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MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS Vol. 44 (2003), No. 8

ISIJ International
belloff
ONLINE ISSN: 1347-5320
PRINT ISSN: 1345-9678
Publisher: The Japan Institute of Metals and Materials

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MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS Vol. 44 (2003), No. 8

Microstructure and Magnetic Properties for Highly Coercive FePt Sputtered Films

Toshiyuki Shima, Koki Takanashi, Guo Qing Li, Shunji Ishio

pp. 1508-1513

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.44.1508

Abstract

In this paper, we review our recent investigations on the magnetic properties and microstructure of highly coercive FePt films prepared on both MgO (001) and MgO (110) substrates with various film thicknesses (tN). Perpendicularly magnetized FePt (001) film were obtained on MgO (001) substrates, while FePt (101) films with the easy magnetization axis canted from the perpendicular direction to the film plane were obtained on MgO (110) substrates. The film morphology changes from a particulate to a continuous state depending on tN. A drastic decrease in the coercivity has been observed with the percolation of particles for FePt (001) films, when tN exceeds a critical thickness, tc=45 nm. On the other hand, the gradual decrease of Hc with tN has been observed in FePt (101) films and no remarkable change is seen at the critical thickness where the film morphology changes from a particulate to continuous state.

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Microstructure and Magnetic Properties for Highly Coercive FePt Sputtered Films

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Magnetic Anisotropy Energy of L10 CoPt-B Thin Films Elongated c-axis

Hiroshi Yamaguchi, Osamu Kitakami, Satoshi Okamoto, Yutaka Shimada, Katsunari Oikawa, Kazuaki Fukamichi, Te-Hsuan Chiang

pp. 1514-1517

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.44.1514

Abstract

Very small amount of B promotes the disorder/order transformation of L10 CoPt at low annealing temperature along with excellent c-axis orientation. The c-axis is slightly expanded by B atoms interstitially incorporated into the octahedral sites in the L10 CoPt lattice. Magnetic measurements using Hall magnetometry have revealed that the magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) is enhanced by elongation of the c-axis. This result is in harmony with the first principles calculation which predicts that the c-axis elongation enhances the MAE of L10 CoPt due to the d band splitting of Co near the Fermi level in the minority spin state.

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Magnetic Anisotropy Energy of L10 CoPt-B Thin Films Elongated c-axis

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Long-Range Order Parameter of Oriented L10-FePt Nanoparticles Determined by Electron Diffraction

Kazuhisa Sato, Yoshihiko Hirotsu

pp. 1518-1522

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.44.1518

Abstract

Two-dimensionally dispersed L10-FePt nanoparticles as small as 12 nm with orientation was fabricated by electron-beam evaporation and post-annealing at 873 K. After a prolonged annealing at 873 K for 86.4 ks, the increase of coercivity was almost saturated and coercivity reached 434 kAm−1 at 300 K, which is very small compared to recent reports on FePt nanoparticles with sizes larger than 20 nm. Long-range order parameter of the fabricated nanoparticles was determined by electron diffraction at 200 kV taking the multiple scattering into consideration. Obtained order parameter remained 0.55±0.02 for the nanoparticles with an axial ratio c⁄a of 0.961±0.003. The low degree of order is thought to be responsible for the small coercivity. Effect of Debye-Waller factor on the order parameter was discussed.

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Long-Range Order Parameter of Oriented L10-FePt Nanoparticles Determined by Electron Diffraction

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Modeling of Microstructure Changes in FePt Nano-Granular Thin Films Using the Phase-Field Method

Toshiyuki Koyama, Hidehiro Onodera

pp. 1523-1528

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.44.1523

Abstract

Since the factors that influence microstructure formation are extensive (e.g., alloy composition, heat treatment condition, etc.), quite a lot of experimental trial-and-error is often necessary when searching for the best combination of desired microstructure and material properties, even when the basic mechanism of microstructure formation is understood. During the last decade, the phase-field method has emerged across many fields in materials science as a powerful tool to simulate and predict complex microstructure evolution. Since phase-field methodology can model complex microstructure changes quantitatively, it is possible to search for the most desirable microstructure by using this method as a design simulation, i.e., through computer trial-and-error testing. In order to establish this methodology, first of all, quantitative modeling of complex microstructure changes using the phase-field method is required. The objective of this study is to model the FePt nano-granular structure formation and the order-disorder phase transition of FePt nano-particles as a typical example of phase-field modeling. We show that it is possible to model FePt nano-granular structure formation quantitatively using the phase-field method. This modeling method may also be applicable to various types of granular structure formation. The simulation result also suggests that there is a size dependence on the ordering of FePt nano-particles. Using the phase-field method to model the microstructure evolutions proved to be a very effective strategy in predicting and analyzing the complex microstructure formation.

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Modeling of Microstructure Changes in FePt Nano-Granular Thin Films Using the Phase-Field Method

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Ab initio-Monte Carlo Studies on Magnetic Properties of Tetragonal L10 Ordered 3d/Au Superlattices

Jian-Tao Wang, Ding-Sheng Wang, Yoshiyuki Kawazoe

pp. 1529-1534

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.44.1529

Abstract

3d/Au (3d = V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) superlattices with tetragonal L10 ordered structure are studied by means of the self-consistent full-potential linearized augmented-plane-wave method under the generalized gradient approximation. It is shown that the ground state magnetic configuration changes from intra-layer antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic with increasing 3d electron number from VAu to NiAu. Based on a Heisenberg model with exchange parameters extracted from ab initio calculations, Monte Carlo simulations are carried out to study the finite-temperature properties. Curie temperature and Néel temperature are obtained and discussed in connection with the 3d electrons filling.

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Ab initio-Monte Carlo Studies on Magnetic Properties of Tetragonal L10 Ordered 3d/Au Superlattices

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Nanostructured L10 Fe-Pt Based Thin Films for Perpendicular Magnetic Recording

Toshio Suzuki

pp. 1535-1541

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.44.1535

Abstract

Aiming at development of ultra-high density magnetic recording media, nanostructured Fe–Pt perpendicular recording media were tailored. In order to obtain a crystal orientation of Fe–Pt(001) for a double-layered perpendicular medium with a soft-magnetic underlayer, a heteroepitaxial layer configuration was applied. A high pressure sputter-deposition method was effective for lowering the fct-ordering temperature of the L10 crystal structure. Microstructures of the media were constructed by two kinds of methods, i.e. inducing crystal defects and forming composite films with oxides. The highest SN ratio was obtained by a wall pinning type medium with the induced crystal defects. Design and possibility of the Fe–Pt(001) media were discussed.

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Nanostructured L10 Fe-Pt Based Thin Films for Perpendicular Magnetic Recording

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FePt Magnetic Recording Media: Problems and Possibilities for Practical Use

Kazuyoshi Shibata

pp. 1542-1545

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.44.1542

Abstract

FePt with ordered L10 structure is a promising material for high-density magnetic recording media because the material has high magnetic anisotropy energy. The film is considered to show excellent thermal stability. However, the practical use of FePt media is hindered by several problems that must be solved, i.e. decrease of ordering temperature, realization of films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, reduction of media noise, and development of writing methods of bits on high-coercive-force media. Among these problems, the former two problems are being resolved, but the problems associated with reducing media noise and developing writing methods still remain unsolved. It is expected that these problems will be solved by introducing new ideas or methods. Hereafter it will be important to form double-layer perpendicular magnetic recording media and to estimate the read and write characteristics of the media.

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FePt Magnetic Recording Media: Problems and Possibilities for Practical Use

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THE FORTY-EIGHTH HONDA MEMORIAL LECTURE Nondestructive Evaluation and Smart Materials

Teruo Kishi

pp. 1546-1552

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.44.1546

Abstract

Evaluation of microcracking behavior, among other nondestructive evaluations, is important for understanding the fracture of materials and improving their fracture resistance. This paper deals with the principle of the inverse problem analysis of acoustic emission (AE), the method of analyzing the moment tensor of microcracks developed by the author et al., and examples of the method’s application. The paper goes on to introduce the concept of the smart materials and structural systems that perform nondestructive evaluation on their own and function to repair and restore defects. The paper also overviews the present state of research and development.

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THE FORTY-EIGHTH HONDA MEMORIAL LECTURE Nondestructive Evaluation and Smart Materials

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Crystal Distortion and Magnetic Structure of γ-MnM (M = Fe, Cu, Zn) Alloys

Tomiei Hori, Yoshinori Tsuchiya, Yoshinobu Ishii, Kiichi Hojou

pp. 1553-1556

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.44.1553

Abstract

We conducted X-ray and neutron diffraction experiments and magnetic susceptibility measurements for γ-MnFe alloys with a small amount of Cu or Pt, and for γ-MnCu and γ-MnZn alloys. γ-(Mn1−xFex)0.95Cu0.05 alloy with x=0.26 around 10 K shows a face-centered orthorhombic structure with a=0.3681, b=0.3655 and c=0.3622 nm, and a non-collinear antiferromagnetic structure with μa=0 and μb⁄μc=0.62. With increasing temperature, orthorhombic-tetragonal with c⁄a>1 structural transition occurs at To (=125 K) and the tetragonal structure finally transforms to a cubic structure at Tt (=352 K), which is lower than the Néel temperature TN (=440 K). The γ-(Mn1−xFex)0.95Pt0.05 alloy with x=0.13 at 10 K also shows a similar structure with a=0.3745, b=0.3714 and c=0.3649 nm, which has a non-collinear antiferromagnetic structure with μa=0, μb=1.03 and μc=1.94μb/(Mn or Fe) atom. The γ-Mn1−xCux alloy with x≤0.26 and γ-Mn1−xZnx alloy with x≤0.28 show a tetragonal structure with c⁄a<1 at low temperature.

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Crystal Distortion and Magnetic Structure of γ-MnM (M = Fe, Cu, Zn) Alloys

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Wide Range Observation on Crystal Zone of Single Variant of R-phase and Martensite in Ti-50.4 at%Ni Alloy

Yoshito Takemoto, Kazuhiro Takayama, Moritaka Hida, Akira Sakakibara, Jun Takada

pp. 1557-1561

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.44.1557

Abstract

Wide range selected area electron diffraction (SAD) patterns on ⟨110⟩ crystal-zones (CZ) of a single variant of R-phase in Ti–50.4 at%Ni alloy quenched from 1223 K indicated that the ⟨110⟩ CZs can be classified into two types, CZ-A and CZ-B, with respect to the 1⁄3⟨110⟩∗ reflections. Especially the absence of 1⁄3⟨110⟩∗ on the CZ-A could not be explained by the models proposed up to now. Based on the experimental results, a map that expressed the SAD patterns of single R-phase variant on the (111) stereographic projection was presented. It was suggested that the true structure of R-phase should fulfill three conditions on characteristics of SAD patterns, that is, the reproduction of the unique (111) pattern, the absence of 1⁄3⟨110⟩∗ reflection at the specific planes on CZ-A and the retainment of three-fold symmetry with respect to the [111]. Bending the TEM sample composed of several R-phase variants caused the integration of the R-phase variants, and resulted in the formation of the B19′ martensite. However both the single variant and the B19′ martensite returned to the initial state of several R-phase variants after 120 hours at room temperature. It was proposed that the unification of the R-phase variants plays an important role on the R-M transformation.

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Wide Range Observation on Crystal Zone of Single Variant of R-phase and Martensite in Ti-50.4 at%Ni Alloy

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Crystallization and Magnetic Properties of Fe40Co40Cu0.5Al2Zr9Si4B4.5 and Fe62Co9.5Gd3.5Si10B15 Amorphous Alloys

Amitava Mitra, Hang-Yeon Kim, Baolong Shen, Nobuyuki Nishiyama, Akihisa Inoue

pp. 1562-1565

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.44.1562

Abstract

Amorphous alloys with compositions Fe40Co40Cu0.5Al2Zr9Si4B4.5 and Fe62Co9.5Gd3.5Si10B15, were prepared by the melt spinning technique in the form of ribbons. Three stages of crystallization process were found in both the alloys and the crystallization kinetics was studied. Supper cooled region was found in Fe62Co9.5Gd3.5Si10B15 alloy indicating the ability of formation of bulk amorphous alloy and 1 mm diameter rod was prepared by Cu-mould casting. Curie temperature and the saturation magnetisation of this alloy were found to be 596 K and 0.98 T respectively. Relatively, higher Curie temperature (736 K) and saturation megnetisation (1.18 T) were observed in the as-spun state of Fe40Co40Cu0.5Al2Zr9Si4B4.5 alloy. Present study also indicated that partial crystallization of Fe40Co40Cu0.5Al2Zr9Si4B4.5 alloy would further enhance the Curie temperature and saturation magnetisation.

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Crystallization and Magnetic Properties of Fe40Co40Cu0.5Al2Zr9Si4B4.5 and Fe62Co9.5Gd3.5Si10B15 Amorphous Alloys

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Deformation and Energy Absorption of Aluminum Square Tubes with Dynamic Axial Compressive Load

Makoto Miyazaki, Hideaki Negishi

pp. 1566-1570

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.44.1566

Abstract

Buckling, impact resistance and energy absorption of dynamic axial compressed aluminum square tube are discussed. Numerical analysis of the deformation of the square tube is made by a finite element method. The result shows that ripples of buckling are produced in the surfaces of the tube wall when the striking mass reaches to a certain value. The wave pattern on the deformed tube wall of 1 mm thick is concave-convex pattern in adjoining surface, while that of 2 mm thick is convex pattern in all surfaces. Absorbed energy of the deformed tube increases in proportion to axial displacement of the tube. Experimental results agree approximately with those of the finite element method analysis.

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Deformation and Energy Absorption of Aluminum Square Tubes with Dynamic Axial Compressive Load

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Preparation and Mechanical Properties of Alumina-Zirconia Composites with Agglomerated Structures Using Pre-Sintered Powder

Kensuke Kageyama, Youhei Harada, Hiroshi Kato

pp. 1571-1576

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.44.1571

Abstract

It is known that thermal residual stress in particulate ceramics results from the mismatch of thermal expansion coefficients of particulates and matrix and contributes to toughening of ceramic composites. In this study, alumina-zirconia composites with agglomerated structures were prepared using alumina or alumina-zirconia powder to obtain large-sized compressive zones in particulate ceramics without degrading flexural strength. Agglomerated powder was obtained by pre-sintering. Then several samples used different fraction and size of agglomerated powder were prepared by pressureless sintering. Microstructure and crack paths of prepared samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM); flexural strength and fracture toughness of samples were evaluated by four-point flexural test and controlled surface flow method, respectively. Alumina-rich agglomerated structures and a zirconia-rich matrix were formed in samples that were produced using pre-sintered powder. Addition of zirconia to pre-sintered alumina powder prevented coarsening of alumina grains in agglomerated structures. Grain coarsening and cracking caused the decrease in flexural strength of samples with agglomerated structures. Agglomerated structures enhanced fracture toughness. In particular, a specimen using 21.1 vol% of pre-sintered alumina-rich powder of 32 to 150 μm exhibited increase in fracture toughness by approximately 30% without sacrificing average flexural strength. A SEM observation of crack paths showed that grain bridging did not occur in samples. Thereby, we inferred that the compressive residual stress zone in agglomerated structures played an important role in raising fracture toughness.

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Preparation and Mechanical Properties of Alumina-Zirconia Composites with Agglomerated Structures Using Pre-Sintered Powder

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Mechanical Properties of Thin Wires of Nickel-Free Austenintic Stainless Steel with Nitrogen Absorption Treatment

Daisuke Kuroda, Takao Hanawa, Takaaki Hibaru, Syuji Kuroda, Masaki Kobayashi

pp. 1577-1582

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.44.1577

Abstract

We have developed a new manufacturing process for nickel-free austenitic stainless steel. In combination with machining and a nitrogen absorption treatment, this process makes it possible to form small precise devices. The new manufacturing process can be used to manufacture small devices with a great deal of precision and parts with a maximum thickness or diameter of 4 mm. However, the temperature for the nitrogen absorption, 1473 K, was sufficiently high for grain growth, and coarsening was observed after nitrogen absorption. Therefore, a nitrogen absorption treatment that allows the retention of strength and ductility is performed with a grain refinement process before nitrogen absorption. In this study, we attempted the refinement of grains by thermo-mechanical treatment before nitrogen absorption treatment in order to increase the mechanical properties after nitrogen absorption treatment. The mechanical properties and microstructures of Fe–24Cr–2Mo with fine grains before and after nitrogen absorption treatment were evaluated to understand the effects of grain refinement on nitrogen absorption. The austenitic phase was obtained only from the surface to a 0.5-mm depth in the alloy with nitrogen absorption at 1473 K for 7.2 ks. The balance between strength and elongation in the alloy with nitrogen absorption at 1473 K for over 10.8 ks was the same as that in conventional austenitic stainless steel. The value of ultimate tensile strength in the alloy with nitrogen absorption increased with the grain refinement process attempted in this study. The elongation in the alloy with nitrogen absorption over 18.0 ks decreased because of grain growth. Therefore, grain refinement before nitrogen absorption treatment can increase the mechanical properties of nickel-free austenitic stainless steel.

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Mechanical Properties of Thin Wires of Nickel-Free Austenintic Stainless Steel with Nitrogen Absorption Treatment

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Electrodeposition of a Copper-Tellurium Compound under Diffusion-Limiting Control

Takahiro Ishizaki, Daisuke Yata, Akio Fuwa

pp. 1583-1587

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.44.1583

Abstract

Copper–tellurium films were electrochemically deposited from a solution containing CuCl2, TeO2 and HCl. This study revealed the relationship between the copper/tellurium ratio in the solution and the metal ratio in the deposited film. The Cu/Te ratio of the deposited film was successfully controlled by conducting electrodeposition under diffusion-limited conditions. The [Cu]/[Te] ratio in the solution was linearly related to that of Cu/Te in the deposited film, since the partial current density originating from the copper and tellurium ions was directly proportional to the concentration of each. The deposited films crystallized to Cu2Te at the Cu/Te ratio of 2.5. The films were deposited at −0.4 V vs. Ag/AgCl from a solution in which [Cu]/[Te] = 2.5, [CuCl2] = 1.0×10−3 M (= kmol m−3), [TeO2] = 4.0×10−4 M, and pH = 1.

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Electrodeposition of a Copper-Tellurium Compound under Diffusion-Limiting Control

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Effects of Absorption-Desorption Cycles on Protium Absorption Properties in Ti-Cr-M Alloys (M = V, Mo, Al)

Takashi Kazumi, Takuya Tamura, Atsunori Kamegawa, Hitoshi Takamura, Masuo Okada

pp. 1588-1592

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.44.1588

Abstract

Ti–Cr–V alloys with a BCC structure have high protium (hydrogen atom) capacities. In considering practical use, protium absorption-desorption cyclic properties become an important problem. In this paper, the cyclic properties in high-low hydrogen pressure regions are investigated in order to clarify the change of the crystal structure and the protium capacities of appeared phases of the β, γ protides in the Ti–Cr–V alloys and Ti–Cr–Mo, Ti–Cr–Al alloys. As a result, it was found that the crystal structure of the β protide phase changed from a BCC structure to a BCT structure by increasing the cycle number in the Ti–Cr–Mo, Ti–Cr–Al alloys similar to the Ti–Cr–V alloys. This result suggests that the lattice will be hard to be contracted gradually along the a-axis direction of the absorbing process with an increasing cycle number. It was also found that β protide phase in the alloys which have bad cyclic properties became stable with an increasing cycle number because the low hydrogen pressure region P-C-isotherm curves shifted to the low pressure side with an increasing cycle number. The major reason of this result is considered to be the accumulation of the lattice defects in the alloys with an increasing cycle number.

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Effects of Absorption-Desorption Cycles on Protium Absorption Properties in Ti-Cr-M Alloys (M = V, Mo, Al)

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Protection of Crack Generation by Functionally Graded Layer at the Interface of Hard-facing Iron Alloys

Akio Kagawa, Yasuhira Ohta, Kazunori Nakayama, Taketoshi Chifu

pp. 1593-1598

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.44.1593

Abstract

The protection of crack formation by a functionally graded layer at the interface of surface-hardened iron alloys has been investigated using a modified reactive diffusion process which consists of the two-stage diffusion heat-treatment for diffusion species. From the stress analysis on thermal shock test and the microstructure observation, it was known that cracks formed on the thermal shock test were onion cracks arising from a radial stress σr and radial cracks due to a circumferential stress σθ. In the specimens subjected to the modified reactive diffusion heat-treatment, a functionally graded layer was formed at the interface between the surface carbide layer/iron substrate, which effectively suppressed the generation of cracks by shifting a location of the maximum tensile stress toward the substrate and relaxing a stress concentration at the interface.

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Protection of Crack Generation by Functionally Graded Layer at the Interface of Hard-facing Iron Alloys

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Optical Properties of Au Nanoparticle Dispersed TiO2 Films Prepared by Laser Ablation

Akihiko Ito, Hiroshi Masumoto, Takashi Goto

pp. 1599-1603

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.44.1599

Abstract

Au-nanoparticle dispersed TiO2 (Au/TiO2) films were prepared by laser ablation using Au-powder mixed TiO2 (rutile) sintered targets. The Au content in the films was controlled in the range from 3 to 37 mol% by changing the target composition. As-deposited TiO2 matrix of the films was amorphous-like anatase, and changed to a well-crystallized anatase phase after heat treatments at 1173 K. The diameters of Au nanoparticles increased from 1.5 to 4.1 nm with increasing the heat-treatment temperature from 573 to 1173 K. Optical absorption spectra by surface plasmon resonance from Au nanoparticles were observed in the heat-treated films. The red-shift of absorption peak from 590 to 635 nm was observed due to the increase in the diameter of Au nanoparticles and refractive index of TiO2 matrix with increasing the heat-treatment temperature.

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Optical Properties of Au Nanoparticle Dispersed TiO2 Films Prepared by Laser Ablation

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Densification and Structural Evolution in Spark Plasma Sintering Process of Mechanically Alloyed Nanocrystalline Fe-23Al-6C Powder

Yuichiro Koizumi, Takanori Tanaka, Yoritoshi Minamino, Nobuhiro Tsuji, Kiyoshi Mizuuchi, Yoshihira Ohkanda

pp. 1604-1612

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.44.1604

Abstract

Nanocrystalline Fe–23 at%Al–6 at%C alloy powder was produced by mechanical alloying of the mixture of iron powder and aluminum powder (Fe–25 at%Al) with methanol, and was consolidated into fully dense compact by spark plasma sintering (SPS) at 1273 K. The compacts have nanocrystalline microstructure composed of mixture of α-phase grains and κ-carbide (Fe3AlC) grains whose average grain size is about 50 nm. Although relatively large grains were also observed in places, their sizes were not over a few micrometers. The mechanisms of the densification and the structural evolution during the SPS process are discussed.

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Densification and Structural Evolution in Spark Plasma Sintering Process of Mechanically Alloyed Nanocrystalline Fe-23Al-6C Powder

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Fabrication of High Performance Magnesium/Carbon-Fiber/PEEK Laminated Composites

M. C. Kuo, J. C. Huang, M. Chen, M. H. Jen

pp. 1613-1619

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.44.1613

Abstract

Low density and high performance Mg-based laminated composites were fabricated by means of sandwiching the AZ31 Mg foils with the carbon-fiber/polyether ether ketone (PEEK) prepreg through hot pressing. Proper surface treatments of AZ31 sheet using CrO3 base etchants are necessary in order to achieve good interface bonding characteristics. The resulting Mg base laminated composite, with a low density of 1.7 Mg/m3, exhibits high modulus of 75 GPa and tensile strength of 932 MPa along the longitudinal direction. The experimentally measured tensile modulus and strength data along both the longitudinal and transverse directions are within 90–100% of the theoretical predictions by rule of mixtures, suggesting that the bonding between layers and the load transfer efficiency are satisfactory.

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Fabrication of High Performance Magnesium/Carbon-Fiber/PEEK Laminated Composites

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Photodegradation of Methylene Blue Aqueous Solution Sensitized by Pyrochlore-Related κ-CeZrO4 Oxide Powder

Takahisa Omata, Kousuke Ono, Shinya Otsuka-Yao-Matsuo

pp. 1620-1623

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.44.1620

Abstract

The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue aqueous solution sensitized by a pyrochlore-related κ-CeZrO4 phase was investigated under irradiation with Xe discharge light. The optical absorbance of the solution was first decreased smoothly, and then retention was observed in several hours due to the formation of a new absorption peak. The absorbance spectrum resembled that of thionine. The present study confirms that the photocatalytic reaction sensitized by κ-CeZrO4 was different from that by TiO2.

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Photodegradation of Methylene Blue Aqueous Solution Sensitized by Pyrochlore-Related κ-CeZrO4 Oxide Powder

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Hydrolysis of Antimony(III)-Hydrochloric Acid Solution at 25°C

Hiroyuki Hashimoto, Tadahisa Nishimura, Yoshiaki Umetsu

pp. 1624-1629

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.44.1624

Abstract

The system Sb(III)-HCl–H2O has been studied by equilibrating mixtures of antimony trioxide and hydrochloric acid solution (<6 kmol/m3) at 25°C for 30 days. X-ray diffraction analysis of the solids showed the existence of Sb2O3 (HCl < 0.1 kmol/m3) and Sb4O5Cl2 (HCl>0.1 kmol/m3) as the final solid phases. The solubility for both compounds was also determined as a function of HCl concentration. The hydrolysis of antimony(III)-hydrochloric acid solution (Sb(III) = 140 mg/L, HCl = 0.1 and 1.0 kmol/m3) by neutralizing with NaOH solution was then studied in a pH range of 1.1 to 12.3 at 25°C. The amorphous Sb8O10(OH)2Cl2 (spherical, particle size: 0.05–0.2 μm), crystalline Sb8O10(OH)2Cl2 (orthorhombic, rectangular plate in 1 μm thick layer) and crystalline Sb2O3 (orthorhombic) were found to be a solid phase depending on pH and hydrolysis time. The particle morphology of Sb2O3 was affected strongly by pH. The minimum solubility of crystalline Sb8O10(OH)2Cl2 (pH 2–3) and Sb2O3 (pH 3–11) was at a level of 10 mg/L in Sb(III).

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Hydrolysis of Antimony(III)-Hydrochloric Acid Solution at 25°C

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Spheroidization of Low Carbon Steel Processed by Equal Channel Angular Pressing

Dong Hyuk Shin, Soo Yeon Han, Kyung-Tae Park, Yong-Seog Kim, Young-Nam Paik

pp. 1630-1635

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.44.1630

Abstract

Spheroidization behavior of cementite in a low carbon steel processed by the equal channel angular pressing technique was investigated. The effects of annealing temperature and time, and accumulated strain on the morphology of cementite and mechanical properties were studied. The results indicated that the application of the severe plastic deformation can improve the kinetics of spheroidization significantly. In this study, the enhanced spheroidization kinetics was discussed in terms of carbon dissolution from cementites and defects induced in cementites by the severe plastic deformation. In addition, the softening of the steel after the spheroidization treatment was evaluated.

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Spheroidization of Low Carbon Steel Processed by Equal Channel Angular Pressing

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Adhesion Mechanism at Metal-Organic Interface Modified by Plasma

Yong-Bin Sun

pp. 1636-1639

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.44.1636

Abstract

Mold die sticking has been thought to be caused by the increase in die surface roughness and surface area due to silica filler abrasion. In-situ results of semiconductor manufacturers showed a strong dependency on the make of EMC (epoxy molding compound); indicating chemical interaction was apt to be also functioning as a major mechanism. PSII (plasma source ion implantation) using O2, N2, and CF4 was applied to modify sample surface condition from hydrophilic to hydrophobic and vice versa. By comparing surface energy quantified by contact angle and surface ion coupling state analyzed by Auger with pull-out strength, the governing mechanism for the sticking issue was determined to be a result of complex of mechanical and chemical factors.

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Adhesion Mechanism at Metal-Organic Interface Modified by Plasma

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The Optimal Surface Roughness Condition on Diffusion Bonding

Hidetoshi Somekawa, Kenji Higashi

pp. 1640-1643

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.44.1640

Abstract

The surface roughness created by grit blast treatment affected diffusion bonding quality. The surface treatment is very important to remove the oxide films in combination with superplastic forming and diffusion bonding. Therefore, by using the superplastic magnesium alloys, the diffusion bonding tests carried out to obtain the relationship between the diffusion bonding quality and surface roughness. From the diffusion bonding results, in order to obtain high quality joining, the void shrinkage processes were not only diffusional controlled process but also plasticity controlled process. The optimal surface roughness was estimated equal to grain size.

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The Optimal Surface Roughness Condition on Diffusion Bonding

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Dielectric Property of Single Crystalline BaTi2O5 Prepared by a Floating Zone Method

Takaya Akashi, Hiroaki Iwata, Takashi Goto

pp. 1644-1646

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.44.1644

Abstract

Single crystalline BaTi2O5 was prepared by a floating zone method. The permittivity of single crystalline BaTi2O5 perpendicular to a (010) plane showed the maximum value of 20500 at 748 K obeying the Curie-Weiss law at higher temperatures. The permittivity perpendicular to (100) and (001) planes were 140 and 70, respectively almost independent of temperature. A transition temperature measured by a dilatometer was in agreement with a Curie temperature. The relationship between polarization and electrical field perpendicular to the (010) plane showed ferroelectric hysteresis. No hysteresis was observed in the direction perpendicular to (100) and (001) planes. The electrical conductivity perpendicular to the (010) was larger than those of (100) and (001) planes. The activation energy of electrical conductivity was 147 to 180 kJ mol−1 independent of directions.

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Dielectric Property of Single Crystalline BaTi2O5 Prepared by a Floating Zone Method

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Effect of Titanium on Glass-forming Ability of Cu-Zr-Al Alloys

Hua Men, Won Tae Kim, Do Hyang Kim

pp. 1647-1650

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.44.1647

Abstract

The effect of partial substitution of Ti for Zr on the glass-forming ability was studied in Cu50Zr45−xTixAl5 (x=0, 2.5, 5, 10) alloys by using thermal analysis and X-ray diffractometry. The glass transition temperature, Tg, of Cu50Zr45−xTixAl5 alloys decreased from 707 K at x=0 to 700 K at x=2.5, and keeps almost constant with further increase of x. On the other hand, the crystallization temperature, Tx, decreased gradually from 767 K at x=0 to 741 K at x=10. The partial substitution of Zr by Ti in Cu50Zr45Al5 alloy promotes the glass formation. The maximum diameter for glass formation by injection casting increased from 3 mm for Cu50Zr45Al5 alloy to 4 mm for Cu50Zr42.5Ti2.5Al5 alloy.

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Effect of Titanium on Glass-forming Ability of Cu-Zr-Al Alloys

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