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MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS Vol. 45 (2004), No. 12

ISIJ International
belloff
オンライン版ISSN: 1347-5320
冊子版ISSN: 1345-9678
発行機関: The Japan Institute of Metals and Materials

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キーワードランキング

03 Dec. (Last 30 Days)

MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS Vol. 45 (2004), No. 12

Physical Property Measurements of Liquid Metals at High Temperatures under Microgravity

Ivan Egry

pp. 3235-3240

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.45.3235

抄録

The microgravity environment offers considerable advantages for the measurement of thermophysical properties, in particular for hightemperature metallic melts. The absence of convection and the possibility for containerless processing are the two major benefits. This paper reviews past microgravity experiments dealing with thermophysical property measurements and discusses the methods used. The trend for future microgravity experiments will also be addressed.

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Oxidation Behavior of In Situ Synthesized TiB/Ti Composite in Air Environment

Yexia Qin, Weijie Lu, Jining Qin, Di Zhang

pp. 3241-3246

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.45.3241

抄録

Isothermal oxidation behavior of in situ synthesized TiB/Ti composites has been investigated. Samples of titanium matrix composites reinforced with 0, 5 and 8 vol% TiB particulates were oxidized at 823, 873, and 923 K for 300 h in atmospheric air. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to identify oxidation products and characterize oxide scale morphology. Oxidation was observed to follow parabolic kinetics. Rate of oxidation decreased with the increase of TiB reinforcements. The oxide scale formed on TiB/Ti composites was rutile-type TiO2. No other oxides were observed within the oxide scale. The increased oxidation resistance due to the addition of the in situ synthesized TiB reinforcement was attributed to the improved tendency for the formation of thin and dense oxide avoiding crack and spallation, the strong enough interfacial cohesion and the clean interfacial microstructure between the reinforcements and the titanium matrix alloy.

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Preferential Growth of Cube-Oriented Grains in Partially Annealed and Additionally Rolled Aluminum Foils for Capacitors

Masakazu Kobayashi, Yoshimasa Takayama, Hajime Kato

pp. 3247-3255

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.45.3247

抄録

It is well known that a sharp Cube texture is developed for the producing process of a pure aluminum foil for capacitors. The orientation analysis using scanning electron microscopy/electron backscattered diffraction pattern (SEM/EBSP) method has been performed on the transverse direction (TD) sections of partially annealed (PAed) and additionally rolled (ARed) foils through the thickness in order to reveal how Cube-oriented grains have advantages for growth in comparison with the other grains with orientation components of rolling texture. Samples were annealed repeatedly with increasing the temperature in a vacuum. The Cube grains were distributed throughout foil thickness homogeneously in the PAed and ARed foils. The main mechanism of preferential growth of the Cube grains in the PAed foils was driven by grain boundary energy. However, the growth for ARed foils was caused by strain induced grain boundary migration (SIBM) driven by the difference in stored energy between the Cube and the other grains, because the former store less strain energy than the latter after the additional rolling. Furthermore, the grown-up Cube grains having similar orientations met each other and made a cluster in both the foils. Since the clusters develop to reach the foil surfaces and become stable, the Cube grains are easy to cover all of the foil in the final stage of annealing.

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Characterisation of Precipitation Hardening Response and As-Quenched Microstructures in Al-Mg(-Ag) Alloys

Masahiro Kubota, Jian Feng Nie, Barry Chales Muddle

pp. 3256-3263

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.45.3256

抄録

The age-hardening response in Al-Mg alloys, with and without trace additions of Ag, aged isothermally at 160°C, 200°C and 240°C was investigated. Additionally, the effects on ageing response of cold work introduced after solution treatment, water quenching and prior to the ageing treatments were clarified for the Al-Mg-(Ag) alloy. The dislocation populations in the as-quenched microstructures of Al-10 mass% Mg alloys with and without trace additions of Ag were characterised. Trace additions (0.5 mass%) of Ag to Al-Mg alloys with low solute Mg contents (<5 mass%) promote an age-hardening response, while similar additions to Al-Mg alloys with higher solute Mg contents (e.g. 10 mass%) enhance significantly the age-hardening response. The age-hardening response in an Al-10Mg-0.5Ag (mass%) alloy is significantly enhanced by the introduction of 7% cold work, post solution treatment and prior to ageing at 160°C and 200°C. The identity of the dislocations in as-quenched Ag-free and Ag-modified Al-10 mass% Mg alloys has been confirmed as unit perfect a/2‹110› type. The addition of Ag does not appear to modify the form of the dislocations and no dissociation of these dislocations was observed. The density of dislocations in the solution treated and quenched condition in the Al-10 mass% Mg alloy was higher by a factor of ∼2 compared to that in the Al-10Mg-0.5Ag (mass%) alloy subjected to similar treatment.

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Solidification Process and Mechanical Behavior of the Nb/Nb5Si3 Two Phase Alloys in the Nb-Ti-Si System

Nobuaki Sekido, Yoshisato Kimura, Seiji Miura, Yoshinao Mishima

pp. 3264-3271

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.45.3264

抄録

Design of two-phase alloys consisting of niobium solid solution (A2) and α-Nb5Si3 (D8l) phases in the Nb-Ti-Si ternary system is pursued for ultra-high temperature structural applications. Compositional and annealing conditions are determined for the formation of A2/D8l lamellar microstructure via eutectoid decomposition of Nb3Si (tP32) phase in the Nb-Si binary and Nb-Ti-Si ternary system. Addition of titanium is found to result in increased room temperature toughness, but decreased high temperature strength. Enhancement of mechanical properties is achieved by applying the directional solidification technique. Mechanical properties of the alloys are discussed from microstructural point of view.

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Time-Temperature-Transformation Diagram within the Bainitic Temperature Range in a Medium Carbon Steel

Francisca G. Caballero, Maria Jesús Santofimia, Carlos García-Mateo, Carlos García de Andrés

pp. 3272-3281

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.45.3272

抄録

The time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagram within the medium temperature range of medium carbon steel has been determined. A single type of C-curve is found within the bainite temperature range for the studied steel. Distinct reaction C-curves were not observed for both types of microstructure, upper bainite and lower bainite in the TTT diagram. Experimental results on the kinetics of the isothermal formation of bainite at different temperature have demonstrated that both type of microstructure, upper and lower bainite, possesses similar overall transformation kinetics. Some applications of phase transformation theory towards the formation of bainitic microstructures are discussed, with particular emphasis on the bainite start temperature, transition temperature from upper to lower bainite, martensite start temperature and the thickness of bainitic plates.

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Effect of Mo Addition on Phase Stability and High-Temperature Strength of NbSi2/Nb5Si3 Composites

Wei Li, Haibo Yang, Aidang Shan, Lanting Zhang, Jiansheng Wu

pp. 3282-3285

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.45.3282

抄録

Directionally solidified NbSi2/Nb5Si3 in-situ composites have been prepared. Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) have been used to investigate phase constitution and microstructure. It was found that microstructure and phase stability of directionally solidified alloys depended on growth rate, heat-treatment and alloying element. Compression strength was tested in the temperature range from 1473 to 1773 K and compression axes parallel to growth direction was chosen. High-temperature strength of NbSi2/Nb5Si3 composites increased from 222.9 to 593.77 MPa at 1773 K due to Mo addition.

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Characteristics of Glass Beads from Molten Slag Produced by Rotary Cup Atomizer

Hadi Purwanto, Toshio Mizuochi, Hiroyuki Tobo, Masato Takagi, Tomohiro Akiyama

pp. 3286-3290

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.45.3286

抄録

Steelmaking is well known to be one of the highest energy-consuming industries, where high temperature molten slag is discharged without any heat recovery. This paper describes the hot experiments where a Rotary Cup Atomizer (RCA) is used to produce dry glassy slag without water impingement. In this, the properties for granulated slag were chiefly investigated. Molten slag was first poured onto the center of the rotating cup at various rotating speeds. Slag granulation was then observed using a video camera, and finally, the particles were collected for physical and chemical analyses. The results of XRD and DSC analyses demonstrate that all slag drops obtained by the RCA method are undoubtedly glassy. The particle size of the granulated slag is strongly controlled by both the diameter of the cup and the speed of rotation. The relationship between the particle size and the two parameters is expressed as Dp = 16.86/rω. Smaller particles that produced at a higher rotating speed seem to be more transparent or glassy and have compression strength twice higher in comparison with water granulated slag. The data obtained will provide valuable information not only for producing glassy slag, but also for exchanging energy between gas and molten slag efficiently.

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Observation of Multi-Scale Structure for a Creep-Fatigued Ferritic 12Cr-2W Steel

Masao Hayakawa, Koji Yamaguchi, Megumi Kimura, Kazuo Kobayashi

pp. 3291-3297

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.45.3291

抄録

Microstructural analyses by field emission-type scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed on a ferritic heat-resisting steel that contained 12 mass% chromium and 2 mass% tungsten to characterize its multi-scale structure, consisting of prior austenite grains, packets, blocks, subgrains and precipitates. The size distributions of the blocks, subgrains and precipitates were quantitatively evaluated before and after a creep-fatigue test to relate them to their creep-fatigue property. Our results showed that the occupancy of precipitates on prior austenite grain boundaries increased markedly and subgrains became coarse during the creep-fatigue test, while the block size did not change. It is suggested that the growth of grain boundary precipitates and coarse subgrains plays an important role in the intergranular fracture mechanism caused by creep-fatigue.

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Superplasticity in a Fine-Grained Mg—Zn—Y—Zr Alloy Containing Quasicrystalline Particles

Yule Kim, Donghyun Bae

pp. 3298-3303

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.45.3298

抄録

A Mg—Zn—Y—Zr alloy sheet containing icosahedral quasicrystalline particles and Zr-rich particles has been developed by the thermomechanical processes, i.e. hot extrusion and hot rolling. The grain size is found to be 5 μm. The superplastic deformation behavior of the alloy has been investigated. Under the test condition in the strain rate range of 5 × 10−4 to 5 × 10−2 s−1 and the temperature range between 300°C and 450°C, large elongation to failures are observed, especially around 600% at 450°C (5 × 10−4 s−1). During superplastic deformation, the concurrent grain growth rate is significantly retarded by the presence of I-phase particles, thermally stable at the temperature up to around 500°C. In addition, the formation of cavities is found to be negligible because of interfacial coherency between icosahedral quasicrystalline particles and the α-Mg matrix. Although superplastic deformation could be relatively prevented by the pinning effect of the distributed particles, microstructure stability can provide large elongation to failure in such an alloy.

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Fabrication of Silicon Nitride Thick Coatings by Reactive RF Plasma Spraying

Motohiro Yamada, Tatsuya Inamoto, Masahiro Fukumoto, Toshiaki Yasui

pp. 3304-3308

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.45.3304

抄録

Silicon nitride (Si3N4) is one of the attractive ceramics in respect of its excellent properties both in wear and thermal shock resistance. In this research, Si3N4 thick coatings were fabricated by reactive RF (Radio Frequency) plasma spray process, and a reactive plasma spraying, in which metal element reacts with surrounding active species in plasma, has been considered to be an useful way for the formation of non-oxide ceramics coatings. Spraying with Ar/N2 mixed gas was not effective for the fabrication of Si3N4 coatings. Hydrogen addition as a reactive plasma gas improved the nitridation significantly. Si3N4 content in the coatings could be controlled by changing N2 and/or H2 fraction in plasma gas. Hardness of the coatings obtained increased with increasing Si3N4 content in the coating. Nitriding reaction of Si in reactive RF plasma spraying was promoted in the liquid phase of Si after deposited onto the substrate.

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Microstructure and Thermoelectric Properties of Hot-Pressed p-Type Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 Alloys Prepared by Rapid Solidification Technique

Yuma Horio, Hiroyuki Yamashita, Takahiro Hayashi

pp. 3309-3313

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.45.3309

抄録

Rapidly solidified bismuth-telluride based alloy foil; fabricated using the single roller melt spinning method exhibits a fine microstructure with unidirectional crystals. Meanwhile, a hot-pressing process, using rapidly solidified foils, was used to prepare the consolidated samples. The fine microstructure of this alloy is extremely effective in decreasing thermal conductivity because of the grain boundary scattering of the phonons, a key factor improving the thermoelectric properties of thermoelectric materials. Hot-pressed samples using these rapidly solidified foils display lower thermal conductivity values than the alloys made by the conventional hot-consolidating method using pulverized ingot powder. In this case, thermoelectric properties were investigated comparatively in terms of hot-pressed rapidly solidified foil specimens and pulverized powders of these foils under 53 μm in size, evaluating the dependence of the hot-pressing temperature and consequent pressure on the thermoelectric properties of these specimens. The maximum figure of merit (Z) obtained was 3.34 × 10−3 K−1.

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Influence of Electron Beam Irradiation on Bending Fracture Stress for Soda Glass

Yoshitake Nishi, Atsushi Kadowaki, Tomohiro Sinoda

pp. 3314-3317

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.45.3314

抄録

To study the effects of electron beam (EB) irradiation on the bending stress-strain curves for soda glass, we measured these curves by a standard bending test. EB irradiation enhanced bending fracture stress and rigidity of the glass, and also extended the crack length of a homogeneously fractured sample. When the EB irradiation generated dangling bonds at the weaker-bonded metal-oxygen atomic pairs in the soda glass network structure, partial relaxation occurred at points of residual strain in the network structure. Evidently the increased rigidity was mainly due to an increase in the bonding energy for the silicon-oxygen atomic pairs in the atomic network structure. The irradiation also eliminated the crack origin points in the homogeneously fractured soda glass, thus inducing a high fracture stress.

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Characterization of SnO2/TiO2 Double-Layer Films as Alcohol Sensing Materials

Meng-Heng Yeh, Weng-Sing Hwang, Gwo-Bin Lee, Yang-Ming Lu

pp. 3318-3323

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.45.3318

抄録

The aim of this study is to improve the sensitivity of alcohol sensors by combining the advantages of TiO2 and SnO2 films in a double layer device. In this study, an RF magnetron sputtering system was employed to fabricate SnO2/TiO2 double-layer and SnO2 single-layer films for applications as alcohol sensors.
The TiO2 layer of the SnO2/TiO2 double-layer thin film and the SnO2 single-layer film were all deposited under various O2/Ar ratios of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8. The SnO2 layer, the top coating of SnO2/TiO2 double-layer, was deposited at a fixed O2/Ar ratio of 0.2 with an argon flow rate of 50 sccm. The crystal structure and surface morphology of the films were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Grazing Incident X-Ray Diffraction (GID) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The sensitivity value of the film can be calculated from the change in the resistance of the film when exposed to alcohol.
The results show that SnO2/TiO2 double layer films have better sensitivity and quicker recovery time compared to those of single-layer SnO2 films.

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Fracture Toughness of Yttria-Stabilized Cubic Zirconia (8Y-CSZ) Doped with Pure Silica

Keijiro Hiraga, Koji Morita, Byung-Nam Kim, Yoshio Sakka

pp. 3324-3329

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.45.3324

抄録

In yttria-stabilized cubic zirconia, the addition of 0.15—5 mass% pure silica introduces a glass phase dispersing uniformly along grainboundary facets and at multiple junctions. For a grain size of 0.75 or 1.7 μm, the dispersion of the glass phase decreases the elastic modulus, the Vickers hardness and the elastic modulus-to-hardness ratio, whereas it affects little in the value of fracture toughness measured by an indentation method. The latter result arises because the decrease in the elastic modulus-to-hardness ratio is compensated by a decrease in the crack length for a given indentation load. Inspection of crack-propagation paths indicates that the glass phase with sizes smaller than those of the matrix grains is not a site for easy crack-propagation, but provides a site for a crack-deflection mechanism.

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Adhesion of Electrodeposited Copper, Nickel and Silver Films on Copper, Nickel and Silver Substrates

Naoki Okamoto, Feng Wang, Tohru Watanabe

pp. 3330-3333

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.45.3330

抄録

The adhesion of electrodeposited Cu, Ni and Ag films on Cu, Ni and Ag substrates has been examined by the adhesion tape test. Different interfacial structures have been observed by SEM, GD-OES and TEM for the different film/substrate combinations and have been discussed in relation to the interface adhesion. Results show that the different combinations of the electrodeposited films and substrates reveal the different interface adhesive feature. Typically a strong adhesion presents in the interfaces of Ni film/Cu substrate, while a weak adhesion presents in the interfaces of Cu film/Ni substrate, Cu film/Ag substrates, Ni film/Ag substrate, Ag film/Ni substrate as well as Ag film/Cu substrate. The crystallographic coherency existing in the interface of Cu deposited film/Ni substrate suggests that the adhesion of electrodeposited films on various metal substrates is primarily determined by the crystallographic coherency rather than by the effect of voids in the interfaces.

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Photodecomposition and Surface Adsorption of Methylene Blue on TiO2 Nanofluid Prepared by ASNSS

Ho Chang, Chaochin Su, Chih-Hung Lo, Liang-Chia Chen, Tsing-Tshih Tsung, Ching-Song Jwo

pp. 3334-3337

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.45.3334

抄録

This study proposes a low-pressure control method for an arc-submerged nanoparticle synthesis system (ASNSS) developed for TiO2 nanoparticle fabrication. The photocatalytic and surface adsorptive activity of TiO2 nanofluid is examined via the decomposition of methylene blue. Experimental results show that the ASNSS can successfully prepare anatase TiO2. The rate constant of photocatalytic reaction of TiO2 nanoparticles for methylene blue is 0.0365 (min−1), and the rate constant of surface adsorption of methylene blue on TiO2 is 0.0437 (min−1). Experimental results indicate that the TiO2 nanofluid prepared by the ASNSS has excellent photocatalytic activity and surface adsorption property for degradation of methylene blue.

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Development of Severe Torsion Straining Process for Rapid Continuous Grain Refinement

Katsuaki Nakamura, Koji Neishi, Kenji Kaneko, Michihiko Nakagaki, Zenji Horita

pp. 3338-3342

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.45.3338

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This study presents a rapid continuous process for grain refinement in metallic materials through severe plastic deformation (SPD). The principle is described and the process is applied to an Al-5056 alloy and an S45C carbon steel. The new process, designated in this study the severe torsion straining process (STSP), consists of producing a local heated zone in a rod and introducing torsion strain into the zone by rotating one end with the other. The process is continuous because the straining is achieved while the rod is moved so that the heated zone is shifted along the rod. The STSP does not require the use of any die and can be applicable to pipes or wires. Fine-grained structures produced with the STSP are confirmed using optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Tensile properties are measured and compared with the unstrained fully annealed samples. The feasibility of the STSP is discussed with respect to the rotation speed and moving speed.

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Grain Boundary Morphology and Its Effect on Creep of TiAl Alloys

Hanliang Zhu, Dongyi Seo, Kouichi Maruyama, Peter Au

pp. 3343-3348

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.45.3343

抄録

Three kinds of microstructures with different grain boundary morphologies and their creep properties of a Ti-47Al-2Nb-2Mn+0.8 vol%TiB2 alloy are investigated. Tensile creep tests and microstructural examinations indicate that a stabilized fine-grained fully lamellar (FGFL) microstructure with relatively smooth grain boundaries shows inferior creep resistance. A stabilized fully lamellar (FL) microstructure with well-interlocked grain boundaries and wider lamellar spacing yields reduced minimum strain rate and extended creep rupture life. Furthermore, a nearly lamellar microstructure (NL) with well-interlocked grain boundaries exhibits better creep resistance than the stabilized FGFL microstructure though it has four times wider lamellar spacing and 15 vol% equiaxed γ grains at the grain boundaries, but worse creep resistance than the stabilized FL microstructure. Examinations to the deformed microstructures show that grain boundary instability involving spheroidization of the lamellae is a major microstructural degradation process, resulting in fine globular regions at the grain boundaries. Voids develop along the grain boundaries, particularly in the fine globular regions, leading to intergranual fracture. It is suggested that grain boundary sliding (GBS) is operating in the stabilized FGFL microstructure, and promotes mutually with the grain boundary instability during subsequent creep deformation, resulting in increased minimum strain rate and shortened tertiary stage. The well-interlocked grain boundary inhibits the onset of GBS and enhances the grain boundary stability effectively. These results demonstrated that the grain boundary stability has a great effect on creep behavior of TiAl Alloys.

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The Application of FEM to Cathodic Corrosion Protection of Steel Reinforcement in Concrete

Masataka Masuda, Makoto Arita, Lee Eun Ju, Kenshi Hanada, Hiroshi Minagawa, Koji Kawamata

pp. 3349-3355

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.45.3349

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Cathodic protection has been applied widely to steel reinforcement in concrete. However, it is generally very difficult to establish optimal corrosion protection for such steel and to precisely evaluate the corrosion protection effect. We evaluate the effects of various factors on the distribution of the protective current, and summarize the information for optimal corrosion protection. For this purpose we refined a numerical analysis technique using FEM to optimize the cathodic protection of the reinforcing steel in concrete. We have constructed a precise method to calculate the potential and current distribution in the concrete, which can account for ion migration, ion diffusion, and the polarization phenomena involving the anode and reinforcing steel. We have estimated the effect of anode shape on corrosion protection. The polarization properties derived from electrochemical measurements were used as boundary conditions for the FEM calculation. This calculation technique incorporates polarization behavior and variations of ion concentration due to ionic migration and diffusion, giving a precise estimate of the actual corrosion protection effect of a system. We have shown the typical effect of various factors on the current distribution for corrosion protection systems in concrete, as given by FEM.

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Cl K-Edge XANES Spectra of Atmospheric Rust on Fe, Fe-Cr and Fe-Ni Alloys Exposed to Saline Environment

Hiroyuki Konishi, Masato Yamashita, Hitoshi Uchida, Jun'ichiro Mizuki

pp. 3356-3359

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.45.3356

抄録

Cl K-edge XANES measurements of atmospheric corrosion products (rust) formed on Fe, Fe-Ni and Fe-Cr alloys in chloride pollution have been performed using synchrotron radiation in order to clarify roles of anticorrosive alloying elements and of Cl in the corrosion resistance of weathering steel. The spectra of binary alloys show a shoulder structure near the absorption edge. The intensity of the shoulder peak depends on the kind and amount of the alloying element, whereas the energy position is invariant. This indicates that Cl is not combined directly with alloying elements in the rust.

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Hydrogen Permeation of Eutectic Nb-Zr-Ni Alloy Membranes Containing Primary Phases

Tomoyuki Takano, Kazuhiro Ishikawa, Tsuyoshi Matsuda, Kiyoshi Aoki

pp. 3360-3362

DOI:

10.2320/matertrans.45.3360

抄録

Hydrogen permeability (φ) of eutectic Nb-Zr-Ni alloy membranes containing the primary phases ZrNi or bcc-(Nb, Zr) was measured using a gas flow meter. φ of the Nb10Zr45Ni45 alloy containing the primary ZrNi phase (16 vol%) was 2.35 × 10−8 [mol H2 m−1 s−1 Pa−0.5] at 673 K, while φ of the Nb20Zr40Ni40 alloy containing the primary bcc-(Nb, Zr) phase (18 vol%) was 2.73 × 10−8 [mol H2 m−1 s−1 Pa−0.5] at 673 K. These values were higher than that of pure Pd and of the Nb39Ti31Ni30 alloy that shows the highest φ value in the Nb-Ti-Ni system. The present work strongly supported our previous proposal that multiphase alloys containing eutectic structures, which suppress a hydrogen embrittlement, are promising as novel hydrogen permeation membranes.

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