose time (tP-n) shifted to long time side with an increase in Cr/C value. When the austenitizing temperature was increased, TP-n did not change but tP-n moved to long time side in each Cr/C value. The relationship between tP-n and Cr/C value can be expressed by following equations (1). MS and Mf temperatures rose with increasing Cr/C value and the relations can be expressed by equations below (2). As Cr/C value increased, the maximum hardness after finishing transformation increased to the highest at 6 Cr/C, and then decreased in spite of subzero treatment. This Paper was Originally Published in Japanese in J. JFS 90 (2018) 224–229.

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Effect of Cr/C Value on Behavior of Continuous Cooling Transformation in Plain High Chromium Cast Iron

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Evaluation of the Surface Condition of Spur Gears Using the Acoustic Emission Method

Koichiro Sugiyama, Takuma Matsuo

pp. 2542-2551

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.I-M2019851

Abstract

The vibration method is a standard non-destructive inspection method used to identify defects in rotary machines. However, it is difficult to detect defects at an early stage with this method. Therefore, an effective alternative monitoring technique is required to detect defects at an early stage. The acoustic emission (AE) method can be used to determine small defects in a material by detecting elastic waves that occur when cracks or deformations begin to form. In this study, we developed a method to monitor the surface condition of the gear teeth, and examined its relationship with the released AE wave. A correlation was obtained between the RMS value and the average roughness of the gear teeth surface, wherein the RMS value increases with the increase in the surface roughness. However, a large deviation was observed due to the existence of wear particles. Therefore, the effect of wear particles on AE signals was examined. The existence of the particles was estimated by measuring the AE signals of 33–140 kHz, and the approximate teeth surface roughness was estimated by measuring the AE signals of 140–300 kHz.

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Evaluation of the Surface Condition of Spur Gears Using the Acoustic Emission Method

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Drawability of Hybrid Type Lightweight Copper Clad Cup

Yasunori Harada, Hiroto Ono, Yuki Nishikubo, Narishige Maeda

pp. 2552-2557

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.MT-M2019195

Abstract

In order to increase the number of applications of a copper cup, the formability of copper-resin-copper laminated sheets by the deep drawing process was investigated. Pure copper is a ductile metal with very high electrical conductivity, and its density is higher than that of aluminum and titanium. As part of the copper cup is made of resin, a reduction in the weight of the cup can be achieved. Furthermore, heat is more likely to be retained in the clad cup, and the resin clad structure provides protection for the contents from vibrations, like a vibration-damping composite steel plate. In the experiment conducted in this work, the materials employed were pure copper and resins, which were polycarbonate plastic (PC), nylon 66 (66N), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). PC is commonly used due to its impact resistance. The initial thickness of the sheets varied from 0.2 to 0.5 mm and their blank diameter was 70 mm. The punch and the die, whose shoulder radius were 3 mm and 4 mm respectively, were made from cold tool steel JIS-SKD11 and the clearance between them was the same as the thickness of the laminated sheet. The deep drawing process was performed using an oil hydraulic press at a forming speed of approximately 10 mm/min. The laminated sheet was constituted by interposing the resin sheet between two stacked copper sheets. The laminated sheet was employed in the deep drawing process and a flat blank was formed into a circle by the punch. The multistage deep drawing process was, thereafter, employed to investigate the formability of the laminated sheet, which was successfully drawn without cracks. No failure conditions were identified at the bottom or side wall of the drawn cup. Many wrinkles, however, were observed on the opening of the cup, as no pressure was applied in this region by the blank holder during the deep drawing. The section of the drawn cup was observed to examine the formability of the resin sheet, which was within the desirable values. At the bottom corner of the clad cup, the reduction rate of the total thickness was lower than 6%. This Paper was Originally Published in Japanese in J. Japan Inst. Copper 57 (2018) 142–147.

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Drawability of Hybrid Type Lightweight Copper Clad Cup

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Investigation on Surface Layers Characteristics of Pre-Stressed Shot Peening Inconel 625

Lihong Wu, Chuanhai Jiang

pp. 2558-2561

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.MT-M2019106

Abstract

Surface layers characteristics of pre-stressed shot peening Inconel 625 was investigated. Residual stress and microstructure in the deformation layers were characterized by X-Ray diffraction method.The results showed that pre-stressed shot peening can further improve compressive residual stress and microstructure with the same intensity of traditional shot peening. Both surface compressive residual stress and maximum compressive residual stresses were produced in the deformation layers after various pre-stressed shot peening. The higher applied pre-stress resulted in more obvious effects of domain size refinement and micro strain generation.Compressive residual stress, finer domains and higher micro strain strengthened the effects of pre-stressed shot peening, which caused the further increment of micro hardness and yield strength of Inconel 625.

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Investigation on Surface Layers Characteristics of Pre-Stressed Shot Peening Inconel 625

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A Design Methodology for Casting Ladle to Minimize Air Entrapment and Oxide Inclusion: An Application to Permanent Mold Casting Process

Jaehoon Choi, Taekyung Kim, Hoyoung Hwang, Shinill Kang

pp. 2562-2568

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.MT-M2019181

Abstract

In this study, we proposed a design methodology for a ladle with flow characteristics that minimize air entrapment and oxidation during the pouring of molten aluminum in the casting process, and experimentally analyzed how filling behavior affects the porosity and mechanical properties of the cast product. To confirm the validity of the proposed ladle design, we performed a numerical analysis based on the solution algorithm for transient fluid flow to investigate mold filling behavior using the proposed ladle. We fabricated a ladle based on the design, and gravity cast the test specimens. Computed tomography was used to analyze the effects of the ladle’s pouring characteristics on porosity. Tensile tests were performed to evaluate the mechanical properties of cast specimens. The designed ladle reduced casting porosity and improved the mechanical properties of the cast product.

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A Design Methodology for Casting Ladle to Minimize Air Entrapment and Oxide Inclusion: An Application to Permanent Mold Casting Process

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Dependence of Vickers Hardness on Layer Thickness in Electrodeposited Ni–Co–Cu/Cu Multilayered Films

Hiroyuki Hagiwara, Naofumi Kawakami, Yoshihisa Kaneko, Makoto Uchida

pp. 2569-2575

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.MT-M2019165

Abstract

The layer thickness dependence of Vickers hardness was investigated in Ni–Co–Cu/Cu multilayered films having layer thicknesses h ranging from 10 nm to 300 nm. The Ni–Co–Cu/Cu multilayered films were fabricated by electrodeposition. In the layer thickness range of h ≥ 75 nm, the hardness increased with decreasing layer thickness. Conversely, the hardness decreased with decreasing layer thickness at h ≤ 75 nm. At h = 10 nm, the hardness decreased to 97 HV, although the local maximum at h = 75 nm was 210 HV. In the X-ray diffraction (XRD) profiles around the fcc (111) peak, the 10 nm multilayered film revealed a single peak, while two peaks corresponding to the Ni–Co–Cu and Cu layers were detected in the other multilayered films. The low hardness of the 10 nm film can be understood from the absence of interface strengthening, which was deduced from the single XRD peak. For 20 nm ≤ h ≤ 75 nm, the two (111) peaks approached each other. The decreased hardness in this region could be related to sparse misfit dislocations, which can be estimated from the XRD peak angles.

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Dependence of Vickers Hardness on Layer Thickness in Electrodeposited Ni–Co–Cu/Cu Multilayered Films

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Improvement of the Cycle Property of Binder-Free LiCoO2 Positive Electrode Film Deposited via the Pulsed Electrophoretic Deposition

Hidetoshi Miyazaki, Yu Mimaru, Yuki Makinose, Takeshi Tsuji, Hirotoshi Yamada, Toshiki Mutai

pp. 2576-2579

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.MT-M2019112

Abstract

Herein, a stable LiCoO2/acetylene black (AB) acetone suspension was prepared using LiCoO2 and AB powders with iodine dissolved in acetone as solvent. Using the LiCoO2/AB acetone suspension, LiCoO2/AB films without binders were deposited on stainless steel substrates via direct current (DC) and pulsed electrophoretic deposition (EPD) methods. The thickness of the resulting films deposited via both methods was greater than 50 µm with 5.0% AB content. The capacity of the DC-EPD film was 100 mA·h/g in the first cycle; this capacity decreased with increasing number of cycles, and subsequently began to peel off from the substrate. The capacity of the pulsed-DC EPD deposited films was 115 mA·h/g in the first cycle; this capacity slightly decreased with an increase in the number of cycles, and film degradation was not observed after the charge–discharge cycles.

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Article Title

Improvement of the Cycle Property of Binder-Free LiCoO2 Positive Electrode Film Deposited via the Pulsed Electrophoretic Deposition

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22 Dec. (Last 30 Days)

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