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ONLINE ISSN: 1347-5320
PRINT ISSN: 1345-9678

MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS Vol. 45 (2004), No. 7

  • Theoretical Calculations of Positron Lifetimes for Metal Oxides

    Masataka Mizuno, Hideki Araki, Yasuharu Shirai

    pp. 1964-1967

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.1964

    Abstract

    Our recent positron lifetime measurements for metal oxides suggest that positron lifetimes of bulk state in metal oxides are shorter than previously reported values. We have performed theoretical calculations of positron lifetimes for bulk and vacancy states in MgO and ZnO using first-principles electronic structure calculations and discuss the validity of positron lifetime calculations for insulators. By comparing the calculated positron lifetimes to the experimental values, it was found that the semiconductor model well reproduces the experimental positron lifetime. The longer positron lifetime previously reported can be considered to arise from not only the bulk but also from the vacancy induced by impurities. In the case of cation vacancy, the calculated positron lifetime based on semiconductor model is shorter than the experimental value, which suggests that the inward relaxation occurs around the cation vacancy trapping the positron.

  • A Universal Relation between Electron Density Minima and Ionic Radii in Ceramics

    Masahito Yoshino, Masahiko Morinaga, Akihiro Shimode, Kousuke Okabayashi, Hirohide Nakamatsu, Rika Sekine

    pp. 1968-1972

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.1968

    Abstract

    A universal relation between electron density minima and ionic radii, was discovered from the first principles calculations of electronic structures in ceramics over 60 species, including oxides, borides, carbides, nitride and fluorides. Every ceramic falls on a curve of log(ρminZ−3) vs. 2(Z/n)rmin, where ρmin is the minimum electron density in the line linking the first-nearest-neighbor nuclei, rmin is the distance r at ρmin, Z is the atomic number, and n is the principal quantum number.

  • First-Principles Characterization of Atomic Structure of Al2O3(0001)/Cu Nano-Hetero Interface

    Shingo Tanaka, Rui Yang, Masanori Kohyama, Takeo Sasaki, Katsuyuki Matsunaga, Yuichi Ikuhara

    pp. 1973-1977

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.1973

    Abstract

    Atomic structures characterization of Al2O3(0001)/Cu nano-hetero interfaces has been performed by the first-principles pseudopotential method and in cooperation with HRTEM observations. The physical properties of the interfaces depend strongly on the interface stoichiometry. Bonding nature of the O-rich (O-terminated) interface is explained as strong covalent and ionic interactions, whereas that of the stoichiometric (Al-terminated) interface is weak covalent and electrostatic image interactions. The O-terminated interface has quite larger adhesive energy than that of the stoichiometric one. Recent HRTEM observations of the Al2O3(0001)/Cu interface have confirmed the O-terminated interface. However, the observed incoherent interface is not the same as an ideal coherent interface obtained by the first-principles. We explain the relationship between the present coherent interface and the practical incoherent one.

  • Free-Energy Calculation of Precipitate Nucleation in an Fe-Cu-Ni Alloy

    Atsuto Seko, Natsuki Odagaki, Shigeto R. Nishitani, Isao Tanaka, Hirohiko Adachi

    pp. 1978-1981

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.1978

    Abstract

    We extend our newly proposed calculation method of precipitate nucleation free energy to ternary systems. This method utilized first principles calculations for enthalpy change and interface energy, and the Bragg-Williams approximation for entropy loss from scattered atoms condensing into a cluster. The effect of Ni addition on copper precipitation in the Fe-Cu system was examined by this method. It was revealed that added Ni prefers segregation at the matrix/cluster interface, and reduces the activation energy barrier as well as the interface energy.

  • Atomic and Electronic Structures of Hydrated Polymolybdates by First Principles Calculations

    A. Togo, I. Tanaka, K. Murase, T. Yamamoto, T. Suga, E. Matsubara

    pp. 1982-1986

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.1982

    Abstract

    First principles calculations of hydrated polymolybdates complexes have been made with an atomic orbital basis molecular orbital method. Hydration effects are taken into account by the conductor-like screening model (COSMO) using dielectric constant of water. Hydrated heptapolymolybdate, Mo7O246−, shows a low symmetry structure, which agrees well to experimental results, i.e., X-ray diffraction of crystalline salts and X-ray absorption fine structure of the hydrated complex. Contrary to that, the hydrated heteropolymolybdate, NiMo6O2410− prefer to exhibit the high symmetry structure. Inspection of the electronic states found that the Ni ion exhibits trivalent state or d 7 configuration in a formal sense. Jahn-Teller distortion around Ni is therefore evident. Such distortion cannot be found in CrMo6O249− or CoMo6O249−.

  • Electronic States of Sulfur Doped TiO2 by First Principles Calculations

    Tomoyuki Yamamoto, Fumie Yamashita, Isao Tanaka, Eiichiro Matsubara, Atsushi Muramatsu

    pp. 1987-1990

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.1987

    Abstract

    First principles calculations of rutile-type TiO2:S have been performed to investigate the effect of sulfur solutes on the electronic structure. Plane-wave pseudopotentials method has been employed and atomic relaxations were fully taken into account. All possible geometric configurations for sulfur solutes within a 12-atoms supercell have been examined changing sulfur concentration of x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1. Theoretical direct band gap is found to decrease as sulfur concentration is increased. The dependence on the sulfur concentration is weaker than that was predicted in literature. Both the optimization of solute configuration and atomic relaxation are found to be essential for quantitative evaluation of the electronic structures in the alloy.

  • First Principles Study of Core-hole Effect on Fluorine K-edge X-ray Absorption Spectra of MgF2 and ZnF2

    Tomoyuki Yamamoto, Teruyasu Mizoguchi, Kazuyoshi Tatsumi, Isao Tanaka, Hirohiko Adachi, Yasuji Muramatsu, Eric M. Gullikson, Rupert C.C. Perera

    pp. 1991-1993

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.1991

    Abstract

    First principles calculations have been carried out to investigate the core-hole effects on the theoretical fine structures of the X-ray absorption spectra of MgF2 and ZnF2 at F K-edge. Significant differences are found between the calculated spectral fine structures with and without core-holes. Experimental profiles of the near-edge X-ray absorption fine structures are well reproduced by the theoretical ones when the core-hole effect is introduced. The dependence of supercell size on the theoretical fine structures is also examined.

  • X-ray Fluorescence Holography Study on Si1−xGex Single Crystal

    Kouichi Hayashi, Yukio Takahashi, Ichiro Yonenaga, Eiichiro Matsubara

    pp. 1994-1997

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.1994

    Abstract

    We measured the X-ray fluorescence holograms of Si0.999Ge0.001, Si0.8Ge0.2, Si0.5Ge0.5, Si0.2Ge0.8 and Ge single crystals, and reconstructed the images of second neighbor atoms around Ge. The positional shift of the atomic image across the whole composition range was three times larger than the value predicted from the difference in the lattice constants of pure Si and Ge. We found that imaginary part of the reconstruction strongly affects the positions of the atomic images. Thus, using the negative real parts, the atomic image became sharp and its shift dependent upon Ge composition comes to the reasonable values.

  • Perturbed-Angular-Correlation Studies on 111Cd and 117In in Pyrochlore Cd2Nb2O7

    Yoshitaka Ohkubo, Yukihiro Murakami, Tadashi Saito, Akihiko Yokoyama, Yoichi Kawase

    pp. 1998-2002

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.1998

    Abstract

    The nuclear-electric-quadrupole interactions at 111Cd and 117In nuclei arising from 111mCd and 117Cd, respectively, chemically introduced in pyrochlore ferroelectric Cd2Nb2O7 (TC = 196 K) were studied using the perturbed-angular-correlation technique. At temperatures above TC, there is one type of Cd sites. However, at liquid nitrogen temperature, below TC, there are two types of Cd sites. The ratio of the electric quadrupole frequency of 117In to that of 111Cd is anomalously deviated from a value expected from the purely ionic In and Cd ions in the same lattice environment.

  • Photoluminescence around 1.54 μm from Er-containing ZnO at Room Temperature

    Zhen Zhou, Takanao Komaki, Atsushi Koizumi, Toshitaka Komori, Masahito Yoshino, Masahiko Morinaga, Yasufumi Fujiwara, Yoshikazu Takeda

    pp. 2003-2007

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2003

    Abstract

    The photoluminescence (PL) around the wavelength of 1.54 μm from the Er-containing ZnO specimens was measured at room temperature by the indirect excitation of the He-Cd laser (325 nm). The PL intensity varied greatly with the Er concentration and the specimen preparation conditions as well. The specimens with the Er content of about 2.6 at%, sintered at 1623 K, and cooled quickly to room temperature in air showed the highest PL intensity at 1.534 μm. The local structure of the optically active Er centers in ZnO was also discussed, and the appropriate optically active center might be the Er ions existing in the grain boundaries.

  • 181Ta (← 181Hf) Time-Differential Perturbed Angular Correlation Spectroscopy of Hf/Fe Multilayers

    Takashi Ohtomo, Saburo Nasu, Masahiro Miyasaka, Shotaro Morimoto, Koji Baba, Masayoshi Nishiyama, Yoichi Kawase, Tadashi Saito

    pp. 2008-2011

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2008

    Abstract

    Hf/Fe multilayers are soft magnetic materials and are a good candidate for magnetic heads of storage devices. We have investigated Hf/Fe multilayers using time-differential perturbed angular correlation (TDPAC) spectroscopy of 181Ta (← 181Hf), examining specifically the magnetic nature of the non-magnetic Hf layers sandwiched between two ferromagnetic Fe layers. We prepared multilayer samples with Hf layers of various thicknesses, [Hf(x nm)/Fe]n (x=0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.8, 10.0). Three different hyperfine magnetic fields 53(1) T, 43(1) T and 2(1) T were detected in the samples of [Hf(2 nm, 4.8 nm, 10 nm)/Fe]n. The hyperfine magnetic field of 53(1) T corresponds to Hf atoms in a turbulent interface between the Hf and Fe layers. The value of 43(1) T corresponds to Hf atoms inside Hf layers within 0.5 nm from the interface. The value of 2(1) T corresponds to Hf atoms inside the Hf layers within 3.5 nm of the interface.

  • HRTEM and EELS Studies of L10-Ordered FePt nano-Clusters on MgO Films Prepared Below 673 K

    Shunsuke Fukami, Akichika Ohno, Nobuo Tanaka

    pp. 2012-2017

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2012

    Abstract

    Three kinds of FePt-MgO granular films were prepared by a vacuum successive deposition of MgO, Pt, Fe and MgO on a cleaved surface of sodium chloride below 673 K. Their microstructures, electronic structures and magnetic properties were studied by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) and measurement with a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer. The TEM observations and selected area electron diffraction patterns revealed that the samples mainly consist of few nm-sized FePt clusters embedded in MgO films with L10-ordered structure and c-axis perpendicular to the film surface. Size effect on the stability of L10 phase in the FePt nano-clusters was directly observed in [MgO/Fe(0.38 nm)/Pt(0.30 nm)/MgO] and the critical size of the transition from L10 to A1 phase was estimated as around 2 nm, that can be considered as smaller than effective size for the transition from ferromagnetism to superparamagnetism. Coercivity of [MgO/Fe(1.0 nm)/Pt(0.8 nm)/MgO] was 1.2 × 105 A/m. The Fe-L2,3 white-line ratios of the present samples measured by EELS were about 4.0, independently on the incident direction of electron beam. The higher white-line ratio may be attributed to their high-spin state by a change of 3d-band structure owing to the hybridization of d-bands between Fe and Pt atoms.

  • In-Situ Optical Reflection Measurement of a Si(100) Surface under Hydrogen Ion Irradiation

    Tomoko Yoshida, Mikio Sakai, Tetsuo Tanabe

    pp. 2018-2022

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2018

    Abstract

    In-situ optical reflection measurements have been performed for a Si(100) surface under H+ irradiation to study dynamic change in the electronic structure of the silicon. The relative reflectance at 370 nm decreased almost linearly with displacement per atom (dpa) and was recovered by hydrogen release by 423 K annealing, suggesting that the change in the relative reflectance at 370 nm originates from the increase of hydrogen bonded to Si. With increasing H+ irradiation, the relative reflectance around 700 nm increased due to the formation of Si-H phase near the surface silicon. Furthermore, the broad minima of the relative reflectance shifted from 600 to 500 nm by H+ irradiation, probably correlating with amorphization or appearance of silicon micro/nano-crystal by displacement effect.

  • First-principles Calculation of L3 X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structures (XANES) and Electron Energy Loss Near Edge Structures (ELNES) of GaN and InN Polymorphs

    Teruyasu Mizoguchi, Tomoyuki Yamamoto, Takeo Suga, Masahiro Kunisu, Isao Tanaka, Hirohiko Adachi

    pp. 2023-2025

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2023

    Abstract

    First principles calculations of L3 XANES/ELNES of GaN and InN with both wurtzite and zinc-blende structures have been made using OLCAO (orthogonalized linear combinations of atomic orbitals) method. Supercells with more than 100 atoms were employed. A core-hole was rigorously included in the calculation, and the photo absorption cross section (PACS) between the initial and final states was computed. Quantitative reproduction of experimental spectrum that is available in literature can be found when the PACS was computed. Although spectral shapes of two phases look similar, characteristic differences are predicted to appear at the first peak of the L3 XANES/ELNES. The first peak is notably broader in the zinc-blende phases. The origin of the broadness is analyzed using partial density of unoccupied states (PDOS) and Mulliken charge. We then conclude that the broadness can be related to greater covalency of the zinc-blende phase as compared to the wurtzite phase.

  • Energy Level Structure of LiYF4:Dy3+: Crystal Field Analysis

    Mikhail G. Brik, Takugo Ishii, Alexandra M. Tkachuk, Isao Tanaka

    pp. 2026-2030

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2026

    Abstract

    Crystal field analysis of the energy level structure of lithium yttrium fluoride doped with trivalent dysprosium was performed. Assignment of absorption lines in experimental spectrum of absorption was made in a wide spectral region: from IR to UV. Crystal field parameters for the whole series of trivalent rare earth ions in LiYF4 crystal were obtained. The values of the intermediately coupled Lande g-factor were calculated and used to estimate the EPR g-factors g||, g⊥ for LiYF4:Dy3+.

  • Theoretical Investigation of Al K-edge X-ray Absorption Spectra of Al, AlN and Al2O3

    Masato Mogi, Tomoyuki Yamamoto, Teruyasu Mizoguchi, Kazuyoshi Tatsumi, Satoru Yoshioka, Satoru Kameyama, Isao Tanaka, Hirohiko Adachi

    pp. 2031-2034

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2031

    Abstract

    High-resolution X-ray absorption spectra of Al, AlN and Al2O3 are measured at the Al K-edge, which have revealed a chemical shift in the threshold energy and significant differences in the spectral fine structures among the three compounds. In order to interpret the chemical shift and the fine structures of these spectra, first-principles calculations using the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave method within the density functional theory are carried out, taking into account the core-hole effect. The resultant theoretical spectra quantitatively reproduce both the chemical shift and the spectral fine structures of the experimental ones. The dependence of the theoretical spectra on the supercell size is also examined.

  • Characterization of the Ni-Zn/TiO2 Nanocomposite Synthesized by the Liquid-Phase Selective-Deposition Method

    Sarantuya Myagmarjav, Hideyuki Takahashi, Yoji Sunagawa, Katsutoshi Yamamoto, Nobuaki Sato, Eiichiro Matsubara, Atsushi Muramatsu

    pp. 2035-2038

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2035

    Abstract

    The characterization of Ni-Zn/TiO2 nanocomposite synthesized by the liquid-phase selective-deposition method was studied. Nanoparticles were well dispersed and stabilized by the selective deposition onto TiO2 surface. The particle size was decreased with increasing the amount of Zn added, thus the catalytically active Ni surface area was increased. The selective deposition onto TiO2 surface and addition of Zn to the nanoparticles promoted the catalytic activity of Ni-Zn nanoparticles, e.g. the catalytic activity of Ni-Zn/TiO2 for 1-octene hydrogenation was ca. 10 times higher than that of the unsupported Ni nanoparticles. Ni in the nanocomposite was assigned as metallic, although their surface was oxidized under the atmospheric condition, but Zn and B were deposited as their oxide.

  • X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structures of Silicon Nitride Thin Film by Pulsed Laser Deposition

    Takeo Suga, Teruyasu Mizoguchi, Masahiro Kunisu, Kazuyoshi Tatsumi, Tomoyuki Yamamoto, Isao Tanaka, Toshimori Sekine

    pp. 2039-2041

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2039

    Abstract

    Silicon nitride thin film was fabricated by pulsed laser deposition using KrF excimer laser and a silicon nitride compact as a target. The deposition was carried out on Al2O3 (0001) at 1173 K in N2 gas pressure of 0.27 Pa. The X-ray diffraction did not provide any structural information of the deposited thin films except that it is composed of amorphous and/or micro-crystalline structure. X-ray absorption near edge structures at Si-K edge revealed that local arrangement of Si is not random. It should be composed of SiN4 unit similar to the case of α-Si3N4 crystal. Metallic Si component cannot be found in XANES.

  • Effects of Dislocations on the Oxygen Ionic Conduction in Yttria Stabilized Zirconia

    Kazuya Otsuka, Katsuyuki Matsunaga, Atsutomo Nakamura, Seiichiro Ii, Akihide Kuwabara, Takahisa Yamamoto, Yuichi Ikuhara

    pp. 2042-2047

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2042

    Abstract

    Ionic conductivities of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) single crystals deformed at high-temperature were measured by the AC impedance method. A correlation between ionic conductivity and dislocation structures of deformed YSZ single crystals were investigated. Electrical conductivity measurements of the deformed YSZ crystals were performed for two different current directions of [110] and [111]. The [110] direction is parallel to edge dislocations introduced by the primary slip system, while the [111] direction is normal to the edge dislocation lines. Transmission electron microscopy observations showed that the dislocations due to the primary slip system of (001)[110] were mainly generated at the strain of around 1% strain, while the secondary slip systems, such as (111)[101] and (111)[011], were also activated at about 10% strain. It was found that the deformed samples with larger strains exhibited higher electrical conductivities irrespective of the measured current directions. However, the electrical conductivity along [111] was higher than that along [110], suggesting that mobility of oxygen ion is sensitive to the dislocation structures. From the activation energy for oxygen diffusion in the deformed samples, it was found that the oxygen migration enthalpy for deformed samples became smaller than that for undeformed samples, whereas the association enthalpy for the deformed samples became larger. The increase in the association enthalpy might be due to interaction between oxygen vacancies and dislocations. It is thus considered that oxygen vacancies concentrate around dislocations, and are able to move very quickly along the dislocation lines.

  • Phase Transitions and Low-temperature Structure of Lithium Manganese Oxide Spinel

    Masao Yonemura, Takashi Kamiyama, Yoji Kawamoto, Ryoji Kanno

    pp. 2048-2055

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2048

    Abstract

    Low-temperature structures of the lithium manganese spinels were determined using TOF neutron Rietveld analysis. The spinels LiMn2O4-δ with different δ values, (0.016, 0.040, and 0.132) showed the cubic-orthorhombic phase transitions, and the lattice distortion decreased with decreasing δ. Although no anomaly corresponding to the cubic-orthorhombic phase transition was observed in the DSC curve for the spinel with δ ∼ 0.016, the transition was observed by the structure analysis, which is consistent with the broad Cp anomaly at 250 K. The cubic-orthorhombic phase transition is closely correlated to the existence of the vacancy. The charge disproportionation into trivalent and tetravalent state proceeds gradually with decreasing temperature, and the extent of the disproportionation is dependent on the vacancy. Based on the structure analysis, the phase transitions in the spinel are discussed.

  • Modification of Local Electronic Structures Due to Phase Transition in Perovskite-Type Oxides, SrBO3 (B=Zr, Ru, Hf)

    Masahito Yoshino, Hiroshi Yukawa, Masahiko Morinaga

    pp. 2056-2061

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2056

    Abstract

    The local electronic structures are simulated for a perovskite-type oxide with four polymorphous phases, SrZrO3, using the DV-Xα molecular orbital method. It is found that a series of phase transitions occurs at certain temperatures so as to retain not only the Zr-O bond strength, but also the Sr-O bond strength, by the tilting of ZrO6 octahedra and the attendant accommodation to the Zr-O and the Sr-O interionic distances. The occurrence of such smart phase transitions is observed in other perovskite-type oxides, SrRuO3 and SrHfO3. Another type of phase transition occurs by the cooperative ionic displacements along the [100] direction in BaTiO3. The differences in the local chemical bond are discussed between the two types of phase transitions.

  • Valence of Highly Dispersed Cerium Oxide Species on Silica Quantitatively Estimated by Ce LIII-edge XANES

    Hisao Yoshida, Leny Yuliati, Tomoyo Hamajima, Tadashi Hattori

    pp. 2062-2067

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2062

    Abstract

    A series of silica-supported cerium oxide samples having various cerium content were prepared by conventional impregnation method, followed by calcination in air. Ce LIII-edge XANES study revealed that highly dispersed cerium oxide species on silica surface were predominantly in trivalent oxidation state and cerium oxide nano-particles on silica contain mainly tetravalent cation like as CeO2 bulk oxide. This elucidated that UV absorption band at 265 nm is assignable to Ce(III) species dispersed on silica.

  • Study on Fabrication of Titanium Oxide Films by Oxygen Pressure Controlled Pulsed Laser Deposition

    Takahiro Nakamura, Eiichiro Matsubara, Nobuaki Sato, Atsushi Muramatsu, Hideyuki Takahashi

    pp. 2068-2072

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2068

    Abstract

    Titanium oxide films were formed using a titanium target by a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique under different oxygen pressures from 10−6 to 100 Pa. Their densities and thickness were evaluated from total external X-ray reflection profiles and their atomic structures were determined by grazing incidence X-ray scattering (GIXS), and their surface morphology was observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The atomic structures of the films were gradually changed from metal titanium through TiO to Rutile-type titanium dioxide TiO2. The film surfaces became rough above 13.3 Pa oxygen pressure during deposition. Their UV transmission spectroscopy was also observed to predict their photocatalytic activities.

  • Effect of MgAl2O4 Spinel Dispersion on High-Strain-Rate Superplasticity in Tetragonal ZrO2 Polycrystal

    Koji Morita, Keijiro Hiraga, Byung-Nam Kim, Yoshio Sakka

    pp. 2073-2077

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2073

    Abstract

    The effect of second phase dispersion on high-strain-rate superplasticity was examined in tetragonal ZrO2 dispersed with 30 vol% MgAl2O4 spinel. The spinel particle enhances the diffusivity of ZrO2 by supplying small amounts of aluminum and magnesium into ZrO2 and suppresses grain growth by grain boundary pinning. After superplastic flow, the spinel particles highly elongate along the tensile direction. In the spinel particles, intragranular dislocations were observed, indicating that the spinel particles may contribute to the relaxation of stress concentrations around grain junctions exerted by grain boundary sliding. Comparison with earlier studies suggests that the dispersion of spinel particles can attain high-strain-rate superplasticity in tetragonal ZrO2 through providing the following positive factors simultaneously; (i) the suppressed grain growth, enhanced accommodation process due to the accelerated (ii) diffusivity and (iii) stress relaxation.

  • Improvement of High-temperature Creep Resistance in Polycrystalline Al2O3 by Cations Co-doping

    Shuichi Yasuda, Hidehiro Yoshida, Takahisa Yamamoto, Taketo Sakuma

    pp. 2078-2082

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2078

    Abstract

    High-temperature creep resistance in cations co-doped polycrystalline Al2O3 was examined by uniaxial compression creep test at 1250°C. The dopant oxides used in this study were 0.1 mol% of YO1.5, ZrO2, SrO, MgO and TiO2. The creep rate in Al2O3 was significantly changed by cations co-doping. For instance, Zr/Y co-doping suppressed the creep rate in Al2O3 by a factor of about 400. A high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HREM) and nano-probe energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis revealed that Y and Zr cations segregate along grain boundaries. The grain boundary diffusion in Al2O3 was supposed to be retarded by the segregation of Y and Zr cations. A first-principle molecular orbital calculation was made for cations co-doped Al2O3 and cation singly doped Al2O3 model cluster. The creep rate was correlated with the value of net charge in oxygen anion. The net charge of oxygen anion was one of the most important factors to determine the creep resistance in Al2O3.

  • Singular Grain Boundaries in BaTiO3 with Excess TiO2

    Young Kyu Cho, Duk Yong Yoon

    pp. 2083-2090

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2083

    Abstract

    The shapes and structures of many randomly selected grain boundaries in BaTiO3 with 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 excess mol% of TiO2 sintered at 1250°C have been examined by TEM. Most of the grain boundaries have flat segments that coincide with low index planes of one of the grain pairs. These low index grain boundaries are likely to be singular. Singular boundary segments appear in a variety of shapes. In the 0.1 mol% Ti specimen, {011} boundary planes appear most frequently, while in the 0.5 mol% Ti specimen, {111} boundary planes are dominant. Some grain boundaries show fine steps with low index terraces indicating that they migrate by the lateral movement of the steps. This step growth mechanism is consistent with the observed slow growth of the matrix grains and abnormal growth of a few grains.

  • Electron Energy-loss Spectroscopy Characterization of ∼1 nm-thick Amorphous Film at Grain Boundary in Si-based Ceramics

    Hui Gu

    pp. 2091-2098

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2091

    Abstract

    In many ceramic systems thin amorphous films of about 1 nm thickness often cover grain boundaries. These amorphous films play a key role not only in the formation of microstructures but also in the thermal-mechanical properties of ceramic materials. However, such thin amorphous layers could not be probed directly by an analytical electron beam. With the recent advances in spatially-resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy technique, chemical and physical parameters of the thin films could be successfully derived using the “spectrum separation” approach. Basic characters and behaviors of variations for the inter-granular films are analyzed in a few silicon nitride (Si3N4) and silicon carbide (SiC) systems. The combined local chemical-structural information reveal new trends on microstructures and properties, and provides further insights in Si-based ceramic materials.

  • Atomic and Electronic Structure of ‹110› Symmetric Tilt Boundaries in Palladium

    Naoki Takata, Takashi Mizuguchi, Ken-ichi Ikeda, Hideharu Nakashima

    pp. 2099-2105

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2099

    Abstract

    In the present study, the energy and atomic structure of the ‹110› symmetric tilt boundaries in palladium were evaluated using the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and the electronic structures of hydrogen in the bulk and on the grain boundaries of palladium were calculated using the discrete-variational Xα (DV-Xα) method. The MD simulation revealed that the energy of the ‹110› symmetric tilt boundary of palladium depended on the misorientation angle and that there were large energy cusps at the misorientation angles which corresponded to the (111)Σ3 and (113)Σ11 symmetric tilt boundaries. The atomic structure of all ‹110› symmetric tilt boundaries could consist of the combination of the (331)Σ19, (111)Σ3 and (113)Σ11 structural units and (110)Σ1 and (001)Σ1 single crystal units. The DV-Xα calculation showed that the interstitial hydrogen atoms in palladium induced the Pd-H chemical bond which had a different energy level than the Pd-Pd bond. The energy level and component of the Pd-H bonding on the grain boundaries in palladium were similar to those in the bulk palladium.

  • Criterion for High Temperature Failure and Grain Boundary Chemistry in Superplastic TZP

    Hidehiro Yoshida, Hitoshi Nagayama, Akihide Kuwabara, Taketo Sakuma

    pp. 2106-2111

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2106

    Abstract

    Temperature and strain rate dependence on high temperature elongation to failure in fine-grained ceramics is phenomenologically explained from grain growth behavior during deformation and the superplastic flow behavior. The elongation to failure at temperatures between 1573 and 1773 K was analyzed for 2 mol% TiO2 and 2 mol% GeO2 co-doped tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (TZP), which exhibits excellent high temperature ductility. The improvement in the high temperature ductility in TZP is attributed to dopant cation segregation in the vicinity of the grain boundaries. The phenomenological analysis revealed that co-doping of Ti and Ge cations increases the grain size at the time of failure, as a parameter to describe a limit of an accommodation process for superplastic flow. The parameter of the critical grain size at the time of failure correlates well with the value of overlap population in cation-doped TZP model cluster obtained from a first-principle molecular orbital calculation. The covalent bond at the grain boundaries plays a critical role in the high temperature tensile ductility of TZP.

  • Non-linear Current-Voltage Property across Σ5(210) Symmetric Tilt Boundary in Nb-Doped SrTiO3 Bicrystal

    Masaru Nishi, Tomohito Tanaka, Katsuyuki Matsunaga, Yuichi Ikuhara, Takahisa Yamamoto

    pp. 2112-2116

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2112

    Abstract

    Grain boundary structure and current-voltage (I-V) characteristics were investigated for Σ5(210) symmetrical tilt boundary of a Nb-doped SrTiO3 bicrystal. The bicrystal was prepared by a hot-joining technique at high temperature in air. The high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) study has revealed that the grain boundaries were perfectly joined at an atomic level without intergranular phases such as amorphous or secondary precipitates. In spite of the high coherency, the boundary tends to be faceted with low index planes of (110) and (410) to reduce grain boundary energy. On the other hand, the I-V property across the boundary was found to exhibit a cooling rate dependency from annealing temperature. In addition, the dependency shows a peak against cooling rates. This fact suggests that the non-linearity in I-V relation is dominantly controlled by a non-equilibrium process of a defect reaction.

  • High Resolution Microscopy Study for [001] Symmetric Tilt Boundary with a Tilt Angle of 66° in Rutile-type TiO2 Bicrystal

    Takahiro Ohno, Seiichiro Ii, Naoya Shibata, Katsuyuki Matsunaga, Yuichi Ikuhara, Takahisa Yamamoto

    pp. 2117-2121

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2117

    Abstract

    In this study, the grain boundary structure of [001] symmetric tilt boundary with a tilt angle of 66° was investigated using a rutile-type TiO2 bicrystal. The tilt angle of this boundary has a misfit angle of 1.7° from an exact Σ13 approaching to Σ17 relation. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy study (HRTEM) has revealed that the grain boundary was free from any secondary phases, and the two single crystals contact each other perfectly at an atomic scale. The boundary shows almost straight feature without any step structures whereas a part of the boundary forms facet structures consisting of low index planes such as {310} and {110}. On the other hand, it was found that the contrasts due to strong strain fields existed on the grain boundary plane with a spacing of 7.6 nm by weak beam dark field observation. Comparing with atomic structural analysis using HRTEM, the strain field results from a distorted Σ13 unit structure, which can be predicted from a rigid body model of Σ13 relation. This distorted unit structure has a similar structure of Σ17 relation. Namely, the boundary consists of a periodical array consisting mainly of Σ13 unit structures and partially Σ17-like unit structures. In other words, a misfit angle in this boundary was accommodated by not introducing secondary dislocations, but a transformation of basal unit structure.

  • High Temperature Deformation Behavior of [0001] Symmetrical Tilt Σ7 and Σ21 Grain Boundaries in Alumina Bicrystals

    Satoru Hanyu, Hitoshi Nishimura, Katsuyuki Matsunaga, Takahisa Yamamoto, Yuichi Ikuhara, Taketo Sakuma

    pp. 2122-2127

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2122

    Abstract

    High temperature deformation behavior of [0001] symmetrical tilt grain boundaries of Al2O3 was investigated by using bicrystals. Four kinds of the grain boundaries Σ7/{4510}, Σ21/{4510}, Σ7/{2310} and Σ21/{2310} were selected in the present study, and compressive mechanical tests were performed at 1450°C in air to investigate the sliding behavior of the respective boundaries. It was found that, stresses readily increased with increasing strains for all specimens during compression tests, but the bicrystals showed abrupt sliding along the grain boundary planes to fracture. Among the boundaries studied, Σ7/{4510} exhibited the highest resistance to the grain boundary sliding. The other boundaries showed similar sliding resistance, and yet the stress and strain values at their failure were much smaller than those of Σ7/{4510}. In order to understand the mechanism of the sliding behavior of the respective boundaries, the grain boundary core structures and their atomic densities were examined, based on the structure models obtained in our previous studies. It was found that Σ7/{4510} having the highest sliding resistance showed a larger atomic density at the core, as compared to the others. Therefore, the observed sliding resistance of the boundaries is closely related to the detailed atomic structures at the grain boundary cores.

  • Improvement of Oxidation Resistance and Oxidation-Induced Embrittlement by Controlling Grain Boundary Microstructure in Silicon Carbides with Different Dopants

    Sadahiro Tsurekawa, Hiroaki Watanabe, Nobuyuki Tamari, Tadao Watanabe

    pp. 2128-2136

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2128

    Abstract

    High temperature oxidation and oxidation-induced embrittlement in β-silicon carbides (SiCs) with different grain boundary microstructures have been studied. SiCs with different grain boundary microstructures were fabricated by hot-pressing with different doping elements like Mg, Al, P. Oxidation experiments were carried out under the oxygen partial pressure ranging from 0.303 Pa to 78.5 Pa at temperatures 1623—1773 K for 7.2—36 ks. Thereafter, the degree of oxidation-induced embrittlement was quantitatively evaluated by three-point bend tests at room temperature in connection with grain boundary microstructure. More severe degradation was observed as a result of oxidation though the passive oxidation took place. It is concluded that the oxidation-induced embrittlement in β-SiC can be improved by decreasing the frequency of random boundaries and the grain size. The potential of grain boundary engineering for a ceramic material has been confirmed.

  • Atomic and Electronic Structures of Ni/YSZ(111) Interface

    Takeo Sasaki, Katsuyuki Matsunaga, Hiromichi Ohta, Hideo Hosono, Takahisa Yamamoto, Yuichi Ikuhara

    pp. 2137-2143

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2137

    Abstract

    Thin Ni films were deposited on the (111) surface of YSZ at 1073 K by a pulsed laser deposition technique. The interfacial atomic structure of Ni/YSZ was investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). It was found that Ni was epitaxially oriented to the YSZ surface, and the following orientation relationship (OR) was observed: (111)Ni || (111)YSZ, [110]Ni || [110]YSZ. Geometrical coherency of the Ni/YSZ system was also evaluated by the coincidence of reciprocal lattice points (CRLP) method. It was found that the most coherent OR predicted by CRLP method was (705)Ni || (111)YSZ, [010]Ni || [110]YSZ, which was not consistent with the experimentally observed OR. To understand the detailed atomic structure, HRTEM image simulations were performed. However, simulated images based on both O-terminated and Zr-terminated interface models were quite similar to the experimental image, and thus it was hard to determine which model is comparable with the actual interface only by the HRTEM image simulations. In order to clarify the termination layer at the interface, electronic structures of the Ni/YSZ interface were investigated by electron energy-loss spectroscopy. It was found that significant differences were observed in O-K edge spectra between the interface and the YSZ crystal interior, and the spectrum from the interface showed similar features to the reference spectrum of bulk NiO. This indicates that the Ni-O interaction occurs at the interface to terminate the oxygen {111} plane of YSZ at the Ni/YSZ interface. In addition, the density of Ni-O bonds across the interface in the experimental OR was larger than that in the most coherent OR predicted by CRLP method, which also suggests that the on-top Ni-O bonds stabilize the Ni/YSZ(111) interface.

  • Grain Boundary Energy and Tensile Ductility in Superplastic Cation-doped TZP

    Akihide Kuwabara, Syu Yokota, Yuichi Ikuhara, Taketo Sakuma

    pp. 2144-2149

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2144

    Abstract

    Fine-grained 3Y-TZP has been known to show high superplasticity. Addition of a small amount of metal oxide influences the superplastic behavior in 3Y-TZP. In this study, 3Y-TZP doped with 1 mol% GeO2, TiO2 or BaO were fabricated, and respective grain boundary energy has been systematically measured by a thermal grooving technique with atomic force microscopy. It has been found that addition of Ge4+ or Ti4+ ions decreases the grain boundary energy to stabilize the grain boundaries in TZP whereas doping of Ba2+ ion increases the grain boundary energy to destabilize the grain boundaries. A change in the grain boundary energy should be due to segregation of dopant at grain boundaries. It has been also found that the elongation to failure of cation-doped 3Y-TZP is directly proportional to the stability of grain boundary. Grain boundary energy is thus one of the principal factors to determine the tensile ductility of TZP. In order to reveal the effect of dopant on the grain boundary energy, lattice static calculations and first principles molecular orbital calculations have been performed for supercells and model clusters including the present dopant, respectively. A series of results shows that substitution of Ge4+ or Ti4+ ion for Zr4+ ion increases the covalency of TZP, but the covalency of TZP is reduced by addition of Ba2+ ions. The grain boundary energy is found to have a relationship with covalency nearby grain boundaries in TZP.

  • Generating Misorientations in Shear Deformation Structures

    Matthew Robert Barnett, Xiang Ma, Alexis Oudin

    pp. 2151-2156

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2151

    Abstract

    Of considerable importance to the generation of ultrafine microstructures is the development of high misorientations. The present work examines the effect of the crystallographic rotation field in simple shear upon the evolution of misorientation during plastic working. A series of Taylor simulations are presented and it is shown that the rotation field is such that small differences in orientation in the region of the main torsion texture components are considerably increased with the application of shear strain. This did not occur in simulations of rolling. The torsion simulations compare favourably with the nature of the misorientations evident in hot worked 1050 Al and Ti-IF steel. It is concluded that shear deformation, by its nature, facilitates the generation of higher misorientations.

  • Fine Structure of Shear Bands Formed during Hot Deformation of Two Austenitic Steels

    Pavel Cizek, Fang Bai, W.Mark Rainforth, John H. Beynon

    pp. 2157-2164

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2157

    Abstract

    Shear bands formed during both cold and hot plastic deformation have been linked with several proposed mechanisms for the formation of ultrafine grains. The aim of the present work was to undertake a detailed investigation of the microstructural and crystallographic characteristics of the shear bands formed during hot deformation of a 22Cr-19Ni-3Mo (mass%) austenitic stainless steel and a Fe-30 mass%Ni based austenitic model alloy. These alloys were subjected to deformation in torsion and plane strain compression (PSC), respectively, at temperatures of 900°C and 950°C and strain rates of 0.7 s−1 and 10 s−1, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction in conjunction with scanning electron microscopy were employed in the investigation. It has been observed that shear bands already started to form at moderate strains in a matrix of pre-existing microbands and were composed of fine, slightly elongated subgrains (fragments). These bands propagated along a similar macroscopic path and the subgrains, present within their substructure, were rotated relative to the surrounding matrix about axes approximately parallel to the sample radial and transverse directions for deformation in torsion and PSC, respectively. The subgrain boundaries were largely observed to be non-crystallographic, suggesting that the subgrains generally formed via multiple slip processes. Shear bands appeared to form through a co-operative nucleation of originally isolated subgrains that gradually interconnected with the others to form long, thin bands that subsequently thickened via the formation of new subgrains. The observed small dimensions of the subgrains present within shear bands and their large misorientations clearly indicate that these subgrains can serve as potent nucleation sites for the formation of ultrafine grain structures during both subsequent recrystallisation, as observed during the present PSC experiments, and phase transformation.

  • Finite Element Investigation of Equal Channel Angular Extrusion Process

    Jeong-Ho Lee, Il-Heon Son, Yong-Taek Im

    pp. 2165-2171

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2165

    Abstract

    In this study, the effect of material properties on deformation pattern and strain distribution of the commercially-available pure titanium (CP-Ti) specimen during an equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) was investigated. Finite element analyses were carried out for two-dimensional plane strain condition at elevated temperatures. Material properties were assumed by hardening, softening, and no hardening behaviors based on the measured experiment data. The effects of friction conditions, die geometries, and processing routes were also examined under the same processing condition. Based on the value of average strain and standard deviation of the strain distribution, the magnitude and uniformity of deformation was determined depending on process conditions. In addition, damage parameters based on plastic work and Cockroft and Latham criteria were calculated to check the likeliness of surface cracking. Finally, non-isothermal analyses were carried out to explore the effect of processing temperature in the ECAE process.

  • Process Modelling of Equal Channel Angular Pressing for Ultrafine Grained Materials

    Hyoung Seop Kim, Pham Quang, Min Hong Seo, Sun Ig Hong, Kyeong Ho Baik, Hong Rho Lee, Do Minh Nghiep

    pp. 2172-2176

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2172

    Abstract

    Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is a viable forming procedure to extrude material by use of specially designed channel dies without a substantial change in geometry and to make an ultrafine grained material by imposing severe plastic deformation. Because the evolution of microstructures and the mechanical properties of the deformed material are directly related to the amount of plastic deformation, the understanding of the phenomenon associated with strain development is very important in the ECAP process. The plastic deformation behaviour during pressing is governed mainly by die geometry (channel sizes, a channel angle and corner angles), material properties (strength and hardening behaviour) and process variables (temperature, lubrication and deformation speed). There is a need for modelling techniques which may permit a wider study of the effects observed for better process control and the understanding of process related phenomena. In this study, we describe a range of our continuum modelling results of the ECAP process in order to illustrate the modelling applicability. Firstly, the finite element results of ECAP modelling for various geometric factors are described. Secondly, the inhomogeneous deformation due to the hardening property of the material is explained. Lastly, modelling the temperature field coupled with stress as a typical process variable in ECAP is presented.

  • Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Ultra Low Carbon Interstitial Free Steel Severely Deformed by a Multi-Stack Accumulative Roll Bonding Process

    Seong-Hee Lee, Hiroshi Utsunomiya, Tetsuo Sakai

    pp. 2177-2181

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2177

    Abstract

    An ultra low carbon interstitial free (IF) steel was severely deformed by the six-layer stack accumulative roll-bonding (ARB) process for improvement of the mechanical properties. As-received material with 1 mm in thickness showed a recrystallization structure with average grain diameter of 27 μm. The ARB was conducted at ambient temperature after deforming the as-received material to 0.5 mm thick by cold rolling. The ARB was performed for six-layer stacked, i.e. 3 mm thick sheet, up to 3 cycles (an equivalent strain of ∼7.1). In each ARB cycle, the stacked sheets were, first, deformed to 1.5 mm thick by the first pass, and then reduced to 0.5 mm thick, equals to the starting thickness, by multipass rolling without lubrication. The specimen after 3 cycles of ARB was annealed for 1.8 ks at various temperatures ranging from 673 K to 1073 K. The tensile strength of the ARB processed materials increased largely with the number of ARB cycles, after 3 cycles it reached a maximum of 1.12 GPa, which is about 4 times larger than that of the initial material. The elongation dropped largely after the cold rolling prior to the ARB, however it remains almost constant during the subsequent ARB process. Transmission Electron Microscopy revealed that the ARB processed materials exhibited a dislocation cell and/or subgrain structure with relatively high dislocation density. The selected area diffraction (SAD) patterns suggested that the orientation difference between neighboring cells was very small. The annealing up to 873 K resulted in gradual decrease in the strength due to the static recovery. The annealing above 873 K resulted in recrystallization and normal grain growth, and thereby a significant drop in the strength and recovery in ductility.

  • Intermetallic Particle Evolution during ECAP Processing of a 6082 Alloy

    Giuliano Angella, Paola Bassani, Ausonio Tuissi, Maurizio Vedani

    pp. 2182-2186

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2182

    Abstract

    Intermetallics evolution in a commercial 6082 aluminium alloy severely deformed by Equal Channel Angular Pressing was investigated. Chemical electron probe microanalyses allowed to state that in the severely deformed alloy, Si-rich phases were progressively dissolved whereas the amount and composition of the Fe-Mn-Si containing intermetallics remained substantially unchanged. The moderate hardening effect measured on isothermal aging at 130°C of the ECAP processed samples was accounted for by the reprecipitation of the phases dissolved during severe plastic deformation. Tensile tests and fractographic analyses on the broken specimens showed that the 6082 alloy featured a relatively high ductility and a substantially unaltered fracture mode even after several ECAP passes.

  • Effect of Chemical Composition on Structure and Properties of Ultrafine Grained Cu-Cr-Zr Alloys Produced by Equal-Channel Angular Pressing

    Alexei Vinogradov, Yasushi Suzuki, Takahiko Ishida, Kazuo Kitagawa, Vladimir I. Kopylov

    pp. 2187-2191

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2187

    Abstract

    The properties of multi-functional CuCr and CuCrZr alloys with ultra fine grains (UFG) produced by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) have been investigated in dependence of concentration of alloying elements. A special attention is paid to optimization of fatigue performance together with strength, thermal and electric properties after ECAP and subsequent aging. Substantial improvement of fatigue life is evidenced in ECAP-fabricated alloys when compared with conventional tempers.

  • The Effect of Warm Equal Channel Angular Extrusion on Ductility and Twinning in Magnesium Alloy ZK60

    Rimma Lapovok, Peter F. Thomson, Ryan Cottam, Y. Estrin

    pp. 2192-2199

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2192

    Abstract

    Tensile ductility of magnesium alloy ZK60 pre-strained by warm equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) was investigated at 300°C. It was shown that a significant ductility (262%) is achievable with this technique for a fairly high strain rate of 3·10−3 s−1. The effect of pre-straining by warm ECAE on twinning under room temperature deformation was also investigated. It was shown that a bi-modal grain structure, whose characteristics are determined by the ECAE route, number of passes and temperature, has a strong effect on the propensity for twinning and mechanical properties, including ductility.

  • Strength Enhancement and Deformation Behavior of Gold after Equal-Channel Angular Pressing

    T. Suzuki, A. Vinogradov, S. Hashimoto

    pp. 2200-2208

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2200

    Abstract

    The significant enhancement of strength is reported for pure K24 gold and its K18 alloys subjected to grain refinement by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) in comparison with their annealed or ordinary cold-worked counterparts. The effect of strain path on the tensile behavior is discussed from the stand point of mechanical properties and damage evolution during straining. It is shown that although different processing can give rise to substantially different structures, the mechanical properties depend on the pre-strain history only slightly. The ECAP appears to be particularly effective for strengthening of pure gold and Au-Ag solid solutions where the strength can increase by a factor of 3 or 4 while in the precipitation hardenable alloys the effect of grain refinement is masked by other strengthening mechanisms and the strength increases by a factor of 2. The strain localization and features of plastic deformation in ECAP materials are discussed in detail upon in-situ and post-experimental surface observations in differently fabricated samples.

  • Formation of Nanocrystalline Structure at the Surface of Drill Hole in Steel

    Yoshikazu Todaka, Minoru Umemoto, Shuji Tanaka, Koichi Tsuchiya

    pp. 2209-2213

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2209

    Abstract

    Microstructure of martensite steel near drill hole surface was investigated. The microstructure of drill hole surface can be divided into 3 layers with depth. From top surface, nanocrystalline layer, equiaxed submicron grain layer and deformed martensite structure layer. Nano-grained layers have extremely high hardness, similar to those observed in the specimens treated by shot peening, ball milling, ball drop and particle impact deformation. The measured amount of shear strain produced by drilling was found to be an exponential function of depth from the hole surface. The amount of true strain at the hole surface region was estimated to exceed 7 which is considered to be the necessary amount of strain to produce nanocrystalline structure.

  • Formation of Ultrafine Grained Structure in Plain Carbon Steels Through Thermomechanical Processing

    Hossein Beladi, Georgina L. Kelly, Peter D. Hodgson

    pp. 2214-2218

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2214

    Abstract

    In the present study, wedge-shaped samples were used to determine the effect of nominal equivalent strain (between 0 and 1.2) and carbon content (0.06—sh0.35%C) on ferrite grain refinement through dynamic strain-induced transformation (DSIT) in plain carbon steels using single-pass rolling. The microstructural evolution of the transformation of austenite to ferrite has been evaluated through the thickness of the strip. The results showed a number of important microstructural features as a function of strain which could be classified into three regions; no DSIT region, DSIT region and the ultrafine ferrite (UFF) grain region. Also, the extent of these regions was strongly influenced by the carbon content. The UFF microstructure consisted of ultrafine, equiaxed ferrite grains (<2 μm) with very fine cementite particles. In the centre of the rolled strip, there was a conventional ferrite-pearlite microstructure, although ferrite grain refinement and the volume fraction of ferrite increased with an increase in the nominal equivalent strain.

  • The Orientation Distribution of Ferrite Grains Dynamically and Statically Transformed from Heavily Deformed Austenite

    Joo-Hee Kang, Hu-Chul Lee

    pp. 2219-2223

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2219

    Abstract

    The orientation distribution of ferrite grains formed by dynamic and static transformation was examined using the electron backscattered diffraction technique. The orientation of ferrite grains, transformed both dynamically and statically from deformed austenite, showed a large deviation from the Kurdjumov-Sachs (K-S) orientation relationship. The deformed austenite grain structure modeled using Ni-30Fe alloy showed inhomogeneous and localized deformations within the austenite grains. A large orientation variation was observed across this localized deformation zone, and the large deviation of the ferrite orientation from the K-S relationship was attributed to the nucleation of ferrite from this localized deformation region.

  • Effect of Deformation Temperature and Strain Rate on Evolution of Ultrafine Grained Structure through Single-Pass Large-Strain Warm Deformation in a Low Carbon Steel

    Akio Ohmori, Shiro Torizuka, Kotobu Nagai, Naoshi Koseki, Yasuo Kogo

    pp. 2224-2231

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2224

    Abstract

    Ultrafine grained structure formed dynamically through a severe warm deformation in the temperature range from 773 K to 923 K has been investigated in a 0.16%C-0.4%Si-1.4%Mn steel. The effects of the deformation conditions such as deformation temperature and strain rate on microstructural evolution were examined using a single-pass compression technique with a pair of anvils. A large plastic strain up to 4 was imposed on the specimen interior at a strain rate of 1 or 0.01 s−1. Ultrafine ferrite grains surrounded by high angle boundaries, whose nominal grain size ranged from 0.26 to 1.1 μm, evolved when the equivalent plastic strain exceeded the critical value about 0.5 to 1, and increased with an increase in strain without any large-scale migration of high angle boundaries. The effects of deformation conditions on microstructural evolution of ultrafine grained structures can be summarized into the Zener-Hollomon(Z-H) parameter dependences. The average size and the volume fraction of newly evolved ultrafine grains depend on the Z-H parameter. Decreasing Z-H parameter enhances the formation of equiaxed ultrafine grains. These indicate that the mechanism forming ultrafine grained structures through the warm severe deformation in the present study is similar to “continuous recrystallization” or “in-situ recrystallization” and that some activation process during or after the deformation plays an important role in the microstructural evolution.

  • Effect of Pass Strain on Grain Refinement in 7475 Al Alloy during Hot Multidirectional Forging

    Oleg Sitdikov, Taku Sakai, Alexandre Goloborodko, Hiromi Miura, Rustam Kaibyshev

    pp. 2232-2238

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2232

    Abstract

    Effect of pass strain (Δε) on grain refinement was studied in multidirectional forging (MDF) of a coarse-grained 7475 Al alloy at 490°C under a strain rate of 3 × 10−4 s−1. Samples of rectangular shape were deformed up to accumulated strains of around 6 with subsequent changes in loading direction 90° from pass to pass. The pass strains in each compression (Δε) were 0.4 and 0.7. The cumulative flow curves integrated by each compression exhibit significant work softening just after yielding, followed by apparent steady state plastic flow at high strains. Structural changes were characterized by grain fragmentation due to frequent development of deformation and/or microshear bands followed by full evolution of new fine grains in the original grains. Increasing Δε accelerates significantly the kinetics of grain refinement, leading to more clear reduction of flow stresses at moderate to high strains. MDF of Δε = 0.7 results finally in formation of a finer grained structure with an average size of around 7.5 μm at strains of above 3.5, while, the processing with Δε = 0.4 develops a slightly coarser grain structure at higher strain of about 6. The effect of MDF on new grain evolution and the mechanisms of grain refinement are discussed in details.

  • Effect of Copper on Tensile Properties and Grain-Refinement of Steel and its Relation to Precipitation Behavior

    Setuo Takaki, Masaaki Fujioka, Shuji Aihara, Yasunobu Nagataki, Takako Yamashita, Naoyuki Sano, Yoshitaka Adachi, Masahiro Nomura, Hiroshi Yaguchi

    pp. 2239-2244

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2239

    Abstract

    Progress of Ferrous Nano-Metal Project is introduced in the present paper. In the project, maximum use of copper clusters and precipitates is pursued for achieving better strength-ductility balance than that of conventional high-tensile strength steels. Fundamental aspect of clustering and precipitation of Cu in Fe-Cu alloys was studied using Optical Tomographic Atom-Probe (OTAP). It was found that Cu precipitation during aging was enhanced by plastic deformation. The observed Cu precipitation behavior was well related to the age-hardening behavior, that is, aging started at lower temperature and maximum hardness was higher for plastically deformed and aged ferrite. Aging behavior and associated tensile properties were further examined for Fe-C-Mn-Cu martensitic steel. Higher value of tensile strength times elongation was achieved in Fe-C-Mn-Cu steel than Fe-C-Mn steel. Finally, effect of Cu precipitation on grain-refinement of ferrite was studied for Fe-C-Mn-Cu steel. Ferrite grain smaller than 1 μm was obtained in both processes of strain-assisted ferrite transformation from heavily deformed austenite and dynamic recrystallization of heavily deformed ferrite. Ferrite grain size was found to decrease by addition of Cu at the both processes. It was suggested that a simple additivity rule does not hold in terms of the strengthening by grain-refinement and that by precipitation, especially at grain-size range less than 1 μm.

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    1. Positron Annihilation Study of Hardening of Fe–Cu Alloy during Low Temperature Aging Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.97(2011), No.11

  • Effect of Grain Refinement on Thermal Stability of Metastable Austenitic Steel

    Setsuo Takaki, Kazuhiro Fukunaga, Junaidi Syarif, Toshihiro Tsuchiyama

    pp. 2245-2251

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2245

    Abstract

    In martensitic steels, it is well known that a certain chemical driving force (about 180 MJ/m3) is required to start martensitic transformation (Ms), and additional driving force has to be charged further to complete the transformation (Mf). In the case of metastable austenitic steels with Ms temperature at around room temperature, however, only the chemical driving force needed to start martensitic transformation has been stored at room temperature. Hence, the state of austenite is very unstable thermally. It has already been known that such a metastable austenite undergoes a partial martensitic transformation during isothermal holding at room temperature or cooling to a low temperature. It is very convenient to investigate the behavior of martensitic transformation of austenite. In this study, the effect of austenite grain size on martensitic transformation is introduced from the viewpoint of microstructural analysis and thermo-dynamics. The steel used in this investigation is an Fe-16 mass%Cr-10 mass%Ni ternary alloy, which has Ms temperature at around room temperature. The grain size of this steel can be controlled from 0.8 μm to 80 μm using the technique of reversion of deformation induced martensite. In the material with coarse grain size (80 μm), about 18% of martensite was detected at room temperature and the amount of martensite was increased to 50% by the following subzero treatment to 77 K. However, martensite was hardly detected in the material with ultra fine grains (0.8 μm) even after the subzero treatment. It was found that such a stabilization occurs in the materials with the grain size below 10 μm and the stabilization was reasonably explained by considering the relation between austenite grain size and elastic strain energy which is required on the single variant martensitic transformation.

  • Effect of Nano-Sized Oxides on Annealing Behaviour of Ultrafine Grained Steels

    Andrey Belyakov, Yoshikazu Sakai, Toru Hara, Yuuji Kimura, Kaneaki Tsuzaki

    pp. 2252-2258

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2252

    Abstract

    The annealing behaviour of ultrafine grained steels containing nano-scale dispersed oxides was studied in a temperature range of 600—900°C by means of microstructural observations and hardness measurement. The starting materials with submicrocrystalline structures were developed by mechanical milling of Fe-Fe3O4 powders followed by consolidating bar rolling at 700°C. Depending on the initial oxygen content and the mechanical milling time, the fraction of dispersed oxides varied from 0.3 to 3.0 vol%. During the heating up to 800°C (i.e. within the ferrite region), the initial ultrafine grained microstructures were essentially stable against any discontinuous grain growth. The grain coarsening and the softening can be roughly expressed by power-law functions of annealing time. The main mechanism of microstructure evolution that operated during annealing is considered as a normal grain growth accompanied by recovery. The grain coarsening is characterized by a rather high value of the grain-growth exponent of about 20. The grain growth kinetics correlates with the oxide coarsening. The effect of dispersed oxides on the annealing behaviour of submicrocrystalline oxide bearing steels is discussed in some detail.

  • Effect of Initial Microstructure on Superplasticity in Ultrafine Grained 18Cr-9Ni Stainless Steel

    Toshihiro Tsuchiyama, Yoshikazu Nakamura, Hideyuki Hidaka, Setsuo Takaki

    pp. 2259-2263

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2259

    Abstract

    Ultrafine grained austenitic structure was obtained in 18Cr-9Ni stainless steel by thermomechanical treatment using reversion from deformation-induced martensite. The superplastic deformation behavior was investigated at 923 K for the steels containing various amounts of retained martensite particles in the initial structure before tensile testing. The retained martensite was effective for suppressing grain growth of austenite and necessary for the superplasticity although it was thermodinamically unstable phase and gradually decreased its volume fraction with superplastic deformation. Therefore, the superplastic elongation was strongly dependent on the initial volume fraction of the retained martensite. The total superplastic elongation was enlarged with increasing the initial amount of martensite, and the maximum elongation of about 270% was obtained when the volume fraction was controlled to be around 10 vol%. However, the increase in elongation was leveled off in the range above 15 vol% martensite. The effect of the retained martensite on the superplasticiy was discussed in connection with the changes in volume fraction of the martensite, austenite grain size and deformation mechanism.

  • Grain Growth in a Nanocrystalline Al-Sc Alloy

    Nicholas Edward Hamilton, Michael Ferry

    pp. 2264-2271

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2264

    Abstract

    A sub-micron grained microstructure in an Al-0.2 mass% Sc alloy was produced by high strain deformation using Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP). The alloy was solution treated prior to deformation, deformed by ECAP then aged at low temperature to produce a sub-micron grained microstructure with a large fraction of high angle grain boundaries (HAGB) decorated with fine Al3Sc particles. General grain stability and particle/grain boundary interactions were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), focussed ion beam (FIB) microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The fine-grained microstructure was found to be highly stable during annealing at temperatures up to 500°C due to Zener pinning from stable Al3Sc particles. The volume fraction, f, and average radius, r, of particles and their rate of coarsening were found to have a strong influence on grain growth. It was found that the limiting grain size, Rc, in the Al-Sc alloy may reasonably be predicted by the relation: Rc = 0.17r/f. This relation is known to be applicable for coarse-grained alloys (>1 μm) and indicates its validity for predicting the limiting grain size in sub-micron, particle-containing alloys.

  • Toughness of Ultrafine Grained Ferritic Steels Fabricated by ARB and Annealing Process

    Nobuhiro Tsuji, Susumu Okuno, Yuichiro Koizumi, Yoritoshi Minamino

    pp. 2272-2281

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2272

    Abstract

    A plain IF steel and a P-added IF steel having various ultrafine grain sizes from 0.24 to 11 μm were fabricated by the accumulative roll bonding (ARB) process followed by annealing. Dynamic fracture toughness of the ultrafine grained IF steels was investigated as a function of grain size by miniaturized Charpy impact test. The static strength of the IF steels significantly increased with decreasing the grain size, while the uniform elongation was limited in the ultrafine grained samples. A number of delamination appeared in the impact-tested specimens, especially in the ultrafine grained materials at low temperatures. It was concluded that the frequent delamination is not owing to insufficient roll-bonding in the ARB specimens but it is rather a characteristic feature of the ultrafine grained materials fabricated through heavy deformation. Because of the delamination, the absorbed energy in the impact test continuously decreased with decreasing the test temperature. On the other hand, an obvious change from the ductile fracture surface characterized by dimples into the brittle fracture surface mainly due to intergranular fracture was recognized at a certain low temperature. The ductile-brittle transition temperature determined from the microscopic fracture surfaces greatly decreased with decreasing the grain size, and finally no brittle fracture happened even at −190°C when the grain size was smaller than 5 μm or 2 μm in the plain IF steel or the P-added IF steel, respectively. It was concluded that the ultra-grain refinement is quite effective to improve the low-temperature toughness of ferritic steels and that it is possible to make phosphorus substantially harmless by grain refinement.

  • Aging Behaviour and Mechanical Properties of a Solution Treated and ECAP Processed 6082 Alloy

    Giuliano Angella, Paola Bassani, Ausonio Tuissi, Maurizio Vedani

    pp. 2282-2287

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2282

    Abstract

    A study was carried out on the aging behaviour of a solution treated 6082 aluminium alloy deformed by equal channel angular pressing up to six passes. Aging of the so obtained ultrafine alloy was studied by DSC and TEM analyses as well as by isothermal treatments at 130, 160 and 180°C. The results showed that the formation of metastable β″ and β′ precipitates were markedly anticipated and that the stable β phase was partially suppressed in the alloy processed to 4 and 6 passes, presumably due to anticipated precipitation of Si-rich particles. TEM analyses revealed that a transition in strengthening-precipitate structure occurred in the severely deformed alloy leading to a predominance of globular precipitates over the rod like phases typically found in the undeformed and aged samples. Tensile tests carried out on severely deformed and aged samples allowed to quantify the maximum strength achievable by the 6082 alloy after concurrent grain refinement and peak-hardness aging at 130°C.

  • Effect of Hydrogenation Treatment on Grain Refinement of Reaction Sintered Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Composites

    Naoya Machida, Masafumi Noda, Kunio Funami, Masaru Kobayashi

    pp. 2288-2294

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2288

    Abstract

    The current study was conducted to develop a Ti-6Al-4V alloy composite material with a fine structure with improved mechanical properties by precipitating TiC particles via reaction-sintering and, additionally, by incorporating the effects of hydrides formed by hydrogenation treatment, using powder to which Mo2C had been added. The effects of precipitated TiC particles, and the subsequent generation of hydrides by hydrogenation treatment, heavy-strain working, and recrystallization treatment on grain refinement during the forming process were studied by means of structural observations. Warm rolling and multi-axial alternate forging (MAF) were employed as the heavy-strain working methods. The base metal structure of the Ti-6Al-4V composite material prepared by hydrogenation treatment on the sintered body prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS) contains particles with a grain size not greater than 1 μm, which become finer with increasing hydrogen content. The particle size of TiC formed by reaction sintering, however, is not changed by heavy-strain working after hydrogenation. Its room temperature tensile strength increases with the amount of TiC precipitation, and is higher than that of non-hydrogenated material.

  • Rationalization of Plastically-Accommodated Steady-State Creep of a Composite

    Eiichi Sato, Kenshi Kawabata, Koichi Kitazono, Kazuhiko Kuribayashi

    pp. 2295-2303

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2295

    Abstract

    Composite creep deformation was analyzed, based on a continuum plasticity representation of the matrix, in an ideal composite at high temperatures in the case of negligible interfacial diffusion and sliding. A general formula of the steady-state creep strain rate was derived for a composite consisting of an ellipsoidal rigid reinforcement and a creeping matrix with a stress exponent of one. A closed-form solution was then derived for a composite with a cylindrical reinforcement under pure shear deformation in a two-dimensional analysis. The resultant creep deformation satisfies the requirements of impotency, volume conservation and interfacial continuity. Traces of two types of edge dislocations were analytically drawn; they show that dislocations climb over the reinforcement, retaining no dislocations either in the matrix or at the interface. Also, two types of dislocations simultaneously climb up and down at any portion in the matrix through dislocation core shuffling without long-distance diffusion. Finally, it was concluded that plastically-accommodated creep is characterized by two types of dislocations that simultaneously climb over a reinforcement, generating a heterogeneous creep strain increment without long-distance diffusion.

  • Mechanical Property Improvements in Aluminum Alloy through Grain Refinement using Friction Stir Process

    Yong-Jai Kwon, Ichinori Shigematsu, Naobumi Saito

    pp. 2304-2311

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2304

    Abstract

    Ultra-fine grained specimens of 1050 Al alloy were produced by friction stir process (FSP), and also the influence of the tool rotation speed on the microstructure and mechanical properties was experimentally investigated. FSP was performed with only a single pass at tool rotation speeds ranging from 560 to 1840 min−1. For 1350 min−1 and below, the hardness within friction stir processed zone (FZ) was higher on the advancing side than on the retreating side. However, around the FZ, no heat affected zone in which the hardness drops was formed. For 1840 min−1, the hardness distribution was roughly uniform within the FZ. The average hardness of the FZ was isotropic and was increased by 37% compared with the cold-rolled 1050 Al alloy (starting material) with decreasing the tool rotation speed, i.e. with decreasing the grain size. During tensile deformation, the friction stir processed materials with grain sizes of 2 μm and below exhibited an abrupt stress drop phenomenon at very early stage, which was not accompanied by a further stress increase resulting from strain strengthening. On the contrary, grain sizes of 2∼3 μm provided strain strengthening after a small stress drop. For grain sizes of 3∼4 μm, stress reached a maximum value with strain strengthening after a continuous transition from elastic to plastic deformation with no abrupt stress drop. When the grain size was below 3 μm, there was no severe loss of total elongation because of a large local elongation after the stress drop. The total elongation increased with the grain size. The tensile strength was inversely dependent on the grain size and increased remarkably to even about 46% greater than that of the starting material. Therefore, it is evident that FSP is very effective in enhancing hardness and tensile strength of materials through grain refinement.

  • Precipitation Kinetics in a Cu-4 mass% Ti Alloy

    Felipe Hernandez-Santiago, Nicolas Cayetano-Castro, Victor M. Lopez-Hirata, Hector J. Dorantes-Rosales, Jose de Jesus Cruz-Rivera

    pp. 2312-2315

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2312

    Abstract

    The precipitation kinetics in a Cu-4 mass% Ti alloy was studied using SEM, TEM, XRD and Vickers hardness. A Cu-4 mass% Ti alloy was prepared, homogenized, solution treated and then aged at 673, 773 and 873 K for times between 0.6 to 720 ks. The XRD and TEM results indicated that the phase decomposition occurred by spinodal decomposition during the early stages of aging. The growth kinetics of composition modulation wavelength is very slow at the early stages of aging. The precipitation of metaestable β′ (Cu4Ti) preceded to that of the equilibrium phase β phase (Cu3Ti), which formed through cellular precipitation. The coarsening process of β′ phase followed the LSW theory for diffusion-controlled growth. The activation energy for this coarsening process was determined to be about 190 ± 10 kJ·mol−1. The discontinuous precipitation of β phase has an activation energy of about 207 kJ·mol−1 and an exponent time of about one. The highest hardness and fastest transformation kinetics occurred at aging temperatures of 673 and 873 K, respectively.

  • Stored Energy and Taylor Factor Relation in an Al-Mg-Mn Alloy Sheet Worked by Continuous Cyclic Bending

    Yoshimasa Takayama, Jerzy A. Szpunar

    pp. 2316-2325

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2316

    Abstract

    The relation between the stored energy and the Taylor factor (TF) has been investigated using the SEM/EBSP analysis in an Al-Mg-Mn alloy sheet worked by the continuous cyclic bending (CCB). The analysis reveals that the stored energy is high for the high TF region, whereas a significant increase of the stored energy with the decrease of the Taylor factor appears in the vicinity of the minimum TF value of 2. This observation is discussed using the Schmid factor calculated. Further, the local strain accommodation during deformation is analyzed for grains of different orientations. The stored energy is derived from the calculation based on the kernel average misorientation (KAM).

  • In-situ Observation of Growth Behavior of Fe-Zn Intermetallic Compounds at Initial Stage of Galvannealing Process

    Akira Taniyama, Masahiro Arai, Toru Takayama, Masugu Sato

    pp. 2326-2331

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2326

    Abstract

    In-situ observation was performed with X-ray diffraction technique using synchrotron radiation to reveal growth behavior of the Fe-Zn intermetallic compounds, the ζ and δ1 phases, at the initial stage of galvannealing process. The galvanized sample and electroplated sample were used in the observation. The diffraction peak profiles were successfully obtained at intervals of 1 second with heating the sample, and the growth of the Fe-Zn intermetallic compounds was observed dynamically. In the galvanized sample including a small amount of aluminum in the coating, there was an incubation period of 7 seconds before the δ1 phase started to grow. The thickness estimated with the peak intensity of the δ1 phase increased in proportion to the square root of heating time when the incubation period was taken into account. In the electroplated sample including no aluminum in the coating, the thickness of ζ phase increased in proportion to the square root of heating time. The δ1 phase started to grow as soon as the ζ phase occupied the entire coating. The thickness of the δ1 phase also increased in proportion to the square root of heating time. These results suggest that that the growth behavior of the δ1 phase at the initial stage of galvannealing is dominated by the interdiffusion between Fe and Zn, neither by interfacial reaction nor by autocatalytic reaction whether the coating contains aluminum or not.

  • Wear Transitions in Particulate Reinforced Copper Matrix Composites

    Yongzhong Zhan, Guoding Zhang, Yinghong Zhuang

    pp. 2332-2338

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2332

    Abstract

    The effects of applied load, sliding velocity and SiC volume fraction on the transitional behavior between mild and severe wear in SiC particulate reinforced copper matrix composites were studied under dry sliding wear condition. Increasing SiC fraction or decreasing sliding velocity delays the occurrence of severe wear up to higher transition load. Mechanically mixed layer (MML), which is markedly harder than that of the bulk material, is absent in the post-transition regime. The coverage rate of MML is affected by applied load and sliding velocity. SiC particulates act as load-bearing components and lessen the frictional deformation extent in the subsurface region. In the pre-transition regime, microcrack propagation induced detachment of MML and subsurface material are the primary wear mechanism. In the severe wear process, thermally activated subsurface deformation plays a significant role in the tear of surface layer from the substrate material.

  • Plastic Flow Behaviour of Inconel 690 Super Alloy Under Compressive Impact Loading

    Woei-Shyan Lee, Tai-Nong Sun

    pp. 2339-2345

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2339

    Abstract

    This paper studies the dynamic plastic flow behaviour, fracture characteristics, and microstructural evolution of Inconel 690 alloy under impact loading conditions. Compressive impact tests are performed using the compressive split-Hopkinson bar at strain rates ranging from 2.3 × 103 to 8.3 × 103 s−1 at room temperature. The effects of strain rate on the dynamic flow response, work hardening characteristics, strain rate sensitivity, and thermal activation volume are evaluated. A constitutive law based on the Zerilli-Armstrong model is proposed to describe the impact flow behaviour. The relationships between flow stress, dislocation, and twinning are analyzed and discussed in relation to the loading conditions. The evolutions of the dislocation and twinning substructures are investigated using transmission electron microscopy. Damage initiation and the fracture mechanisms are evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. The flow stress-strain response is shown to be significantly dependent on the strain rate, which not only causes obvious changes of the work hardening rate, strain rate sensitivity, and activation volume, but also influences the dislocation tangling and deformation twin substructures. The results indicate that the catastrophic failure at high strain rates results from the formation of localized shear bands. Finally, it is shown that the proposed constitutive law provides accurate predictions of the stress-strain relationship.

  • In situ Formed (Cu0.6Zr0.25Ti0.15)93Nb7 Bulk Metallic Glass Composites

    Zan Bian, Jamil Ahmad, Wei Zhang, Akihisa Inoue

    pp. 2346-2350

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2346

    Abstract

    An in situ formed (Cu0.6Zr0.25Ti0.15)93Nb7 bulk metallic glass (BMG) composite was prepared successfully. The ductile Nb-rich crystalline phase with a dendritic structure disperses homogeneously in the BMG matrix. The mean size of the dendritic Nb phase is about 5∼10 μm. For Cu-Zr-Ti-Nb glassy ribbons, the additions of Nb element cause the glass transition and crystallization onset temperature to shift to much higher values, and improve the thermal stability of the glassy phase. For the in situ formed (Cu0.6Zr0.25Ti0.15)93Nb7 bulk metallic glass composites, its glass transition temperature and crystallization onset temperature is almost the same as those of the Nb-free Cu60Zr25Ti15 BMG, implying that almost all the added Nb element precipitates from the melt upon cooling. The (Cu0.6Zr0.25Ti0.15)93Nb7 BMG composite also presents a good combination of excellent mechanical properties. The compressive fracture strength and fracture elongation are 2130 MPa and 6.4%, respectively. The increase in elongation results from the homogeneous dispersion of the ductile and dendritic Nb-rich crystalline phase in the BMG matrix.

  • Effect of Difference in Young'sModuli between Surface-Layer and Substrate on Fatigue Strength

    Tatsuro Morita, Yusuke Iwasaki, Kazuhiro Kawasaki

    pp. 2351-2356

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2351

    Abstract

    The effects of a surface-layer whose Young's modulus is lower than that of the substrate on the fatigue strength were studied. Pure iron plates possessing pure titanium layers on the both sides were prepared as a model material. The formation of the titanium layer remarkably improved the fatigue strength of pure iron. In addition to the fatigue test, we made a calculation of the image stress which acts on a dislocation due to the discontinuity of the elastic constants at the surface and interface. As a result, it was found that the absolute value of image stress in the vicinity of the surface becomes smaller as the elastic modulus of the surface-layer is decreased. From the results of the above experiment and calculation, it was thought that the improvement of the fatigue strength with the formation of the titanium layer was caused by the reduction in the remote applied stress and image stress acting on dislocations near the surface.

  • Measurement of the Density of Ni-Cr Alloy by a Modified Pycnometric Method

    Kusuhiro Mukai, Feng Xiao, Kiyoshi Nogi, Zushu Li

    pp. 2357-2363

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2357

    Abstract

    A modified pycnometric method has been developed to obtain the accurate density value of liquid nickel and Ni-Cr alloy in the liquid and solid-liquid coexistence states. The density of liquid nickel decreases linearly with increasing temperature in the range from the melting point to 1873 K. The density at the melting point and the volume thermal expansion coefficient of liquid nickel are 7.91 Mg·m−3 and 1.87 × 10−4 K−1, respectively. The density of Ni-Cr alloys in the liquid and solid-liquid coexistence states was found to decrease linearly with increasing temperature and chromium concentration in the alloy. The temperature coefficient of density of Ni-Cr alloys was found to change at the liquidus temperature. The absolute value of temperature coefficient of density in the solid-liquid coexistence state is larger than that of the liquid alloy.

  • Solvent Extraction Equilibria of FeCl3 from Hydrochloric Acid Solution with Alamine336

    Man-Seung Lee, Kyoung-Ju Lee, Young-Joo Oh

    pp. 2364-2368

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2364

    Abstract

    We have conducted solvent extraction experiments of FeCl3 in HCl solution with Alamine336 as an extractant. Solvent extraction reaction depended on the ratio of initial concentration of Alamine336 to FeCl3. When the concentration of Alamine336 was in excess to that of FeCl3, the extractant reacted as a dimer. When the initial concentration ratio of Alamine336 to FeCl3 was below three, ferric chloride was extracted by monomeric extractant. The equilibrium constants of solvent extraction were determined by applying ionic equilibria to the experimental data. These ionic equilibria consisted of chemical equilibria, mass and charge balance equations. The activity coefficients of solutes in aqueous phase were calculated by using Bromley equation. The predicted distribution coefficients of iron agreed well with those measured.

  • Mixing Time in a Bath Agitated Simultaneously by Bottom Gas Injection and Side Liquid Injection

    Manabu Iguchi, Yasushi Sasaki, Nobuharu Kawabata, Toshikatsu Iwasaki

    pp. 2369-2376

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2369

    Abstract

    Effective mixing of a cylindrical bath is of crucial for wastewater treatment. Measurements were carried out on the mixing time in a cylindrical bath agitated simultaneously by bottom gas injection and side liquid injection. Air was injected into the bath through a centered single-hole bottom nozzle. Water was injected into the bath through a single-hole nozzle attached to the side wall of the vessel, drained from a pipe installed at the opposite bottom corner, and injected again with a small pump. The mixing time due to simultaneous gas and water injection, Tm3, was satisfactorily correlated by the following empirical equation.
    1/Tm3 = 1/Tm1 + 1/Tm2
    where Tm1 and Tm2 are the mixing time values for water injection alone and gas injection alone, respectively. This relationship means that mixing by gas injection and that of liquid injection proceed in parallel with each other.

  • Secondary Processing of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Concomitant with Grain Growth or Dynamic Recrystallization

    Akira Takara, Yukio Nishikawa, Hiroyuki Watanabe, Hidetoshi Somekawa, Toshiji Mukai, Kenji Higashi

    pp. 2377-2382

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2377

    Abstract

    Plastic formability in the secondary processing of an AZ31 magnesium alloy was investigated using fine-grained and relatively coarse-grained materials, respectively. To produce components for mobile electric appliances, boss formability was examined at a relatively low temperature of 523 K. The boss with a height of 14 mm was successfully formed in fine-grained material under a nominal forming pressure of 582 MPa in 5 s. Analysis of the boss forming revealed that the forming occurred under the high-strain-rate superplastic condition. The grain size in the boss region was slightly coarsened, probably as a result of strain-induced grain growth, which is a widespread property of superplastic flow. On the other hand, even in the coarse-grained material, a relatively high boss height of 5 mm was obtained under the same forming condition. After the boss forming, grain refinement was observed in the coarse-grained material. It was suggested that the coarse-grained materials exhibited relatively high formability because of dynamic recrystallization. It was concluded that plastic forming concomitant with grain growth was more effective than that concomitant with grain refinement in AZ31 magnesium alloy. An empirical equation to perform plastic forming under the condition concomitant with grain growth was developed.

  • Influence of In-Situ Nanoprecipitation on Constant Load Deformation in the Glass Transition Region of a Cu60Zr30Ti10 Bulk Metallic Glass

    Hidemi Kato, Dmitri V. Louzguine, Akihisa Inoue, Hyoung Seop Kim, Ho-Sou Chen

    pp. 2383-2388

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2383

    Abstract

    Nonlinear viscoelasticity influenced by an in situ nanocrystallization under constant load compression at the glass transition temperature, Tg, is investigated with a Cu60Zr30Ti10 (at %) bulk metallic glass (BMG). The experimental curves showed the characteristics, softening and subsequent recovering phenomena which have been observed in a ‘stable’ Zr-based BMG and also hardening through whole deformation process due to the in situ nanoprecipitation in the glass matrix. These characteristics are fairly reproduced by the fictive stress model extended by the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA) equation and mixture rule for respectively expressing influences of the Newtonian viscosity and of Young's modulus and critical stress on volume fraction of the nanoprecipitates.

  • Effect of ARB Cycle Number on Cell Morphology of Closed-Cell Al-Si Alloy Foam

    Koichi Kitazono, Seiji Nishizawa, Eiichi Sato, Tetsuichi Motegi

    pp. 2389-2394

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2389

    Abstract

    Closed-cell Al-Si alloy foam was produced from two bulk alloy strips. Preform sheet containing titanium hydride (TiH2) particles was first manufactured through accumulative roll-bonding (ARB) processing. Large ARB cycle number was effective to achieve uniform distribution of the TiH2 particles in the Al-Si matrix. Following high temperature foaming tests revealed that high porosity and small pore size can be obtained from the preform prepared through large cycle number. These results indicate that a suitable ARB processing condition enables to optimize the cell microstructure of the metal foams.

  • Modeling of Silicon Vapor Phase Epitaxy Using Stefan-Maxwell Formalism

    Ramanujam Rajagopal, Yalamanchili Krishna Rao

    pp. 2395-2402

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2395

    Abstract

    The vapor-phase homoepitaxy of monocrystalline silicon by reduction of chlorosilanes is modeled using a novel approach. With digital computer calculation, the growth rate of silicon is predicted under ambient pressure (1.0 atm or 101.325 kPa) in the high-temperature regime 1200—1600 K, where silicon growth is expected to be mass-transport limited. This study considers four different initial stoichiometries, namely, 0.1% SiH4 + 0.4% HCl + H2, 0.1% SiCl4 + H2, 0.5% SiCl4 + H2, and 0.2% SiHCl3 + H2 in the Si-Cl-H system in order to make comparisons between the predicted and the experimentally determined growth rates. By combining the iterative equilibrium constant method with the Stefan-Maxwell relations for diffusion in a multi-component gas-phase, the respective molar fluxes of nine gaseous species that include SiCl4, SiHCl3, SiH2Cl2, SiH3Cl, SiH4, SiCl2, SiCl, SiCl3, and Si(g) were computed for steady-state condition; and the data on fluxes enabled the determination of the net silicon flux to the surface of the substrate. The computed rates were compared to the measured deposition rates of silicon.

  • Nondestructive Detection of Cold Flakes in Aluminum Alloy Die-Cast Plate with Ultrasonic Measurement

    Hiroshi Kato, Tomoyuki Suzuki, Yoshiharu Annou, Kensuke Kageyama

    pp. 2403-2409

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2403

    Abstract

    Aluminum alloy die-cast plates (ADC 12) were subjected to ultrasonic measurement to obtain a relation between the intensity distribution of the ultrasonic wave and positions of cold flakes appearing in the plate for developing a nondestructive method to detect cold flakes in the die-casts. Die-cast plates of 170 mm in length, 50 mm in width and 6.8 mm in thickness were produced with wider gates to introduce larger cold flakes in the plate. Then the ultrasonic measurement was carried out with the immersion method by using a probe generating a longitudinal wave of 20 MHz in frequency. Intensity distributions of the ultrasonic wave were obtained from the surface to the bottom. The cross section analysis was carried out to examine the distribution of the cold flake. From the cross section analysis, three types of cold flakes were observed: the type A with a straight boundary of initial solidification with oxide thin layer, the type B with a straight boundary without oxide layer, and the type C of an irregular and wavy boundary without oxide layer. In the case of the type C, the oxide layer was thought to be out of the observed section. The ultrasonic wave was slightly reflected from the front and rear boundaries between the cold flake and the matrix, and it was found that the position and the thickness of the cold flake can be detected by ultrasonic measurement.

  • Mechanical Alloying of Mg-Al Alloy with Addition of Metal Silicides

    Akihiro Yamazaki, Junichi Kaneko, Makoto Sugamata

    pp. 2410-2416

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2410

    Abstract

    Mg-Al alloy powder was mechanically alloyed (MA) by addition of metal silicides (TiSi2, CrSi2 and WSi2), using a planetary ball mill under an Ar atmosphere. The MA powders were consolidated via vacuum hot pressing and hot extrusion. Solid state reactions in the MA powders and extruded materials were examined by XRD and TEM. Mechanical properties were evaluated by hardness and compression tests. In all alloy systems, in situ formation of Mg2Si and metal silicides with lower Si content than the added silicides occurred by solid state reaction during MA and subsequent heating processes. All of the as-extruded materials with fine dispersoids and fine matrix grain structures exhibited high hardness and specific proof strength. The as-extruded material of the Mg-Al-TiSi2 system showed the highest hardness of 141 HV, 0.2% compressive proof stress of 657 MPa and specific proof stress of 337 MPa/(Mg/m3) at room temperature.

  • Smart Glass Epoxy Laminates with Embedded Ti-based Shape Memory Alloy

    Yung K. Choi, Michelle Salvia

    pp. 2417-2421

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2417

    Abstract

    Growing attention has been given in the last years to the development of smart materials and structures. Among them, composite materials play evidently a leading role. In fact, it is relatively easy, taking in account their processing techniques, to embed in the structural material itself some sensors, processors and actuators at a mesoscopic scale. Shape memory alloys (SMA) are particularly fitted as actuators because they can be easily drawn into thin wires and incorporated in polymeric and metallic matrices or in classical fibre epoxy laminate structure. To test the influence of the materials and processing conditions on the actuation properties of adaptive hybrid composites four sets of asymmetric composite systems based on a glass epoxy laminate with embedded wires of a shape memory Ti-Ni-Cu alloy were processed. The SMA wires in One Way Shape Memory Effect (OWSME) or (Two Way Shape Memory Effect TWSME) conditions were incorporated as far as possible away from the neutral plan. These asymmetric hybrid laminate beams were tested in clamp-free conditions. With the actuators heated by Joule effect undergoing a reversible martensite to austenite transformation, the reversible bending was induced due to the recovery strain in relation with the shape memory effect. The most important deflection of the composite was obtained for the material, processed with embedded wires in TWSME conditions. Nevertheless, for samples just prestrained for the OWSME, a self-training effect occurred in relation to the reverse polarised austenite to martensite transformation, during cooling after actuation. In order to follow the phase transitions in the embedded SMA wires, resistance measurements have been performed during actuation. Describing the macroscopic behaviour in the frame of the unidirectional approach de Liang and Rogers and using metallurgical parameters defined from a Clausius-Clapeyron diagram, a description of the temperature-deflection curves can be obtained. Nevertheless some parameters have to be mastered in order to process real structural parts.

  • Fundamental Study on the Removal of Mn2+ in Acid Mine Drainage using Sulfate Reducing Bacteria

    Kyoungkeun Yoo, Keiko Sasaki, Naoki Hiroyoshi, Masami Tsunekawa

    pp. 2422-2428

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2422

    Abstract

    The optimum conditions for Mn2+ removal from acid mine drainage was studied by a SRB (sulfate reducing bacteria) bioreactor. Chemical experiments with Na2S as a S2− source were conducted to investigate the effects of pH, coexisting metal ions, and the components in a growth medium for SRB on MnS formation from Mn2+ solutions. The amount of Mn removed from the Mn2+ solutions decreased with decreasing pH. The Zn2+ or Fe2+ coexisting in the solutions consumed S2− by forming ZnS or FeS, and this inhibited Mn removal. Sodium citrate, a component of the growth medium for SRB, formed a complex with Mn2+ and suppressed MnS formation. Biological experiments using the SRB reactor were carried out at 37°C and it was confirmed that the Mn2+ concentration decreased to less than 10 g·m−3 from 100 g·m−3 at neutral pHs (pH 5—7) after 100 hours when other metal ions and sodium citrate were absent. The formed precipitate was identified to be metastable γ-MnS with a band gap of about 3.8 eV by XRD, XRF, and UV-VIS.

  • The Effect of Mn2+ Concentration on Mn Removal by a Sulfate Reducing Bacteria Bioreactor

    Kyoungkeun Yoo, Keiko Sasaki, Naoki Hiroyoshi, Masami Tsunekawa, Tsuyoshi Hirajima

    pp. 2429-2434

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2429

    Abstract

    In the design of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) bioreactors to remove metal ions from acid mine drainage, the tolerance of bacteria to metal ions is an important factor. The present study investigated the effects of Mn2+ concentration on the growth and Mn removal activity of SRB in mediums containing 100∼600 g·m−3 Mn2+. The Mn2+ adsorbed on SRB cells and weakened the ability of bacterial sulfate reduction. However, the suppressive effect of Mn2+ on SRB growth can be disregarded, and 200 g·m−3 of Mn2+ in solution was removed, satisfying the requirement of the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of environmental water quality in Japan.

  • Low-Temperature Cyclic Oxidation Behavior of MoSi2/SiC Nanocomposite Coating Formed on Mo Substrate

    Jin-Kook Yoon, Kyung-Hwan Lee, Gyeung-Ho Kim, Jun-Hyun Han, Jung-Mann Doh, Kyung-Tae Hong

    pp. 2435-2442

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2435

    Abstract

    The low-temperature cyclic oxidation resistance of MoSi2/19.3 vol% SiC nanocomposite coating formed on a Mo substrate in air at 500°C was investigated and compared with that of the monolithic MoSi2 coating using field emission-scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM). The nanocomposite coating was produced by a prior carburizing process followed by chemical vapor deposition of Si on a Mo substrate. While the accelerated oxidation behavior was observed for the monolithic MoSi2 coating after the incubation time of about 454 cycles, no pest oxidation was observed in the nanocomposite coating. The excellent low-temperature cyclic oxidation resistance of nanocomposite coating resulted from the deceleration of further inward diffusion of oxygen by formation of relatively dense SiO2 and Mo9O26 composite oxide scale through the preferential oxidation of SiC particles followed by oxidation of MoSi2 phase.

  • Mechanical Properties and Shape Memory Behavior of Ti-Nb Alloys

    Hee Young Kim, Satoru Hashimoto, Jae Il Kim, Hideki Hosoda, Shuichi Miyazaki

    pp. 2443-2448

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2443

    Abstract

    Mechanical properties and shape memory behavior of Ti-(20—29)at%Nb alloys were investigated in order to develop Ni-free biomedical shape memory alloys. The Ti-Nb alloys were fabricated by arc melting method. The ingots were cold-rolled with a reduction up to 95% in thickness and then solution treated at 1173 K for 1.8 ks. The martensitic transformation temperature decreased by 43 K per 1 at% increase of Nb content. The shape memory effect and superelastic behavior were observed at room temperature in the Ti-(22—25)at%Nb alloys and Ti-(25.5—27)at%Nb alloys, respectively. A small enthalpy of the martensitic transformation and a large difference between Ms and Mf were observed in the Ti-Nb alloys compared to Ti-Ni shape memory alloys. The maximum recovered strain of 3% was obtained at room temperature in solution treated Ti-(25−27)at%Nb alloys. The heat treatment at 573 K for 3.6 ks stabilized superelastic behavior of Ti-Nb alloys by increasing the critical stress for slip.

  • Microstructures and Mechanical Behaviors of Ti-30Nb-1Fe-xHf Alloys

    Yen-Huei Hon, Jian-Yih Wang, Yung-Ning Pan

    pp. 2449-2455

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2449

    Abstract

    Effects of iron (1 mass%) and hafnium (1—7 mass%) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-30Nb base alloys were investigated in this study. Experimental results indicate that the addition of 1 mass% Fe to the Ti-30Nb alloy transforms the original α + β + ω structure into a single β phase structure. Accompanying the structure change, both the tensile strength and 0.2% proof stress were reduced by some 15%, while the elastic modulus was reduced from 80 GPa to 68 GPa. Regarding the effect of Hf, precipitation of sporadic ω phase in the otherwise complete β phase structure can be detected when hafnium is added. An addition of just 1 mass% Hf to the Ti-30Nb-1Fe alloy increases the tensile strength and 0.2% proof stress by 32% and 27%, respectively, while slightly decreasing the elastic modulus by some 10%. The Ti-30Nb-1Fe-1Hf alloy has relatively high strength (∼914 MPa T.S.), reasonable ductility (∼10% El), and an elastic modulus of around 62 GPa. Consequently, the ratio of 0.2% proof stress to elastic modulus increases moderately. The ratio of 0.2% proof stress to elastic modulus of Ti-30Nb-1Fe-1Hf was found to be 1.39 × 10−2, which was around 1.8 times higher than Ti-6Al-4V (0.78 × 10−2), and around 3.5 times higher than c.p.Ti (0.4 × 10−2). Hafnium content exceeding 1 mass% gives no further improvement in the ratio of 0.2% proof stress to elastic modulus. From the results obtained here, Ti-30Nb-1Fe-1Hf alloy has excellent potential for orthopedic implant applications.

  • The Thickness Gradient of Microstructure and Mechanical Property in an As-cast Thin Steel Slab

    Pingguang Xu, Fuxing Yin, Kotobu Nagai

    pp. 2456-2462

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2456

    Abstract

    The compact strip production (CSP) technology composed of thin slab casting and direct hot rolling has attracted much attention due to its apparent cost advantage. In this paper, the microstructural and textural variations in the through-thickness direction and their effects on the plastic anisotropy gradient in a thin-slab-cast low-carbon steel are investigated by optical metallography (OM), orientation imaging microscopy (OIM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and quantitative X-ray texture analysis. The thin steel slab shows a relatively uniform strength-ductility balance with the exception of the surface and center layers. The textures in all the through-thickness layers are composed of relatively strong {111} ‹uvw› and weak {001} ‹uvw› components which reach their maximum intensities in the middle layer near S = 0.4 and in the center layer, respectively (S is the normalized distance from the slab center to the specific layer and S to the slab surface is 1.0). The γ-fiber oriented ferrite exhibits a roof-shape tendency of the average grain size variation in the through-thickness direction. The lower carbon content in the surface layer is responsible for the better normal anisotropy (rm value) even with the weakest {111} ‹uvw› component. In spite of the relatively strong {111} ‹uvw› component intensity in the center layer, the lowest rm value is related to the solidified shrinkage cavities and the large MnS inclusions.

  • Effect of Si Content on the Deterioration of Vibration Fracture Resistance of Ferritic SG Cast Iron under an Aqueous Environment

    Yu-Hua Song, Truan-Sheng Lui, Li-Hui Chen

    pp. 2463-2470

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2463

    Abstract

    Ferritic spheroidal graphite cast irons generally exhibit intergranular fracturing even if the specimens are strengthened by silicon in solid solution when tested under wet conditions. The maximum area fraction of intergranular fracture is closely related to the microstructural feature and ambient aqueous environment that caused the deterioration in vibration fracture resistance. In spite of the increasing silicon content, experimental evidence confirms the overall D-N curves can be generalized into three characteristic regions. Intergranular cracks initiated in the vicinity of the nodular graphite; the existence of nodular graphite acting as porosity should be considered as a dominant microstructural factor on the initiation of intergranular fractures. It should be noted that the intergranular cracks can be prevented, resulting in better vibration fracture resistance, when a specimen is covered with oil film. Based on experimental results, when the silicon content is increased, the vibration fracture resistance in general will be improved for all specimens whether they are tested in oil mist, air or aqueous environments. In particular, when the deflection amplitude is fixed, the vibration fracture resistance can be significantly raised for a high silicon sample (4.4Si).

  • Study of Crystallization and Phase Transformation in Amorphous Co-Si Thin Film by X-ray Diffraction

    Fanxiong Cheng, Chuanhai Jiang, Jiansheng Wu

    pp. 2471-2473

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2471

    Abstract

    Crystallization and phase transformation of amorphous Co0.33Si0.67 thin films prepared by radio frequency magnetron sputtering using CoSi2 alloy target were researched by X-ray diffraction in situ. The results showed that CoSi formed firstly at 250°C and some of the films were still amorphous. The residual amorphous films transformed to CoSi2 at 300°C, CoSi and CoSi2 remained stable at 350—500°C and CoSi transformed to CoSi2 when the temperature was elevated further. The first phase that precipitated from the amorphous Co-Si films was decided by the effective heat of formation of phases and the short-range structure of amorphous films.

  • Bulk Glass Formation in Mg-Cu-Ag-Y-Gd Alloy

    Eun Soo Park, Won Tae Kim, Do Hyang Kim

    pp. 2474-2477

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2474

    Abstract

    The effect of partial substitution of Y for Gd on the glass forming ability of Mg65Cu15Ag10Y10 alloy has been studied using X-ray diffraction and differential thermal calorimetry. Partial substitution of Y by Gd improves the glass forming ability. The Mg65Cu15Ag10Y2Gd8 alloy shows the highest glass forming ability among the alloys investigated, enabling the fabrication of bulk metallic glass with the diameter of 9 mm by conventional Cu-mold casting method in air atmosphere. The compressive fracture strength and fracture elongation of the Mg65Cu15Ag10Y2Gd8 bulk metallic glass are 956 MPa and 1.6% respectively.

  • In-situ IR and RHEED Observations of fcc-Fe Epitaxial Growth on Cu(100) in an Atmosphere of Carbon Monoxide

    Toshimasa Wadayama, Terumasa Yamashita, Ryoji Tanimura, Takanori Sato, Kiyoshi Monma, Aritada Hatta

    pp. 2478-2481

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2478

    Abstract

    Infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) and reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) have been applied to in-situ observations of fcc-Fe epitaxial growth on Cu(100) at room temperature under very low carbon monoxide (CO) pressures. Extended layer-by-layer growth of fcc-Fe is observed at a CO pressure of 2.7 × 10−8 Pa. Nevertheless, no adsorbed CO was detected on the growing film surface. The layer-by-layer growth is hampered severely at a CO pressure higher than 1.3 × 10−7 Pa. A small band that is attributable to CO adsorption appears in the IRRAS spectra taken in the early stages of deposition at 1.3 × 10−6 Pa. These observations indicate that the dissociation of adsorbed CO on the growing film surface plays an important role in the promotion of the layer-by-layer film growth of fcc-Fe.

  • Disappearance Behavior of the Fe-Al Interface Layer of Galvanized Steel Sheets

    Akira Taniyama, Masahiro Arai

    pp. 2482-2485

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2482

    Abstract

    The variation of aluminum content at the interface between the zinc coating and the steel substrate, which corresponds to the quantity of the Fe-Al interface layer, with dipping time in a molten zinc bath was measured quantitatively with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Comparing the aluminum content between the sample dipped in the Zn-0.14 mass%Al bath and that dipped in the Zn-0.18 mass%Al bath, it was found that the Fe-Al interface layer disappeared with linear relationship with dipping time in the Zn-0.14 mass%Al bath. This suggests that the disappearance behavior of the Fe-Al interface layer was dominated by an interface reaction.

  • Effects of Structural Orientation on EDM Properties of Sapphire

    Apiwat Muttamara, Yasushi Fukuzawa, Naotake Mohri, Takayuki Tani

    pp. 2486-2488

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    DOI:10.2320/matertrans.45.2486

    Abstract

    Precise machining technologies of advanced insulating ceramics are demanded in many industrial fields. Normally Electric Discharge Machining (EDM) utilizes for electrical conductive materials. Recently, insulating materials have been succeeded to machine with the assisting electrode method (AEM) that was proposed by authors. Some ceramics were still recognized as hard materials. Especially the high purity oxide ceramics of Al2O3 are difficult to machine for this method. Moreover single crystal Al2O3 of sapphire (99.99%) is recognized as the hard machining material for the EDM method. In this paper, EDM of crystallographic planes on 3 different sapphires were carried out. The effects of the crystal orientation were discussed on the machining properties of sapphires.
  • © 2004 The Japan Institute of Metals and Materials

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