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ISIJ International 早期公開

ISIJ International
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オンライン版ISSN: 1347-5460
冊子版ISSN: 0915-1559
発行機関: The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan

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  1. Vol. 65 (2025)

    1. No.1

  2. Vol. 64 (2024)

    1. No.15
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  3. Vol. 63 (2023)

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  4. Vol. 62 (2022)

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  5. Vol. 61 (2021)

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  6. Vol. 60 (2020)

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  7. Vol. 59 (2019)

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  8. Vol. 58 (2018)

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  9. Vol. 57 (2017)

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  10. Vol. 56 (2016)

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  11. Vol. 55 (2015)

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  12. Vol. 54 (2014)

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  13. Vol. 53 (2013)

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  14. Vol. 52 (2012)

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  15. Vol. 51 (2011)

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  16. Vol. 50 (2010)

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  17. Vol. 49 (2009)

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  18. Vol. 48 (2008)

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  19. Vol. 47 (2007)

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  20. Vol. 46 (2006)

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  21. Vol. 45 (2005)

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  22. Vol. 44 (2004)

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  23. Vol. 43 (2003)

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  24. Vol. 42 (2002)

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  25. Vol. 41 (2001)

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  26. Vol. 40 (2000)

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  27. Vol. 39 (1999)

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  28. Vol. 38 (1998)

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  29. Vol. 37 (1997)

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  30. Vol. 36 (1996)

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  31. Vol. 35 (1995)

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  32. Vol. 34 (1994)

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  33. Vol. 33 (1993)

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  34. Vol. 32 (1992)

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  35. Vol. 31 (1991)

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  36. Vol. 30 (1990)

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  37. Vol. 29 (1989)

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キーワードランキング

21 Jan. (Last 30 Days)

ISIJ International 早期公開

Simulation and Application of Top-blowing Lance with Various Inclination Angles in Decarburization Ladle Furnace

Fuhai Liu, Yayu Wu, Sibao Zeng, Rong Zhu, Kai Dong, Guangsheng Wei, Yitong Pan

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2024-311

抄録

To reduce the production costs of ultra-low carbon steel, an oxygen lance has been employed in a 150 t decarburization ladle furnace. This study conducted both water experiments and numerical simulations to examine the flow field characteristics and stirring effects of the top-blowing lance at various inclination angles of 4°, 6°, 8°, and 10°. The results indicated that a smaller inclination angle enhanced the mixing effect and impaction depth of the molten bath, whereas the impaction diameter exhibited a contrasting trend. The behavior of the oxygen multi-jets suggested that a smaller inclination angle mitigated the loss of kinetic energy, thereby improving impaction ability. As the depth of the molten bath increased, the average velocity of the molten bath section displayed a trend characterized by an initial rapid decrease, followed by a gradual decline, and culminating in a subsequent rapid drop. In industrial application research, the 4° oxygen lance resulted in a shorter decarburization time compared to the 8° oxygen lance. This reduction in decarburization time led to decreased heat energy loss due to the heat-absorbing effect of ambient gas, which further enhanced the end-point temperature of the molten bath.

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Influence of Al2O3 on Softening-melting Behavior and Slag Characteristics of High Alumina Burden in Hydrogen-enriched Blast Furnaces

Junyu Chen, Buxin Chen, Jian Hou, Chenguang Bai, Liwen Hu, Meilong Hu

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2024-340

抄録

This study investigates the effects of varying Al2O3 content in sinter on the softening-melting behavior, permeability, and slag characteristics of blast furnaces under hydrogen-injection conditions. Through softening-melting experiments of burden, viscosity and wetting testing of the slag. The results indicate that the increase in Al2O3 content first expands and then narrows both the softening and melting intervals. The addition of hydrogen significantly improves the permeability of the burden, attributed to the small molecular size of hydrogen and its influence on the slag composition. As Al2O3 content increases, the permeability of burden is improved due to liquid phase of the slag increases, the viscosity of the solid-liquid mixture decreases, and the wettability of the slag with coke decreases. When Al2O3 content of 2.48 wt% in sinter exhibits optimal permeability due to its low melting temperature and good fluidity of the slag. Overall, in gas-injection blast furnaces, high Al2O3 content in the burden results in a larger slag volume at elevated temperatures, lower viscosity of the solid-liquid mixture, and poor wettability with coke, which stabilizing the deterioration of permeability.

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Evaluation of the effect of slag properties on roadbed bearing capacity with X-ray CT

Hiromu Yano, Yusuke Kato, Seiji Hosohara, Kenta Miyazaki, Toshifumi Mukunoki

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2024-275

抄録

The main application of steelmaking slag is base course material for road construction. In order to utilize slag as a base course material, it must possess the various characteristics specified in the relevant standard. Among these, the modified California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value, which evaluates performance as a base course material, is an important index in comparison with other competing materials. Although factors such as slag granularity and particle shape are expected to affect CBR characteristics and compaction properties, the particle properties and granularity of the steel slag differ depending on the refining processes in which the slag is formed. X-ray CT measurement of slag as base course material and the evaluation of effect of particle properties have not been examined until now. In this study, measurement of the internal phenomena of steelmaking slag as base course material by microfocus X-ray CT and various other measurements were carried out. This investigation revealed that the particle strength of porous particles was lower than that of dense particles regardless of the particle size, and the difference in base course bearing capacity was smaller than the difference in particle strength. Based on the mechanism by which stress propagates and an elastic finite element analysis were applied to the results obtained by X-ray CT, the stress distribution altered according to the change in the dispersion of the particle strength of each grain, and this affected the properties of the base course material, which is the integral value of the effective stress.

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Effect of grain-boundary phases on the tensile and compressive creep behavior of a Ni-Co based superalloy with high W content

Yoshiki Kumagai, Yoshihiko Koyanagi, David C. Dunand

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2024-298

抄録

The effects of intergranular W-rich compounds (W6C/W12C and μ phases) on the creep properties of a γ'-precipitation-strengthened, wrought Ni-Co-based superalloy were examined. Two microstructures with different intergranular precipitates (but the same volume fraction and size of intragranular γ' precipitates) were prepared by adjusting aging conditions, leading to two distinct grain-boundary precipitation microstructures, with grain-boundaries exhibiting: (i) W-rich compounds (W6C/W12C and μ), or (ii) W-free compounds (Cr23C6 and γ' phases, as in conventional Ni-based alloys). In compressive creep tests, lower minimum creep rate and longer 1 % creep life were observed for alloys with the second grain-boundary microstructure (with Cr23C6 and γ') than for the first grain-boundary microstructure (with W6C/W12C and μ). On the other hand, in tensile creep tests, longer creep rupture life was observed for alloys with the first grain-boundary microstructure than for the second, especially at higher stresses. Based on the grain boundary precipitation strengthening mechanism, it is suggested that the difference in compressive minimum creep rate between both microstructures can be explained by the difference in grain-boundary coverage. In tensile creep tests, the creep rate due to cavity and crack growth appears to be the dominant factor in the overall creep rate at higher stresses, consistent with Stress Assisted Grain-Boundary Oxidation (SAGBO). It appears that the grain-boundary precipitation of W6C/W12C and μ phases is more effective in suppressing SAGBO than grain-boundary precipitation of Cr23C6 and γ'.

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Domain Wall Structure Model through the Thickness of Fe-Si Sheet Studied by X ray Topography

Takashi Kataoka, Yusuke Kawamura, Toshiro Futagi, Yoshiyuki Ushigami

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2024-305

抄録

Fe-Si sheet, which has {110}<001> crystal orientation (Goss-FeSi), consists of Basic domain and Lancet-comb domain. Although the geometric structures of the Lancet-comb domain have been predicted by theoretical aspects, they have not been proved by experimental studies.

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Effect of basicity on the viscosity and phase structure of chromium-containing high-titanium blast furnace slag

Zhenyun Tian, Jialong Kang, Liu Yang, Jian Wang, Guibao Qiu

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2024-308

抄録

Vanadium-titanium magnetite boasts a formidable storage capacity within China, particularly illustrated by the Hongge ore, amounting to an astounding 1.829 billion tons ripe for extraction. Nevertheless, the intricate mineral composition of the Hongge ore, which exhibits an extraordinary concentration of Cr2O3, presents significant challenges for its effective utilization. To date, only preliminary explorations have been undertaken on the Hongge ore, and investigations into its ore phase composition, as well as the processes of beneficiation and smelting, remain decidedly limited. This study undertakes a theoretical and experimental investigation of the viscous flow characteristics of the CaO-SiO2-MgO-TiO2-Al2O3-Cr2O3 slag system, seeking to elucidate the impact of basicity on the viscous properties of the slag derived from Hongge ore. As the basicity increases, the slag's viscosity decreases, the activation energy for viscous flow initially increases and then decreases, while its melting temperature exhibits an upward trend. It is recommended that, when the Hongge ore is utilized as metallurgical raw material, the slag's basicity should not surpass 1.10.

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Coating Structure and Corrosion Mechanism of Zn-19%Al-6%Mg Alloy Coating Layer

Kohei Tokuda, Yasuto Goto, Mamoru Saito, Hiroshi Takebayashi, Kohei Ueda

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2024-352

抄録

The purpose of this report is to compare the coating structure and corrosion mechanism of newly developed Zn-19%Al-6Mg-Si with conventional Zn-Al-Mg alloy coating Zn-11%Al-3%Mg-0.2%Si. In past papers the corrosion resistance of Zn-Al-Mg alloy coating layers was mainly discussed based on analysis methods that focus on one aspect of early corrosion stage. However, this report focuses on the changes in the corrosion mechanism until the end of the coating lifespan and picks up the factors of the coating layer that contribute to corrosion resistance.

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Production of LiFePO4 by using steelmaking slag as a phosphorus source

Junyi Deng, Takayuki Iwama, Huafang Yu, Yasushi Sasaki, Shigeru Ueda

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2024-207

抄録

The usage of LiFePO4 (LFP) battery cathodes for electric vehicles (EVs) has increased in recent years. Phosphorus for LFP will be required for a comparable amount of fertilizer. However, the economically minable phosphate rock mines are decreasing, and the market for phosphorus is already tight. Thus, it is urgently necessary to promote the production of LFP based on secondary phosphorus resources. In this study, the production of LFP using phosphorus recovered from steelmaking slag was investigated. After selective leaching of steelmaking slag, the phosphorus in the extract is precipitated as FePO4 by titration with FeCl3 at pH=3. The FePO4 was mixed with LiOH·H2O and glucose (C6H12O6) and heat treated at 700°C to prepare LFP. The FeCl3 titration amount should be controlled within 0.6 stoichiometric mole ratio of Fe3+ to phosphorus to avoid the Fe3PO7 generation. The glucose should be mixed at the mole ratio of FePO4/C =1.0 to prevent the Fe3+ from being over-reduced to Fe. The other elements, Ca, Si, Mg, Al, and Mn in the slag extract, did not affect the crystallization process and the structure of FePO4 and LFP. The present study confirmed the feasibility of using steelmaking slag as a source of phosphorus for the preparation of LFP.

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Operation Window and Carbon Emission of the Blast Furnace with Natural Gas and Pulverized Coal Co-injection

Xiaohui Zhang, Nan Wang, Haifeng Li

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2024-297

抄録

The injection of pulverized coal into blast furnaces has alleviated the demand for metallurgical coke, and co-injection technology combining natural gas and pulverized coal with high oxygen enrichment has the potential to further reduce coke use and hence CO2 emissions. This work presents a steady-state operational model for the co-injection of natural gas and pulverized coal into blast furnaces developed based on mass and energy balance. With the support of industrial data from the commercial blast furnace, the matching relationship between natural gas rate, pulverized coal injection rate, and oxygen enrichment is quantitatively examined under the constraints of raceway adiabatic flame temperature and top gas temperature. The effect of natural gas rate on coke rate and CO2 emission reduction is investigated. The results show that increasing natural gas injection rate, lower pulverized coal rate and higher oxygen enrichment maintains a constant raceway adiabatic flame temperature and coke rate. Under the optimal operating conditions, the pulverized coal, coke rate, and CO2 emissions are reduced by 30.2%, 7.3% and 6.2%, respectively. The model and its results are expected to be helpful for a better understanding co-injection of natural gas and pulverized coal into blast furnaces, as well as contribute to reducing coke rate, pulverized coal rate, and CO2 emissions.

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CATNet: A Small Sample Transfer Learning Method for Key Point Detection of Blast Furnace Burden Surface

Hong Wang, Xianzhong Chen, Tianxiang Zhang, Jiangyun Li, Kecheng Liu, Zhaokun Wen, Mingyin Kou, Yichi Zhang

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2024-099

抄録

Accurate measurement of the position and shape of the blast furnace (BF) burden surface (BS) is crucial for automated and intelligent BF control. The detection method based on key points of BS can improve the accuracy of radar BS detection in challenging environments with strong interference, ensuring long-term detection accuracy stability across long maintenance intervals. However, transferring a successfully applied detection model from the original BF to a new target BF requires sufficient sample collection in the target BF and model retraining. In practical scenario, data collection is often constrained by plenty of factors like time, space, and personnel. Thus, reducing the number of samples needed for retraining, or implementing model transfer based on small samples, can significantly boost BS detection efficiency. This paper proposes a Conv-Adapter Transfer Net (CATNet) designed for the transfer problem of key point detection models in BFBS and small sample scenarios. The CATNet adopts a newly designed parallel Conv-Adapter transfer module, a small-scale deep learning network with a minimal parameter quantity. Compared to fine-tuning the entire backbone model with a large number of parameters, retraining this transfer module requires far less training data. Therefore, CATNet is more suitable for model transfer in small sample scenarios. The experimental results demonstrate that the CATNet can exhibit strong transfer capability and higher prediction accuracy than the commonly used pretrain-finetune method in small sample scenarios, thereby enhancing the efficiency of model transfer across different BFs.

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Evaluation method for the three-dimensional behavior of bubbles in a liquid metal under horizontal magnetic field using ultrasonic tomography

Tasuki Nakane, Sana Maeda, Katsumi Sugimoto, Hideki Murakawa

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2024-209

抄録

To improve the quality of steel production, it is important to understand the behavior of bubbles rising in a liquid metal under a horizontal magnetic field (MF). However, such behavior has not been fully experimentally evaluated because of the limitations of existing experimental methods. In this study, a two cross-sectional ultrasonic tomography (UT) method was developed and used to measure the 3D motion of bubbles in a cylindrical container with an inner diameter of 50 mm. We conducted UT measurements alternately at the upper and lower measurement cross-sections of the container using the developed method, with a measurement interval of 2 ms in each cross-section. The applicability of this system was evaluated by measuring the 3D behavior of bubbles in a gallium alloy under different MF strengths. When no MF was applied or the MF strength was lower, the directions of the velocity vectors were randomly distributed. However, they aligned in the direction of the flow channel with an increase in the MF strength. With an increase in the flow rate, that is, as the distance between the bubbles decreased, the velocity oscillations of the bubbles perpendicular to the MF direction were greater than those parallel to the MF direction at higher MF strengths. Consequently, the distribution of the bubble-passing positions at the cross-section was slightly more spread in the direction perpendicular to the MF than in the parallel direction. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed method in evaluating the 3D behavior of rising bubbles in a liquid metal.

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Softening and Melting Behavior of Ferrous Burden in Hydrogen-rich Blast Furnace Blowing Break and Re-blowing

Qiang Li, Jing Song Wang, Guang Wang, Xue Feng She, Qing Guo Xue, Hai Bin Zuo

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2024-247

抄録

Blast furnace blowing break and re-blowing is a regular operation in the smelting process, However, some blast furnace conditions fluctuate for a long time due to improper operation of blast furnace blowing break and re-blowing, and preventing rapid attainment of production capacity. This paper first analyzes the influence of hydrogen-rich on the cohesive zone. Subsequently, it simulates the conditions of ferrous burden during partial and complete tuyere blowing break under hydrogen-rich conditions, followed by re-blowing. The study explores the influence of these operational changes on the softening and melting behaviors of the ferrous burden. The results indicate that with a 10% hydrogen enrichment, the melting range of ferrous burden narrows and shifts to higher temperatures, improving the permeability of the burden. During partial tuyere blowing break, this promotes the reduction of the ferrous burden and the carburization of metallic iron, increasing the melting start temperature and decreasing the dropping temperature by 29°C, thereby narrowing the cohesive zone. Both maximum pressure difference (ΔPmax) and permeability index (S) values decrease. In contrast, with a complete tuyere blowing break, the dropping temperature of the ferrous burden gradually increases from 1459°C to 1478°C as the isothermal duration extends, widening the melting interval and leading to an increase in both ΔPmax and S values.

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Effect of tensile loading on the residual stress relaxation behavior of induction hardened SCM440 steel with a shallow hardened layer

Tomofumi Aoki, Motoaki Hayama, Shogo Takesue, Atsushi Ezura, Masahiro Tsukahara, Yoshitaka Misaka, Shoichi Kikuchi, Jun Komotori

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2024-345

抄録

Fatigue tests under axial loading were conducted on steel with a shallow hardened layer induced by induction hardening, and in situ X-ray stress measurements were performed to investigate the relaxation of residual stresses during fatigue. The residual stresses were relaxed owing to tensile loading and not compressive loading. The two conditions that bring about this phenomenon are (i) a high peak of tensile residual stress just below the hardened layer, and (ii) the hardened layer coinciding with the compressive residual stress field that prevents the yielding of the compressive residual stress field under compressive loading. In this case, tensile yielding occurred just below the hardened layer under tensile loading, the residual stresses are redistributed, and the compressive residual stress on the material surface is relaxed. The experimental results also showed that the fatigue fracture morphology changed depending on the residual stress relaxation behavior.

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Effects of Manganese on Microstructure and Work-hardening Behavior of Low-carbon Lath Martensitic Steel

Kotaro Ueno, Rina Fujimura, Masatoshi Mitsuhara, Koutarou Hayashi, Shunji Hiwatashi, Manabu Takahashi

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2024-208

抄録

Microstructures of lath martensite have been studied intensively to understand their effect on the mechanical properties of steels. It is, however, said that the relation between microstructural factors and mechanical properties has not been clarified yet. The plastic deformation behavior of fully lath martensitic steels has become important because they are applied to automobile body structures such as bumper reinforcement. It is, therefore, important to understand the microstructural factors that control the work-hardening behavior of fully martensitic steels. Although we could not clarify differences in microstructural factors when manganese (Mn) concentrations of steels are altered, the work-hardening of 8 mass%Mn martensitic steel is much higher than that of 5 mass%Mn martensitic steel. It was found using the digital image correlation (DIC) method, that the strain concentration due to the in-lath-plane slip deformation is more developed in 5 mass%Mn martensitic steel than 8 mass%Mn martensitic steel. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations revealed the existence of two types of fine twins inside laths. Long twins that are parallel to the longitude of the lath are observed both in 5 mass%Mn and 8 mass%Mn martensitic steels. Short twins that partially cross the laths, on the other hand, can only be found in 8 mass%Mn martensitic steel. Since twin boundaries are high angle boundaries, the short twins are supposed to prevent the development of in-lath-plane slip deformation. This seems to be the mechanism of higher work-hardening behavior observed in 8 mass%Mn martensitic steel.

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Stress and Plastic Strain Partitioning Behaviors and Those Contributions to Martensitic Transformation of Retained Austenite in Medium Manganese and Transformation-Induced Plasticity-Aided Bainitic Ferrite Steels

Tomohiko Hojo, Motomichi Koyama, Bakuya Kumai, Yutao Zhou, Yuki Shibayama, Ayumi Shiro, Takahisa Shobu, Hiroyuki Saitoh, Saya Ajito, Eiji Akiyama

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2024-268

抄録

Stress and plastic strain distributions and those partitioning behaviors of ferrite and retained austenite were investigated in the medium manganese (Mn) and the transformation-induced plasticity-aided bainitic ferrite (TBF) steels, and the martensitic transformation behaviors of retained austenite during Lüders elongation and work hardening were analyzed using synchrotron X-ray diffraction at SPring-8. The stress and plastic strain of retained austenite and volume fraction of retained austenite were remarkably changed during Lüders deformation in the medium Mn steel, implying that the medium Mn steel possessed inhomogeneous deformation at the parallel part of the tensile specimen. On the other hand, the distributions of the stress, plastic strain and volume fraction of retained austenite were homogeneous and the homogeneous deformation occurred at the parallel part of the tensile specimen at the plastic deformation regime with work hardening in the medium Mn and TBF steels. The martensitic transformation of retained austenite at Lüders deformation in the medium Mn steel was possessed owing to the application of high stress and preferential deformation at retained austenite, resulting in a significant increase in the plastic deformation and reduction of stress in the retained austenite. The martensitic transformation of retained austenite at the plastic deformation regime with work hardening was induced by the high dislocation density and newly applied plastic deformation in retained austenite in the medium Mn steel whereas the TBF steel possessed gradual transformation of retained austenite which is applied high tensile stress and moderate plastic deformation.

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Effect of Heating Rate on the Non-Isothermal Hydrogen Reduction of Hematite Pellets

Julia Brännberg Fogelström, Johan Martinsson

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2024-288

抄録

Depending on the operational conditions inside a direct reduction shaft furnace, e.g., ingoing gas temperature, feeding rate of material, and gas composition, the outgoing material will differ. This study investigates how the heating rate affects the reduction during pure hydrogen reduction of commercial iron ore pellets. As expected, the reduction rate increased with increasing heating rate. The heating rate also significantly affected the microstructure evolution inside the pellet. Inside the hydrogen direct reduced pellets, the iron had two appearances: (1) porous iron containing small and numerous intragranular pores, or (2) dense iron with larger but fewer intragranular pores. The pellet reduced with the slowest heating rate consisted of only porous iron, while the faster heating rates comprised porous and dense iron. The amount of dense iron gradually increased with increasing heating rate and was found to start forming at a temperature of around 668 °C. The solid iron aggravated the mass transfer through the product layer and decreased the total reaction rate. This led to an expanded spread of the reaction zone as the heating rate increased. Through this work, it was also shown that insignificant reduction took place below a temperature of 450 °C. Lastly, the microstructure that evolved during the non-isothermal reduction vastly differs from the microstructure formed during isothermal reduction. Consequently, an effective diffusivity and thermal conductivity that varies with time and temperature must be considered when optimizing the shaft furnace reactor.

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Effect of MnO on crystallization behavior and rheological characteristics of blast furnace slag during gas quenching into beads

Tielei Tian, Shaoxiang Huang, Zhenhao Liu, Jiayi Yang, Yuzhu Zhang

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2024-291

抄録

The preparation of glass microbeads by gas quenching of blast furnace slag is an effective way to achieve efficient recovery and resource utilization of the residual heat from blast furnace slag. However, due to the high viscosity and easy crystallization of blast furnace slag, there are problems such as low bead formation rate, opaque glass microbeads, and poor chemical stability. MnO tempering agent was developed, and the influence of MnO on the crystallization behavior and rheological properties of the tempered slag was analyzed. The evolution law of the crystallization phase of the tempered slag was clarified, and a viscosity-crystallization coupling control method conducive to the bead formation of blast furnace slag was proposed. The results show that during the isothermal process, when the MnO content in the tempered slag is in the range of 0.17 - 12.24%, with the increase of its content, the initial crystallization temperature and the amount of crystal precipitation gradually decrease, effectively inhibiting the precipitation of crystals. However, when the MnO content exceeds 12.24%, the excessive MnO increases the activity of the easily precipitated phase, and the initial crystallization temperature increases instead. Therefore, when the MnO content in the tempered slag is 12.24%, the crystallization ability is the weakest, and the glass phase content is the highest. In the continuous cooling process, when the MnO content in the tempered slag is 12.24% and the cooling rate exceeds 3 °C/s, the tempered slag completely solidifies into a glassy state.

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Perspectives on the Promising Pathways to Zero Carbon Emissions in the Steel Industry toward 2050

Tatsuro Ariyama

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2024-320

抄録

Addressing the threat of global climate change is an urgent priority for all industries. The Paris Agreement set the global long-term goal of carbon neutral by 2050 for all member countries. As the steel industry occupies approximately 7.2 % of the total global greenhouse-gas emissions, innovative technologies that build upon or move beyond the past developments are desired to reach this long-term goal. Various zero carbon technologies have been proposed for the steel industry. This review focuses on the current state of the steel industry from the perspective of long-term targets and pathways for the future. The design of an optimal ironmaking process for low carbon and decarbonization is discussed from a technological perspective, considering comprehensive consistency with sustainability in the steel industry. In particular, perspectives on the hydrogen-based ironmaking process using renewable energy for carbon direct avoidance and smart carbon usage are described.

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Wettability of CaS against molten iron at 1873 K

Masato Ogawa, Takehiro Sumita, Noritaka Saito, Kunihiko Nakashima, Yuta Shimamura, Takanori Yoshioka

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2024-270

抄録

Wettability between molten iron and non-metallic inclusions is an important factor, as it influences the behavior of non-metallic inclusions during secondary metallurgy. In the present study, the wettability of CaS against molten iron was investigated using the sessile drop method at 1873 K. The CaS substrate was fabricated using spark plasma sintering, achieving a high relative density of 98%. The measured contact angle of CaS against molten iron was found to be 118 degrees. This finding indicates that the wettability of CaS is poor, which contrasts with the previous report. This result will contribute to further understanding regarding the inclusions' behavior during secondary refining processes.

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Resourceful Utilization of Ironmaking Waste: Synthesis of Ti5Si3 Alloy from Titanium-Bearing Blast Furnace Slag

Zhongya Pang, Shun Chen, Zhenqiang Jiang, Chenyang Han, Xing Yu, Kai Zheng, Chaoyi Chen, Guangshi Li, Qian Xu, Xingli Zou, Xionggang Lu

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2024-282

抄録

Titanium-bearing blast furnace slag (TBFS), a byproduct of ironmaking processes, has long been discarded as waste, resulting in the squandering of valuable resources such as titanium. The recovery and effective utilization of TBFS hold immense significance and importance. This study reports a direct electrolysis method for synthesizing Ti5Si3 alloy from a TBFS/SiO2 mixture in molten CaCl2 at 950 °C. A comprehensive investigation was conducted into the phase and morphological evolution during the electrolysis process, along with an analysis of the migration behavior of impurities such as Ca and Al present in TBFS. The synthesized Ti5Si3 alloy powder was systematically characterized and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and other techniques. The results reveal that the electrolysis process encompasses electrochemical deoxidation, in-situ alloying, and self-purification. Furthermore, this study achieved further purification of the Ti5Si3 alloy through vacuum laser rapid melting, effectively volatilizing and removing the residual impurity elements, resulting in an increase in the purity of Ti5Si3 alloy from 96.8% to 98.6%. The resultant Ti5Si3 alloy exhibits excellent corrosion resistance in phosphate buffer solution. In summary, this work provides a crucial technical paradigm and scientific theoretical foundation for the resourceful and value-added utilization of ironmaking solid waste, specifically TBFS.

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Oxidation Weight Gain Model for Welded 30CrNiMo8 Billets Electrodes During Electroslag Remelting

Naibing Lyu, Jing Li, Jianqiao Hao, Shujia Li, Xiaochen Wang

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2024-318

抄録

The high temperature oxidation behavior of the electroslag remelting (ESR) process of welded 30CiNiMo8 billets electrode is investigated. High-temperature oxidation experiments are conducted to clarify the scale formation kinetics for the model. The steel is heated at 700-1200 °C under a 21% oxygen atmosphere. The oxidation kinetics of the steel follow a parabolic law, with the oxidation rate equilibrium constant lnK=-23.801×1/T+17.866 and apparent activation energy ΔEa=197.88 J/mol. The temperature distribution on the electrode surface is obtained by measurement and fitted vertically and horizontally. The temperature increases exponentially with the electrode height, and the temperatures on the surface cross-section are inconsistent. Finally, the oxidation weight gain model is established by applying the isothermal oxidation kinetics model, the Arrhenius equation, and the Simpson formula. The amount of FeOx carried into the slag under the industry experiment is 58.68 mg/s with the content of FeO as 65 wt%, which is established by the EDS and EBSD of the scale, and 4.77 g of aluminum addition into the slag pool every 5 minutes is suggested to reduce the FeOx potential when using four 160×160 mm welded billets electrode with a descending speed as 1.19×10-4 m/s.

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Transition behavior of gas containing suspension from solid-like to liquid-like flows

Kento Nakanishi, Takumi Kami, Takehiro Sumita, Noritaka Saito, Kunihiko Nakashima

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2024-223

抄録

Gas permeability in a blast furnace is maintained via a layered structure comprising iron ore and a coke bed. High temperatures may induce a breakdown of this layered structure, and hence, an understanding of the transition from solid-like deformation to liquid-like deformation is crucial for preventing the breakdown. In this study, the flow behavior analogous to that of a layered structure comprising iron ore and a coke bed with derived melts was examined using polyethylene beads and silicone oil. Oscillation and creep tests were conducted on analogous samples of polyethylene beads and silicone oil with viscosities similar to that of the slag melt. The samples were prepared by mixing at liquid-phase to solid-phase volume ratios of 10/90, 25/75, and 40/60. Air was present in the samples used herein. The transition between the solid-like and liquid-like flow was investigated via oscillation testing, and the flow behavior on long timescales was investigated via creep testing. The results of oscillation testing indicated that a larger strain is required for flow at an intermediate liquid fraction or greater liquid viscosity. The results of creep testing revealed that the sample deformation changes from decelerating to accelerating as the applied stress increases at higher or lower liquid-phase fractions. In contrast, at an intermediate liquid fraction, the sample deformation decelerated at a relatively higher stress. The number of liquid bridges may be the highest at an intermediate liquid fraction, and the force between the particles generated by the liquid bridges is expected to be the most significant.

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Solidification path and crack sensitivity of high‑manganese austenitic cryogenic steel

Hao Xu, Yang He

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2024-226

抄録

In this study, the solidification path and crack sensitivity of high‑manganese austenitic cryogenic steel (HMACS) were studied based on DSC and directional solidification experiments. DSC experiment explored the solidification mode with the result that the solidus of the steel is 1342°C and the liquidus is 1400°C. Subsequently, the relationship between solid fraction and temperature of HMACS was analyzed by DSC and directional solidification experiment with a pulling velocity of 5μm/s. Based on this relationship, the brittleness temperature range of HMACS and its crack sensitivity were analyzed. The results suggest that the high crack sensitivity of HMACS is primarily due to its broad brittleness temperature range. Furthermore, according to the directional solidification experiments with different pulling velocities, the solidification cracks and microporosities of HMACS during the brittleness temperature range were also characterized and analyzed by using thermal stress calculations. All results express that the high crack sensitivity of HMACS is primarily due to its broad brittleness temperature range. This leads to the solidification structure experiencing a longer brittle period, resulting solidification cracks and microporosities defects during the liquid-to-solid transition.

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Comparison of the viscoelastic properties and viscosity of suspensions determined by oscillation and creep testing

Kento Nakanishi, Takehiro Sumita, Noritaka Saito, Kunihiko Nakashima

DOI:

10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2024-078

抄録

Knowledge of the viscoelastic properties of suspensions is essential for many industrial processes. Although oscillation and creep testing are widely used to measure the viscoelastic properties of complex fluids, few studies on the correlation between the viscoelastic properties measured using these methods have been published. This study aims to provide insights into the differences between these methods and determine which method is better suited for a particular application. The room-temperature viscoelastic properties of a suspension composed of polyethylene beads dispersed in a silicone oil matrix were measured by oscillation and creep testing and compared. The results of oscillation testing indicated that the suspension showed weakly elastic deformation, whereas the results of creep testing revealed that the suspension was relatively elastic, with the liquid phase showing lower viscosity. In addition, the viscosity measured by oscillation testing was lower than that measured by creep testing. When the imposed flow causes microstructural changes, such as when the shear flow and particle‒particle contact induce aggregation, the analyzed flow property considerably differs between testing methods.

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