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MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS Vol. 58 (2017), No. 9

ISIJ International
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ONLINE ISSN: 1347-5320
PRINT ISSN: 1345-9678
Publisher: The Japan Institute of Metals and Materials

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MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS Vol. 58 (2017), No. 9

Influence of Fluorine on Structure, Morphology, Optical and Photocatalytic Properties of ZnWO4 Nanostructures

Nguyen Manh Hung, Le Thi Mai Oanh, Danh Bich Do, Ngoc Diep Lai, Nguyen Thi Thao, Du Thi Xuan Thao, Nguyen Van Minh

pp. 1245-1249

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.M2017059

Abstract

We report on the synthesis of Fluorine (F) doped -ZnWO4 photocatalysts and the influence of F-doping on their structure, morphology, optical and photocatalytic properties. A two-step process was used to produce F-doped ZnWO4 photocatalysts. The quality of synthesized materials was characterized using different analytical methods, such as X-ray diffraction analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), as well as photoluminescence (PL) measurement. It was found that the photocatalyst morphology and band gap energy strongly depend on the F-doping concentration. The band gap energy of the photocatalysts decreased when increasing F-doping concentration, and reached a lowest value at a concentration of 4 mol%, and then increased thereafter. At 4 mol% of F-doping, nanowires were formed with approximately 1 μm in length and 50 nm in diameter. On the contrary, others F-doped ZnWO4 samples were obtained in the shape of nanorods or a mixture of nanorods and granular particles. Moreover, it was demonstrated that F-doped ZnWO4 enhanced photocatalytic activity by a factor of three, as compared to that of un-doped ZnWO4. This enhancement can be explained by the nanowire shape of synthesized F-doped ZnWO4, its narrow band gap energy and the small recombination rate of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, which was indirectly proved by PL spectra.

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Influence of Fluorine on Structure, Morphology, Optical and Photocatalytic Properties of ZnWO4 Nanostructures

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Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of an α+β Type Ti-4V-0.6O Alloy

Masahito Omiya, Kyosuke Ueda, Takayuki Narushima

pp. 1250-1256

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.L-M2017825

Abstract

This paper describes the design of a low-cost α+β type Ti-4V-0.6O alloy and the investigation of its microstructure and mechanical properties, with a focus on heat treatability. The β transus (Tβ) of the alloy was found to be 1195 K, as determined from the relationship between the heat treatment temperature and the volume fraction of the equiaxed α phase (fα). The formation of α′ martensite exhibiting an acicular morphology was observed after heat treatments between 1073 and 1273 K. The O content in the equiaxed α and β phases increased with increasing heat treatment temperature while the V content increased with decreasing heat treatment temperature. The alloy demonstrated a higher tensile strength and lower total elongation when heat-treated between 1073 and 1173 K as compared to the as-forged material, because of the formation of α′ martensite. The reduced total elongation was caused by the increase in the hardness difference between the equiaxed α and β (α′ martensite) grains. The tensile strength and total elongation of the Ti-4V-0.6O alloy were comparable to those of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy, which marks the material as a low-cost α+β type Ti alloy candidate.

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Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of an α+β Type Ti-4V-0.6O Alloy

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Stress Corrosion Cracking and Corrosion Resistance of Mg–6%Al–1%Zn–2%Ca Extruded Magnesium Alloys

Motohiro Yuasa, Eitaro Yukutake, Xinsheng Huang, Kazutaka Suzuki, Naobumi Saito, Yasumasa Chino

pp. 1257-1263

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.L-M2017824

Abstract

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and corrosion resistance of Mg–6 mass%Al–1 mass%Zn–2 mass%Ca (AZX612) extruded alloy were investigated by slow strain rate tensile tests (SSRT) in 0.01 M NaCl solution and immersion tests in 5 mass% NaCl solution, and compared with those of Mg–6 mass%Al–1 mass%Zn (AZ61) extruded alloy. In the SSRT in the salt solution, as-received AZX612 exhibited lower elongation and higher SCC susceptibility than those of as-received AZ61, indicating that calcium addition in Mg–Al alloy deteriorated SCC resistance. On the other hand, after solution treatment, improvement of elongation and SCC susceptibility occurred in both the alloys. Observation of surface profiles for AZX612 and AZ61 after the SSRT in salt solution revealed that corrosion pits on surface likely initiated SCC in both the alloys. The results of immersion tests showed the same tendency with those of SSRT in salt solution. It is suggested that SCC resistance of AZX612 and AZ61 was likely related to the microstructural change accompanied with calcium addition and solution treatment such as the change in distributions of Al2Ca phase and Al-rich phase. This Paper was Originally Published in Japanese in J. JILM 66 (2016) 266–272.

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Stress Corrosion Cracking and Corrosion Resistance of Mg–6%Al–1%Zn–2%Ca Extruded Magnesium Alloys

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Energy Analyses for the Imaging Technique of Bonded Regions and Delaminations in a Thin Plate

Takahiro Hayashi, Shogo Nakao

pp. 1264-1273

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.M2017151

Abstract

Defect imaging by a scanning laser source technique has been theoretically and experimentally investigated for a notch and a wall thinning in a plate. This study discusses the applicability of the imaging technique to bonding regions and delaminations in a thin plate. The variations of flexural wave energy generated at a laser source close to a plate edge, a junction of two thin plates, a bonded region, and a delamination are discussed using the Kirchhoff–Love plate theory and a semi-analytical finite element method. The numerical analyses reveal that the flexural wave energy generated in the vicinity of the reflection objects are significantly different in such a source type as normal loading and dipole loading modeled for elastic wave generations due to ablation and thermo-elastic effects, respectively. In particular, the numerical analyses reveal that the dipole loading is more effective to the imaging because the generation energy significantly varies at the boundaries between bonded and separated regions. Moreover, the images of a plate with a bonded region are obtained using an experimental system in which the thermo-elastic effect is dominant for generating elastic waves, and they exhibit similar tendencies with calculated results.

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Energy Analyses for the Imaging Technique of Bonded Regions and Delaminations in a Thin Plate

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Atmospheric Corrosion Estimation of Welded Low Alloy Steel in Wet and Dry Condition Containing Chloride Ions

T. Nishimura

pp. 1274-1279

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.M2017133

Abstract

The atmospheric corrosion resistance of Al and Si bearing steels welded by MIG (Metal Inert Gas welding) or MAG (Metal Active Gas welding) was evaluated by the wet and dry corrosion test. It was found that welded Al-Si steels experienced much less corrosion than carbon steel (SM). In SEM-EDS analysis, the rust of welded Al-Si steel had the enrichment of Al and Si in inner rust, which made the protective rust. The distribution of corrosion pits was measured with a laser microscope and estimated by Gumbel analysis. A higher corrosion depth was observed near the weld metal of Al-Si steel in the case of large amount of heat input during welding. From Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), the layer structure of α and γ phase was observed near the weld metal of Al-Si steel. Increased corrosion sensitivity was present only at the beginning of the test time. At later times in the test, the welded Al-Si steel displayed high corrosion resistance as a result of the forming of the protective rust containing Al and Si in inner rust.

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Atmospheric Corrosion Estimation of Welded Low Alloy Steel in Wet and Dry Condition Containing Chloride Ions

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Removal of Surface Scale from Titanium Metal by Etching with HF–HNO3 Mixed Acid

Minoru Mizuhata, Shintaro Yamamoto, Hideshi Maki

pp. 1280-1289

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.M2017110

Abstract

Etching of commercial pure titanium (CP-Ti) covered with metal oxide scale transferred to the surface from roller mills like those used for steel refining was investigated based on potentiodynamic polarization measurements and quantitative analysis of metal dissolved in HF or HF–HNO3. CP-Ti prepared by an industrial titanium supplier, titanium plate with scale (S-Ti), and annealed and pickled titanium (AP-Ti) were examined. The titanium substrate under the scale layer immediately dissolved in HF solution of concentration 1.0 mol·L−1. The etching behavior was examined in detail by electrochemical analysis in dilute HF. At HF concentrations less than 0.1 mol·L−1, the oxidized layer of S-Ti remained. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to identify the major components of the S-Ti surface, such as copper and iron impurities. In HF–HNO3 solution, the scale was removed slowly, even at high HF concentrations. The amounts of dissolved titanium indicated that calcium on the titanium metal surface increased the etching rate, and the minimum apparent activation energies, ΔEa, of the etching reactions were observed at a concentration of 0.0316 mol·L−1 HF aq. for S-Ti and AP-Ti because of the trade-off between the HF activity and ionic dissociation. Etching of CP-Ti began with dissolution of the passive layer of titanium; corrosion of S-Ti was the result of destruction of the titanium oxide layer by F− and dissolution of the pure titanium substrate. The etching behavior of S-Ti at high HF concentrations suggested that scale peeling by substrate etching is a promising method for efficient scale removal. The HNO3 concentration had little effect on the anodic polarization curves of CP-Ti. This is attributed to the presence of a stable oxide layer on the titanium metal. We investigated the details of the S-Ti etching mechanism in HF–HNO3 for efficient scale removal.

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Removal of Surface Scale from Titanium Metal by Etching with HF–HNO3 Mixed Acid

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Alloying Effects of Molybdenum and Niobium on Chromium Bearing Low Alloy Steel for Water Ballast Tank

Young-Woong Shin, Sol-Ji Song, Jung-Gu Kim

pp. 1290-1298

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.M2017055

Abstract

This study examines the effects of chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo) and niobium (Nb) alloying on the corrosion properties of low alloy steel for water ballast tank using electrochemical tests for 15 days in artificial seawater and surface analyses. The EIS and LPR tests revealed the outstanding corrosion resistance Cr+Mo+Nb bearing steel. An SEM analysis after 15 days immersion in the artificial seawater indicated that, among the tested specimens, the Cr+Mo+Nb bearing steel formed the smoothest rust layer with the least cracks. An EPMA analysis for the cross section of the rust layer confirmed that the Nb elements of the Cr, Cr+Nb, and Cr+Mo+Nb bearing steels were enriched at the rust layer; however, the Mo element was enriched only at the rust layer of the Cr+Mo+Nb bearing steel, and not at that of the Cr+Mo bearing steel. This finding is because the small grain size of the Cr+Mo+Nb bearing steel results in the formation of more active sites, where a dissolution and precipitation of the alloying elements occurs. For this reason, the Cr, Mo, and Nb elements are concentrated at the rust layer of the Cr+Mo+Nb bearing steel, thereby improving the corrosion resistance of low alloy steel.

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Alloying Effects of Molybdenum and Niobium on Chromium Bearing Low Alloy Steel for Water Ballast Tank

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Prediction and Experimental Validation of Cooling Rate Dependence of Viscoplastic Properties in a Partially Solidified State of Al–5 mass%Mg Alloy

Rei Hirohara, Yasutaka Kawada, Ryosuke Takai, Mitsuhiro Otaki, Toshimitsu Okane, Makoto Yoshida

pp. 1299-1307

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.L-M2017823

Abstract

To predict hot tearing in direct chill (DC) casting and shape casting of aluminum alloys using thermal stress analysis, cooling rate dependence of viscoplastic properties in a partially solidified state is indispensable. Based on viscoplastic properties determined from experiments, this study develops a method to predict the temperature dependence of viscoplastic properties at an arbitrary cooling rate through the Clyne–Kurz microsegregation model. For validation of the developed method, tensile tests were performed on Al–5 mass%Mg alloy in a partially solidified state at three cooling rates. Results show good agreement between the predicted values and experimentally obtained values, which demonstrates that the developed method is effective for predicting the cooling rate dependence of viscoplastic properties. This Paper was Originally Published in Japanese in J. JILM 67 (2017) 214–221.

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Prediction and Experimental Validation of Cooling Rate Dependence of Viscoplastic Properties in a Partially Solidified State of Al–5 mass%Mg Alloy

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Interfacial Reaction and Bonding Strength of Ti50Ni50 and Inconel 600 Dissimilar Brazed Joints

Ren-Kae Shiue, Shyi-Kaan Wu, Chun-Kai Liu, Chuan-Yu Dai

pp. 1308-1312

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.M2017123

Abstract

The interfacial reaction and shear strength of Ti50Ni50 SMA and Inconel 600 alloy infrared brazed with a gold-based filler metal Au-22Ni-8Pd (BAu-6) were investigated. The shear strengths of Ti50Ni50/Au-22Ni-8Pd/Inconel 600 joints brazed for 180 s and 300 s were as high as 387 MPa and 527 MPa, respectively. Cracks initiated and propagated along the interface between Ti(Ni,Au)3/TiNiAu eutectic and/or TiNi2Au layer. The joints show high potential for industrial applications.

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Interfacial Reaction and Bonding Strength of Ti50Ni50 and Inconel 600 Dissimilar Brazed Joints

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Graphite Foil-Incorporated PAN/Pitch/Phenolic-Derived Carbon/Carbon Composite and Preliminary Hermetic Sealing Test in Molten Fluoride Salt

Hsun-Yu Lin, Kuo-Jung Lee, Jiin-Huey Chern Lin, Chien-Ping Ju

pp. 1313-1318

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.M2017132

Abstract

C/C composite has been recommended for use in molten fluoride salt-cooled reactors as structural containment for the highly corrosive salts in heat exchangers, piping, pumps, etc. Despite their excellent high-temperature mechanical properties and chemical compatibility with molten fluoride salts, the inherently high porosity level of C/C composites is one major challenge to the material for such applications. The numerous inherent and/or high temperature heat treatment-induced macrocracks and microcracks in C/C composites are difficult to seal completely using conventional methods such as CVD or CVI. To overcome the porosity-related molten salt permeation problem, a graphite foil-incorporated PAN fiber, a pitch/phenolic resin matrix-derived C/C composite, was developed in the authors' laboratory. Experimental results showed that the C/C composite with the graphite foil had lower density value, higher porosity value, and lower bending strength value than the C/C composite without the graphite foil. A preliminary result of the hermetic sealing test in a molten mixture of LiF, NaF and KF salts (“Flinak” salt) showed that the graphite foil could effectively seal the underlying C/C composite against permeation from high temperature molten salts. Furthermore, given appropriate process parameters, the graphite foil could remain tightly bonded to the C/C structure during the entire fabrication process and the subsequent bending and hermetic sealing tests.

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Graphite Foil-Incorporated PAN/Pitch/Phenolic-Derived Carbon/Carbon Composite and Preliminary Hermetic Sealing Test in Molten Fluoride Salt

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Zr-Based Metallic Glass Coating for Corrosion Resistance Improvement of 45 Steel

Yunzhuo Lu, Hongge Li, Hao Zhang, Guokun Huang, Huidong Xu, Zuoxiang Qin, Xing Lu

pp. 1319-1321

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.M2017118

Abstract

Due to its good comprehensive mechanical properties and low cost, 45 steel has long been widely used for the manufacture of various components. However, the relatively low corrosion resistance of 45 steel has negative effect on its application and should be further improved. In this work, a Zr50Ti5Cu27Ni10Al8 metallic glass (MG) coating was successfully obtained on 45 steel by laser cladding method. The microstructure and the morphology of the MG coating were also examined. Corrosion test indicated that the glass coated 45 steel exhibited much higher corrosion resistance than that of bare 45 steel. This is due to the alloying element Zr and the structurally and chemically homogeneous structure of MG coating.

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Zr-Based Metallic Glass Coating for Corrosion Resistance Improvement of 45 Steel

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Numerical Investigation on Influence of Fan Speed and Swirling Gas Injection on Thermal-Flow Characteristics in Nitrocarburizing Furnace

Hyung Ju Lee, Jaeyong Park, Seong Hyuk Lee

pp. 1322-1328

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.M2017148

Abstract

This study was carried out to analyze the flow and heat transfer characteristics in a furnace, and to evaluate the influence of the two major design factors for improving the flow mixing and heat transfer. The grid system was constructed using ANSYS ICEM (V.17.0), and numerical simulations were conducted using the commercial CFD code (ANSYS Fluent V.17.0). The fan plays an important role in flow mixing and convective heat transfer in the furnace. Accordingly, temperature uniformity was improved with an increase in the fan speed owing to an enhancement of the convective heat transfer. Moreover, when swirl flow was applied to the inlet gas, temperature uniformity was improved in the lower section of the furnace. This is because the swirl flow of the inlet gas improved the flow mixing in the vicinity of the gas inlet where it is not affected by the rotational force of the fan. Controlling the swirl intensity of the inlet gas with lower fan speeds is more energy efficient because flow mixing and temperature uniformity could be improved sufficiently.

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Numerical Investigation on Influence of Fan Speed and Swirling Gas Injection on Thermal-Flow Characteristics in Nitrocarburizing Furnace

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The Improvement of Corrosion Resistance of Sensitized Alloy 82 Welds Using Laser Surface Melting

Hwa-Teng Lee, Te-Chen Liu

pp. 1329-1336

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.M2016456

Abstract

The corrosion resistance of sensitized Alloy 82 welds is improved by laser surface melting (LSM) with a continuous CO2 laser beam. The effects of the LSM treatment on the segregation of impurities in the matrix and the precipitation of carbides at the grain boundaries are systematically explored. The observation results show that the LSM process results in the formation of a rapidly solidified surface layer with a thickness of approximately 160～180 μm. In addition, the corrosion test results show that the LSM treatment improves the resistance of the weld to both intergranular corrosion (IGC) and pitting corrosion. The improved corrosion resistance can be attributed to a higher proportion of low-angle boundaries (2～15°) in the solidified microstructure, the elimination of Cr-carbide precipitates in the matrix, and the suppression of Cr-depletion zones at the grain boundaries. Overall, the results confirm the effectiveness of LSM treatment for the in-situ repair and corrosion resistance restoration of Alloy 82 welds.

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The Improvement of Corrosion Resistance of Sensitized Alloy 82 Welds Using Laser Surface Melting

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Phosphorus Speciation in Sludge from Nickel Electroplating

Takashi Fujimori, Hideo Hayashi, Kenichi Nakajima

pp. 1337-1340

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.M2017152

Abstract

The recycling of secondary resources to close material cycle loops should reduce the consumption of natural resources and thus help to reduce the environmental impact. For recycling, it is crucial to consider not only the nickel (Ni) content in the secondary resources, such as Ni plating waste liquids and sludge, but also the impurity levels, particularly the phosphorus (P) concentration. This study characterized the P species in three sludges from Ni electroplating processes using P K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. The Ni and P concentrations in the sludges ranged from 11 to 41% and 2,800 to 24,000 ppm, respectively, depending on the type of sludge. The P K-edge XANES analysis identified phosphates and organic P as the major P species in the sludges, and hypophosphite and phosphite species as minor species. These findings provide detailed knowledge that should help to control P in Ni electroplating sludge.

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Article Title

Phosphorus Speciation in Sludge from Nickel Electroplating

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